Cited by 1,084Diabetes Treatment and ManagementMetabolism, Diabetes, and CancerDiabetes Management and Research

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 98 of the 98 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Metformin: An Update

Kirpichnikov, Dmitri, McFarlane, Samy I., Sowers, James R.·2002·Annals of Internal Medicine

DOI 10.7326/0003-4819-137-1-200207020-00009

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Metformin is an insulin-sensitizing agent with potent antihyperglycemic properties. Its efficacy in reducing hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus is similar to that of sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, and insulin. Metformin-based combination therapy is often superior to therapy with a single hypoglycemic agent. The antihyperglycemic properties of metformin are mainly attributed to suppressed hepatic glucose production, especially hepatic gluconeogenesis, and increased peripheral tissue insulin sensitivity. Although the precise mechanism of hypoglycemic action of metformin remains unclear, it probably interrupts mitochondrial oxidative processes in the liver and corrects abnormalities of intracellular calcium metabolism in insulin-sensitive tissues (liver, skeletal muscle, and adipocytes) and cardiovascular tissue.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.7326/0003-4819-137-1-200207020-00009

Cites

98 of 98 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study
Stratton, I. M. (2000) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7258.405 · Cited by 9,059
Effects of an Angiotensin-Converting–Enzyme Inhibitor, Ramipril, on Cardiovascular Events in High-Risk Patients
(2000) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200001203420301 · Cited by 8,663
Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34)
(1998) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(98)07037-8 · Cited by 8,247
Effect of intensive blood-glucose control with metformin on complications in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group.
(1998) · PubMed · Cited by 4,290
Glycemic Control With Diet, Sulfonylurea, Metformin, or Insulin in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus<SUBTITLE>Progressive Requirement for Multiple Therapies (UKPDS 49)</SUBTITLE>
Turner, R. C. (1999) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.281.21.2005 · Cited by 2,375
Association of systolic blood pressure with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 36): prospective observational study
Adler, A. I. (2000) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.321.7258.412 · Cited by 2,133
Metformin
Bailey, C. J., & Turner, R. C. (1996) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199602293340906 · Cited by 1,726
Hyperinsulinemia as an independent risk factor for ischemic heart disease
Després, J.-P., Lamarche, B., Mauriège, P., Cantin, B., Dagenais, G. R., Moorjani, S., & Lupien, P.-J. (1996) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199604113341504 · Cited by 1,699
Efficacy of Metformin in Patients with Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
DeFronzo, R. A., & Goodman, A. M. (1995) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199508313330902 · Cited by 1,368
Diabetes, Hypertension, and Cardiovascular Disease
Sowers, J. R., Epstein, M., & Frohlich, E. D. (2001) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.37.4.1053 · Cited by 1,344
Self-citation

Show all 98 references

Research works printed but not linked: 11

Haupt E, 1991, Diabetes Metab, 17, 224
McFarlane SI, 2001, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 86, 713
Lalau JD, 1989, Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol, 27, 285
Reaven GM, 1992, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 74, 1020
Cusi K, 1998, Diabetes Review, 6, 89
10.1210/endo.137.1.8536601 · DOI · Paper page
Clore JN, 1991, Am J Physiol, 261, E425
Moghetti P, 2000, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 85, 139
Steiner G, 2000, Diabetes Care, 23, B49
Ren J, 1997, Am J Physiol, 272, H148
Verma S, 1994, Am J Physiol, 266, H714

