Cited by 1,084Diabetes Treatment and ManagementMetabolism, Diabetes, and CancerDiabetes Management and Research

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Metformin: An Update

Kirpichnikov, Dmitri, McFarlane, Samy I., Sowers, James R.·2002·Annals of Internal Medicine

DOI 10.7326/0003-4819-137-1-200207020-00009

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Abstract

Metformin is an insulin-sensitizing agent with potent antihyperglycemic properties. Its efficacy in reducing hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus is similar to that of sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, and insulin. Metformin-based combination therapy is often superior to therapy with a single hypoglycemic agent. The antihyperglycemic properties of metformin are mainly attributed to suppressed hepatic glucose production, especially hepatic gluconeogenesis, and increased peripheral tissue insulin sensitivity. Although the precise mechanism of hypoglycemic action of metformin remains unclear, it probably interrupts mitochondrial oxidative processes in the liver and corrects abnormalities of intracellular calcium metabolism in insulin-sensitive tissues (liver, skeletal muscle, and adipocytes) and cardiovascular tissue.

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See all 1,084

Authors: Kirpichnikov, D., McFarlane, S. I., & Sowers, J. R.
Affiliations: State University of New York (US)
ORCID: McFarlane, Samy I.
Sowers, James R.
Venue: Annals of Internal Medicine
Publisher: American College of Physicians
Published: 2002-07-02
Volume: 137
Issue: 1
Pages: 25-33
ISSN: 0003-4819 (ISSN-L)
1539-3704
DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-137-1-200207020-00009
OpenAlex: W2046503553
Cited by: 1,084
References: 98
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 68 · 2014: 77 · 2013: 62 · 2012: 54
FWCI: 5.11
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.acpjournals.org/journal/aim/text-and-data-mining (tdm)
Locations: Annals of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01-HL63904-01)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
Keywords: metformin, type 2 diabetes, insulin sensitization, antidiabetic drugs, combination therapy, hepatic gluconeogenesis, hepatic glucose production, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, hypoglycemic mechanism
MeSH terms: Animals, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Drug Therapy, Combination, Female, Humans, Hyperglycemia, Hypoglycemic Agents, Metformin, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Vascular Resistance

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