Sorted by citations

The mechanisms of action of metformin
Rena, G., Hardie, D. G., & Pearson, E. R. (2017) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-017-4342-z · Cited by 2,287
Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control and weight over 30 weeks in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes
DeFronzo, R. A., Ratner, R. E., Han, J., Kim, D. D., Fineman, M. S., & Baron, A. D. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.5.1092 · Cited by 1,559
Effects of exenatide (Exendin-4) on glycemic control over 30 weeks in sulfonylurea-treated patients with type 2 diabetes
Buse, J. B., Henry, R. R., Han, J., Kim, D. D., Fineman, M. S., Baron, A. D., & for the Exenatide-113 Clinical Study Group (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.11.2628 · Cited by 1,346
Metformin versus insulin for the treatment of gestational diabetes
Rowan, J. A., Hague, W. M., Gao, W., Battin, M. R., & Moore, M. P. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0707193 · Cited by 1,291
Effects of exenatide (exendin-4) on glycemic control over 30 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with metformin and a sulfonylurea
Kendall, D. M., Riddle, M. C., Rosenstock, J., Zhuang, D., Kim, D. D., Fineman, M. S., & Baron, A. D. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.5.1083 · Cited by 1,177
Metformin Inhibits Hepatic Gluconeogenesis in Mice Independently of the LKB1/AMPK Pathway via a Decrease in Hepatic Energy State
Foretz, M., Hébrard, S., Leclerc, J., Zarrinpashneh, E., Soty, M., Mithieux, G., Sakamoto, K., Andreelli, F., & Viollet, B. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci40671 · Cited by 1,181
Defects in Adaptive Energy Metabolism with CNS-Linked Hyperactivity in PGC-1α Null Mice
Lin, J., Wu, P.-H., Tarr, P. T., Lindenberg, K. S., St-Pierre, J., Zhang, C.-Y., Mootha, V. K., Jäger, S., Vianna, C. R., Reznick, R. M., et al. (2004) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2004.09.013 · Cited by 1,162
Mitochondrial dysfunction in Nash: causes, consequences and possible means to prevent it
Begriche, K., Igoudjil, A., Pessayre, D., & Fromenty, B. (2006) · Mitochondrion · doi:10.1016/j.mito.2005.10.004 · Cited by 753
Long term treatment with metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes and risk of vitamin B-12 deficiency: Randomised placebo controlled trial
de Jager, J., Kooy, A., Lehert, P., Wulffele, M. G., van der Kolk, J., Bets, D., Verburg, J., Donker, A. J. M., & Stehouwer, C. D. A. (2010) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.c2181 · Cited by 702
Exenatide effects on diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular risk factors and hepatic biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes treated for at least 3 years
Klonoff, D. C., Buse, J. B., Nielsen, L. L., Guan, X., Bowlus, C. L., Holcombe, J. H., Wintle, M. E., & Maggs, D. G. (2008) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/030079908x253870 · Cited by 699
Antidiabetic Therapies Affect Risk of Pancreatic Cancer
Li, D., Yeung, S. J., Hassan, M. M., Konopleva, M., & Abbruzzese, J. L. (2009) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2009.04.013 · Cited by 584
The quest to slow ageing through drug discovery
Partridge, L., Fuentealba, M., & Kennedy, B. K. (2020) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41573-020-0067-7 · Cited by 468
Improvement of Cardiac Functions by Chronic Metformin Treatment Is Associated With Enhanced Cardiac Autophagy in Diabetic OVE26 Mice
Xie, Z., Lau, K., Eby, B., Lozano, P., He, C., Pennington, B., Li, H., Rathi, S., Dong, Y., Tian, R., et al. (2011) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db10-0351 · Cited by 490
Long-term Effects of Metformin on Metabolism and Microvascular and Macrovascular Disease in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Kooy, A., de Jager, J., Lehert, P., Bets, D., Wulffelé, M. G., Donker, A. J. M., & Stehouwer, C. D. A. (2009) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.20 · Cited by 440
Metformin Inhibits Hepatic Gluconeogenesis Through AMP-Activated Protein Kinase–Dependent Regulation of the Orphan Nuclear Receptor SHP
Kim, Y. D., Park, K.-G., Lee, Y.-S., Park, Y.-Y., Kim, D.-K., Nedumaran, B., Jang, W. G., Cho, W.-J., Ha, J., Lee, I.-K., et al. (2008) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db07-0381 · Cited by 422
Acute metformin therapy confers cardioprotection against myocardial infarction via AMPK-eNOS-mediated signaling
Calvert, J. W., Gundewar, S., Jha, S., Greer, J. J. M., Bestermann, W. H., Tian, R., & Lefer, D. J. (2008) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db07-1098 · Cited by 422
Effects of Metformin Versus Glipizide on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Coronary Artery Disease
Hong, J., Zhang, Y., Lai, S., Lv, A., Su, Q., Dong, Y., Zhou, Z., Tang, W., Zhao, J., Cui, L., et al. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc12-0719 · Cited by 366
Can people with type 2 diabetes live longer than those without? A comparison of mortality in people initiated with metformin or sulphonylurea monotherapy and matched, non-diabetic controls
Bannister, C. A., Holden, S. E., Jenkins‐Jones, S., Morgan, C. L., Halcox, J. P., Schernthaner, G., Mukherjee, J., & Currie, C. J. (2014) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.12354 · Cited by 356
The effect of metformin on blood pressure, plasma cholesterol and triglycerides in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review
Wulffelé, M. G., Kooy, A., de Zeeuw, D., Stehouwer, C. D. A., & Gansevoort, R. T. (2004) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2004.01328.x · Cited by 359
Post-Transplant Diabetes Mellitus: Causes, Treatment, and Impact on Outcomes
Shivaswamy, V., Boerner, B., & Larsen, J. (2016) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2015-1084 · Cited by 328
If Started Early in Life, Metformin Treatment Increases Life Span and Postpones Tumors in Female SHR Mice
Anisimov, V. N., Berstein, L. M., Popovich, I. G., Zabezhinski, M. A., Egormin, P. A., Piskunova, T. S., Semenchenko, A. V., Tyndyk, M. L., Yurova, M. N., Kovalenko, I. G., et al. (2011) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.100273 · Cited by 285
Metabolic effects of two years of exenatide treatment on diabetes, obesity, and hepatic biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes: An interim analysis of data from the open-label, uncontrolled extension of three double-blind, placebo-controlled trials
Buse, J. B., Klonoff, D. C., Nielsen, L. L., Guan, X., Bowlus, C. L., Holcombe, J. H., Maggs, D. G., & Wintle, M. E. (2007) · Clinical Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.clinthera.2007.01.015 · Cited by 279
Metformin as an Anticancer Agent
Vancura, A., Bu, P., Bhagwat, M., Zeng, J., & Vancurova, I. (2018) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tips.2018.07.006 · Cited by 274
Metformin attenuates Alzheimer’s disease-like neuropathology in obese, leptin-resistant mice
Li, J., Deng, J., Sheng, W., & Zuo, Z. (2012) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2012.03.002 · Cited by 260
Metformin vs insulin in the management of gestational diabetes: a meta-analysis
Gui, J., Liu, Q., & Feng, L. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0064585 · Cited by 222
Long‐term effects of exenatide therapy over 82 weeks on glycaemic control and weight in over‐weight metformin‐treated patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Ratner, R. E., Maggs, D., Nielsen, L. L., Stonehouse, A. H., Poon, T., Zhang, B., Bicsak, T. A., Brodows, R. G., & Kim, D. D. (2006) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2006.00589.x · Cited by 217
Effects of Withdrawal From Metformin on the Development of Diabetes in the Diabetes Prevention Program
The Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.4.977 · Cited by 218
Metformin increases the PGC-1α protein and oxidative enzyme activities possibly via AMPK phosphorylation in skeletal muscle in vivo
Suwa, M., Egashira, T., Nakano, H., Sasaki, H., & Kumagai, S. (2006) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00255.2006 · Cited by 210
Metformin Decreases Intracellular Production of Reactive Oxygen Species in Aortic Endothelial Cells
Ouslimani, N., Peynet, J., Bonnefont-Rousselot, D., Thérond, P., Legrand, A., & Beaudeux, J.-L. (2005) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2005.01.029 · Cited by 204
Metformin attenuates the stimulatory effect of a high-energy diet on in vivo LLC1 carcinoma growth
Algire, C., Zakikhani, M., Blouin, M.-J., Shuai, J. H., & Pollak, M. (2008) · Endocrine Related Cancer · doi:10.1677/erc-08-0038 · Cited by 185
The differential effects of metformin on markers of endothelial activation and inflammation in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance: A placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial
Caballero, A. E., Delgado, A., Aguilar-Salinas, C. A., Herrera, A. N., Castillo, J. L., Cabrera, T., Gomez-Perez, F. J., & Rull, J. A. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0019 · Cited by 151
Metformin for Weight Loss and Metabolic Control in Overweight Outpatients With Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder
Jarskog, L. F., Hamer, R. M., Catellier, D. J., Stewart, D. D., LaVange, L., Ray, N., Golden, L. H., Lieberman, J. A., Stroup, T. S., & for the METS Investigators (2013) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.12010127 · Cited by 145
Metformin for clozapine associated obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Siskind, D. J., Leung, J., Russell, A. W., Wysoczanski, D., & Kisely, S. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0156208 · Cited by 122
Oxidative Stress, Glucose Metabolism, and the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes: Pathophysiological Insights
Shah, S., Iqbal, M., Karam, J., Salifu, M., & McFarlane, S. I. (2007) · Antioxidants & Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2007.1629 · Cited by 115
Self-citation
Phenformin as prophylaxis and therapy in breast cancer xenografts
Appleyard, M. V. C. L., Murray, K. E., Coates, P. J., Wullschleger, S., Bray, S. E., Kernohan, N. M., Fleming, S., Alessi, D. R., & Thompson, A. M. (2012) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.2012.56 · Cited by 108
OCT1 expression in adipocytes could contribute to increased metformin action in obese subjects
Moreno-Navarrete, J. M., Ortega, F. J., Rodríguez-Hermosa, J.-I., Sabater, M., Pardo, G., Ricart, W., & Fernández-Real, J. M. (2011) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db10-0805 · Cited by 100
Metformin induces oxidative stress in white adipocytes and raises uncoupling protein 2 levels
Anedda, A., Rial, E., & González-Barroso, M. M. (2008) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe-08-0278 · Cited by 98
Short-term effects of metformin and myo-inositol in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS): a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials
Facchinetti, F., Orrù, B., Grandi, G., & Unfer, V. (2019) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.1080/09513590.2018.1540578 · Cited by 94
Non-obese patients with type 2 diabetes and prediabetic subjects: distinct phenotypes requiring special diabetes treatment and (or) prevention?
Vaag, A., & Lund, S. S. (2007) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/h07-100 · Cited by 89
Clinical, metabolic, and endocrine parameters in response to metformin and lifestyle intervention in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, and placebo control trial
Fux Otta, C., Wior, M., Iraci, G. S., Kaplan, R., Torres, D., Gaido, M. I., & Wyse, E. P. (2010) · Gynecological Endocrinology · doi:10.3109/09513590903215581 · Cited by 85
Metformin-Treated Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Have Normal Mitochondrial Complex I Respiration
Larsen, S., Rabøl, R., Hansen, C. N., Madsbad, S., Helge, J. W., & Dela, F. (2012) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-011-2340-0 · Cited by 81
Targeting metabolic flexibility by simultaneously inhibiting respiratory complex I and lactate generation retards melanoma progression
Chaube, B., Malvi, P., Singh, S. V., Mohammad, N., Meena, A. S., & Bhat, M. K. (2015) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.6134 · Cited by 80
AMPK is associated with the beneficial effects of antidiabetic agents on cardiovascular diseases
Lu, Q., Li, X., Liu, J., Sun, X., Rousselle, T., Ren, D., Tong, N., & Li, J. (2019) · Bioscience Reports · doi:10.1042/bsr20181995 · Cited by 69
Comparison of the Effects of Pioglitazone and Metformin on Hepatic and Extra-Hepatic Insulin Action in People With Type 2 Diabetes
Basu, R., Shah, P., Basu, A., Norby, B., Dicke, B., Chandramouli, V., Cohen, O., Landau, B. R., & Rizza, R. A. (2008) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db07-0827 · Cited by 63
Metformin versus insulin for gestational diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis
Zhao, L., Sheng, X., Zhou, S., Yang, T., Ma, L., Zhou, Y., & Cui, Y. (2015) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bcp.12672 · Cited by 63
The Effects of Medications Used for the Management of Diabetes and Obesity on Postprandial Lipid Metabolism
Eleftheriadou, I., Grigoropoulou, P., Katsilambros, N., & Tentolouris, N. (2008) · Current Diabetes Reviews · doi:10.2174/157339908786241133 · Cited by 55
Oxidative stress, antioxidants, hormesis and calorie restriction: The current perspective in the biology of aging
Mehdi, M. M., Solanki, P., & Singh, P. (2021) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2021.104413 · Cited by 54
Effect of metformin on clinical, metabolic and endocrine outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Patel, R., & Shah, G. (2017) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1080/03007995.2017.1279597 · Cited by 47
The Influence of Metformin on IGF-1 Levels in Humans: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Yang, X., Kord-Varkaneh, H., Talaei, S., Clark, C. C. T., Zanghelini, F., Tan, S. C., Zarezadeh, M., Mousavi, S. M., Rahmani, J., & Zhang, Y. (2020) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104588 · Cited by 43
Cardiovascular Risk Factors Associated with Insulin Resistance: Effects of Oral Antidiabetic Agents
Granberry, M. C., & Fonseca, V. A. (2005) · American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs · doi:10.2165/00129784-200505030-00006 · Cited by 38
Optimizing metformin therapy in practice: Tailoring therapy in specific patient groups to improve tolerability, efficacy and outcomes
Silverii, G. A. (2024) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.15749 · Cited by 33
Prevention of type 2 diabetes
McFarlane, S. I., Shin, J. J., Rundek, T., & Bigger, J. T. (2003) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-003-0070-5 · Cited by 28
Self-citation
The Effect of Metformin Therapy for Preventing Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis
Zhao, J., Liu, X., & Zhang, W. (2020) · Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes · doi:10.1055/a-0603-3394 · Cited by 31
Hypoglycemic effects of brassinosteroid in diet-induced obese mice
Esposito, D., Kizelsztein, P., Komarnytsky, S., & Raskin, I. (2012) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00024.2012 · Cited by 14

Authors: Kirpichnikov, D., McFarlane, S. I., & Sowers, J. R.
Affiliations: State University of New York (US)
ORCID: McFarlane, Samy I.
Sowers, James R.
Venue: Annals of Internal Medicine
Publisher: American College of Physicians
Published: 2002-07-02
Volume: 137
Issue: 1
Pages: 25-33
ISSN: 0003-4819 (ISSN-L)
1539-3704
DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-137-1-200207020-00009
OpenAlex: W2046503553
Cited by: 1,084
References: 98
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 68 · 2014: 77 · 2013: 62 · 2012: 54
FWCI: 5.11
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.acpjournals.org/journal/aim/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
Locations: Annals of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01-HL63904-01)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
Keywords: metformin, type 2 diabetes, insulin sensitization, antidiabetic drugs, combination therapy, hepatic gluconeogenesis, hepatic glucose production, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, hypoglycemic mechanism
MeSH terms: Animals, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Drug Therapy, Combination, Female, Humans, Hyperglycemia, Hypoglycemic Agents, Metformin, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Vascular Resistance

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Metformin: An Update

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks