Prevalence of Mental Health Disorders Among Adults With Cerebral Palsy: A Cross-sectional Analysis
Open accessAbstract
Background: Persons with cerebral palsy (CP) have an increased risk for secondary chronic conditions during childhood, including mental health disorders. However, little is known about how these disorders affect adults with CP. Objective: To determine the prevalence of mental health disorders among adults with CP compared with those without CP. Design: Cross-sectional. Setting: 2016 Optum Clinformatics Data Mart. Patients: 8.7 million adults (including 7348 adults with CP). Measurements: Other neurodevelopmental comorbid conditions (intellectual disabilities, autism spectrum disorders, epilepsy) and 37 mental health disorders (as 6 categories) were identified on the basis of diagnosis codes. Direct age-standardized prevalence of the mental health disorder categories was estimated by sex for adults with CP alone, adults with CP and neurodevelopmental disorders, and adults without CP. Results: Men with CP alone had higher age-standardized prevalence than men without CP for schizophrenic disorders (2.8% [95% CI, 2.2% to 3.4%] vs. 0.7%), mood affective disorders (19.5% [CI, 18.0% to 21.0%] vs. 8.1%), anxiety disorders (19.5% [CI, 18.0% to 21.0%] vs. 11.1%), disorders of adult personality and behavior (1.2% [CI, 0.8% to 1.6%] vs. 0.3%), and alcohol- and opioid-related disorders (4.7% [CI, 3.9% to 5.5%] vs. 3.0%). The same pattern was observed for women. Compared with adults with CP alone, those with CP and neurodevelopmental disorders had similar or higher age-standardized prevalence of the 6 mental health disorder categories, except for the lower prevalence of alcohol- and opioid-related disorders in men. Limitations: Single claims code was used to define the cohort of interest. Information on the severity of CP was not available. Conclusion: Compared with adults without CP, those with CP have an elevated prevalence of mental health disorders, some of which may be more pronounced in patients with comorbid neurodevelopmental disorders. Primary Funding Source: National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Adults with CP are at a higher risk of mental health diagnoses.
“Similarly to children, adults with CP are at a higher risk of mental health diagnoses [50,51].”
From The Mental Health of Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Review of the Last Five Years of Research (2025) · cites this paper as [51]
Cites
Whiteford, H. A., Degenhardt, L., Rehm, J., Baxter, A. J., Ferrari, A. J., Erskine, H. E., Charlson, F. J., Norman, R. E., Flaxman, A. D., Johns, N., et al. (2013) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)61611-6 · Cited by 6,006 · see citing works
Simonoff, E., Pickles, A., Charman, T., Chandler, S., Loucas, T., & Baird, G. (2008) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e318179964f · Cited by 3,399 · see citing works
Pine, D. S., Cohen, P., Gurley, D., Brook, J., & Ma, Y. (1998) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.55.1.56 · Cited by 1,753 · see citing works
Trends in the prevalence of developmental disabilities in US children, 1997-2008
Boyle, C. A., Boulet, S., Schieve, L. A., Cohen, R. A., Blumberg, S. J., Yeargin-Allsopp, M., Visser, S., & Kogan, M. D. (2011) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2010-2989 · Cited by 1,732 · see citing works
An update on the prevalence of cerebral palsy: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Oskoui, M., Coutinho, F., Dykeman, J., Jetté, N., & Pringsheim, T. (2013) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.12080 · Cited by 1,512 · see citing works
Global Burden of Disease Pediatrics Collaboration, Kyu, H. H., Pinho, C., Wagner, J. A., Brown, J. C., Bertozzi-Villa, A., Charlson, F. J., Coffeng, L. E., Dandona, L., Erskine, H. E., et al. (2016) · JAMA Pediatrics · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.4276 · Cited by 618 · see citing works
Jacobson, N. C., & Newman, M. G. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000111 · Cited by 576 · see citing works
(2020) · Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.2147/clep · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Cerebral palsy: clinical care and neurological rehabilitation
Aisen, M. L., Kerkovich, D. M., Mast, J., Mulroy, S. J., Wren, T. A. L., Kay, R. M., & Rethlefsen, S. A. (2011) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(11)70176-4 · Cited by 459 · see citing works
Christensen, D., Van Naarden Braun, K., Doernberg, N. S., Maenner, M. J., Arneson, C. L., Durkin, M. S., Benedict, R. E., Kirby, R. S., Wingate, M. S., Fitzgerald, R., et al. (2014) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.12268 · Cited by 442 · see citing works
Vohra, R., Madhavan, S., Sambamoorthi, U., & Peter, C. C. S. (2013) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361313512902 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
Stackhouse, S. K., Binder‐Macleod, S. A., & Lee, S. C. K. (2005) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.20302 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Kanner, A. M., Schachter, S. C., Barry, J. J., Hersdorffer, D. C., Mula, M., Trimble, M., Hermann, B. P., Ettinger, A. E., Dunn, D., Caplan, R., et al. (2012) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2012.01.007 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Hinckson, E. A., & Curtis, A. (2012) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2012.07.022 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Chronic pain, fatigue, and depressive symptoms in adults with spastic bilateral cerebral palsy
VAN DER SLOT, W. M. A., NIEUWENHUIJSEN, C., VAN DEN BERG‐EMONS, R. J. G., BERGEN, M. P., HILBERINK, S. R., STAM, H. J., & ROEBROECK, M. E. (2012) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2012.04371.x · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Intellectual Disability in Cerebral Palsy: A Population-Based Retrospective Study
Reid, S. M., Meehan, E. M., Arnup, S. J., & Reddihough, D. S. (2018) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.13773 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Peterson, M. D., Gordon, P. M., & Hurvitz, E. A. (2012) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2012.01052.x · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Self-citationRisk of Depression and Anxiety in Adults With Cerebral Palsy
Smith, K. J., Peterson, M. D., O'Connell, N. E., Victor, C. R., Liverani, S., Anokye, N., & Ryan, J. M. (2018) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.4147 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Self-citationMultimorbidity in Middle-Aged Adults with Cerebral Palsy
Cremer, N., Hurvitz, E. A., & Peterson, M. D. (2017) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.11.044 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Self-citationDoktorchik, C. T. A., Patten, S. B., Eastwood, C. A., Peng, M., Chen, G., Beck, C. A., Jetté, N., Williamson, T. S., & Quan, H. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1990-6 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Downs, J., Blackmore, A. M., Epstein, A., Skoss, R., Langdon, K., Jacoby, P., Whitehouse, A. J. O., Leonard, H., Rowe, P. W., Glasson, E. J., et al. (2018) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.13555 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Miller, R. G., & Nora, L. M. (2006) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/(issn)1097-4598 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Change in ambulatory ability of adolescents and young adults with cerebral palsy
Day, S. M., Wu, Y. W., Strauss, D., Shavelle, R. M., & Reynolds, R. J. (2007) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2007.00647.x · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Verschuren, O. W., Smorenburg, A. R. P., Luiking, Y. C., Bell, K. L., Barber, L. A., & Peterson, M. D. (2018) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.12287 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Self-citationAdipose Tissue Infiltration of Skeletal Muscle in Children with Cerebral Palsy
Johnson, D. L., Miller, F., Subramanian, P., & Modlesky, C. M. (2008) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.10.046 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Noncommunicable disease and multimorbidity in young adults with cerebral palsy
Whitney, D. G., Hurvitz, E. A., Ryan, J. M., Devlin, M. J., Caird, M. S., French, Z. P., Ellenberg, E. C., & Peterson, M. D. (2018) · Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.2147/clep.s159405 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-citationWhitney, D. G., Singh, H., Miller, F., Barbe, M. F., Slade, J. M., Pohlig, R. T., & Modlesky, C. M. (2017) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2016.10.005 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationWhitney, D. G., Warschausky, S. A., & Peterson, M. D. (2019) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.14083 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Self-citationWoodmansee, C., Hahne, A. J., Imms, C., & Shields, N. (2015) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2015.12.004 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Recent trends in cerebral palsy survival. Part I: period and cohort effects
Brooks, J. C., Strauss, D., Shavelle, R. M., Tran, L., Rosenbloom, L., & Wu, Y. W. (2014) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.12520 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Identifying Sickle Cell Disease Cases Using Administrative Claims
Reeves, S. L., Garcia, E., Kleyn, M. J., Housey, M. T., Stottlemyer, R., Lyon-Callo, S. K., & Dombkowski, K. J. (2014) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2014.02.008 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Noyes, K., Liu, H., Lyness, J. M., & Friedman, B. (2011) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.62.10.pss6210_1159 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Whitney, D. G., Alford, A. I., Devlin, M. J., Caird, M. S., Hurvitz, E. A., & Peterson, M. D. (2019) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1002/jbmr.3694 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Self-citationSecondary muscle pathology and metabolic dysregulation in adults with cerebral palsy
Peterson, M. D., Gordon, P. M., Hurvitz, E. A., & Burant, C. (2012) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00338.2012 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Self-citationAge trajectories of musculoskeletal morbidities in adults with cerebral palsy
Whitney, D. G., Hurvitz, E. A., Devlin, M. J., Caird, M. S., French, Z. P., Ellenberg, E. C., & Peterson, M. D. (2018) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2018.07.002 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationKerr, E. A., McGlynn, E. A., Vorst, K. A. V., & Wickstrom, S. L. (2000) · The Joint Commission Journal on Quality Improvement · doi:10.1016/s1070-3241(00)26015-x · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Pain disrupts sleep in children and youth with intellectual and developmental disabilities
Breau, L. M., & Camfield, C. (2011) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2011.05.023 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Behavioral and emotional problems in children and adults with cerebral palsy
Weber, P., Bolli, P., Heimgartner, N., Merlo, P., Zehnder, T., & Kätterer, C. (2015) · European Journal of Paediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2015.12.003 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Whitney, D. G., Miller, F., Pohlig, R. T., & Modlesky, C. M. (2018) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-018-0183-1 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationHealth care access and treatment for children with co-morbid autism and psychiatric conditions
Ahmedani, B. K., & Hock, R. (2012) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-012-0482-0 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Validation of a case definition for osteoporosis disease surveillance
Leslie, W. D., Lix, L. M., & Yogendran, M. S. (2010) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-010-1225-2 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Shields, N., King, M., Corbett, M., & Imms, C. (2013) · Developmental Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3109/17518423.2013.836256 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Sleep profiles in children with down syndrome
Bassell‐Hawkins, J., Phan, H. C., Leu, R. M., Kronk, R. A., & Visootsak, J. (2015) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.37096 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Austin, K., Hunter, M., Gallagher, E., & Campbell, L. (2018) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/jir.12478 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Age‐related trends in cardiometabolic disease among adults with cerebral palsy
Peterson, M. D., Kamdar, N. S., & Hurvitz, E. A. (2018) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.13777 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationShin, Y., Yoon, Y. K., Chung, K. B., Rhee, Y., & Cho, S. (2017) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2017.07.015 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Caring for Patients With Neurological Impairment
Berry, J. G., & Berry, S. D. (2018) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2018.1079 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
6 of the 53 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Novak, I., Jackman, M., Finch‐Edmondson, M., & Fahey, M. C. (2025) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(25)00686-5 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Adults with Cerebral Palsy Require Ongoing Neurologic Care: A Systematic Review
Smith, S. E., Gannotti, M. E., Hurvitz, E. A., Jensen, F. E., Krach, L. E., Kruer, M. C., Msall, M. E., Noritz, G. H., Rajan, D. S., & Aravamuthan, B. R. (2021) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.26040 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationNavigating the Pathway to Care in Adults With Cerebral Palsy
Hurvitz, E. A., Whitney, D. G., Perrine, B. W., Ryan, D., Haapala, H. J., Schmidt, M. M., Gray, C., & Peterson, M. D. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.734139 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationRyan, J. M., Albairami, F., Hamilton, T., Cope, N., Amirmudin, N. A., Manikandan, M., Kilbride, C., Stevenson, V. L., Livingstone, E., & Fortune, J. (2023) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.15526 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Peterson, M. D., & Hurvitz, E. A. (2021) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.10.006 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationPrinciples of Medical and Surgical Treatment of Cerebral Palsy
Chin, E. M., Gwynn, H., Robinson, S., & Hoon, A. H. (2020) · Neurologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2020.01.009 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Whitney, D. G., & Kamdar, N. S. (2020) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.14759 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationTimecourse of Morbidity Onset Among Adults Living With Cerebral Palsy
Whitney, D. G., Schmidt, M. M., Haapala, H. J., Ryan, D., Hurvitz, E. A., & Peterson, M. D. (2021) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2021.01.020 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationThe mortality burden of non-trauma fracture for adults with cerebral palsy
Whitney, D. G., Bell, S., Hurvitz, E. A., Peterson, M. D., Caird, M. S., & Jepsen, K. J. (2020) · Bone Reports · doi:10.1016/j.bonr.2020.100725 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationPeterson, M. D., Lin, P., Kamdar, N. S., Hurvitz, E. A., & Mahmoudi, E. (2021) · American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/phm.0000000000001787 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationWhitney, D. G., & Basu, T. (2021) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.14879 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationMental Health in Patients Undergoing Orthopaedic Surgery
Sharma, A. K., Elbuluk, A. M., Gkiatas, I. S., Kim, J. M., Sculco, P. K., & Vigdorchik, J. M. (2021) · JBJS Reviews · doi:10.2106/jbjs.rvw.20.00169 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Psychiatric Disorders in Adults with Cerebral Palsy
McMorris, C. A., Lake, J., Dobranowski, K., McGarry, C., Lin, E., Wilton, D., Lunsky, Y., & Balogh, R. (2021) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2021.103859 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Psychological morbidity among adults with cerebral palsy and spina bifida
Peterson, M. D., Lin, P., Kamdar, N. S., Mahmoudi, E., Marsack‐Topolewski, C. N., Haapala, H. J., Muraszko, K. M., & Hurvitz, E. A. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720001981 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Self-citationPain phenotypes among adults living with cerebral palsy and spina bifida
Peterson, M. D., Haapala, H. J., Kamdar, N. S., Lin, P., & Hurvitz, E. A. (2021) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002240 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationDanielsson, H., Imms, C., Ivarsson, M., Almqvist, L., Lundqvist, L., King, G. A., Lyngbäck, L. A., Andersson, A. K., Arnell, S., Arvidsson, P., et al. (2023) · Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities · doi:10.1007/s10882-023-09914-8 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Jonsson, U., Eek, M. N., Sunnerhagen, K. S., & Himmelmann, K. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.732939 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Whitney, D. G., Whitney, R. T., Prisby, R. D., & Jepsen, K. J. (2019) · Journal of Orthopaedic Research® · doi:10.1002/jor.24515 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationPolypharmacy Among Privately Insured Adults with Cerebral Palsy: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Whitney, D. G., Schmidt, M. M., Peterson, M. D., & Haapala, H. J. (2020) · Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy · doi:10.18553/jmcp.2020.26.9.1153 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationCardiometabolic Morbidity in Adults With Cerebral Palsy and Spina Bifida
Peterson, M. D., Lin, P., Kamdar, N. S., Mahmoudi, E., Schmidt, M. M., Haapala, H. J., & Hurvitz, E. A. (2020) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.05.032 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationAdults with Cerebral Palsy: Navigating the Complexities of Aging
Kumar, D. S., Perez, G., & Friel, K. M. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13091296 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Whitney, D. G., Whibley, D., & Jepsen, K. J. (2019) · Bone · doi:10.1016/j.bone.2019.115060 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationSchmidt, S., Markwart, H., Rapp, M., Guyard, A., Arnaud, C., Fauconnier, J., Thyen, U., Hahm, S., Bagazgoïtia, N. V. D., & Muehlan, H. (2022) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-022-01961-7 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Effect of pain on mood affective disorders in adults with cerebral palsy
Whitney, D. G., Bell, S., Whibley, D., van der Slot, W. M. A., Hurvitz, E. A., Haapala, H. J., Peterson, M. D., & Warschausky, S. A. (2020) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.14559 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationPagliano, E., Casalino, T., Mazzanti, S., Bianchi, E., Fazzi, E., Picciolini, O., Frigerio, A., Rossi, A., Gallino, F., Villani, A., et al. (2021) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-021-05063-y · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Whitney, D. G., Gross‐Richmond, P., Hurvitz, E. A., & Peterson, M. D. (2019) · Clinical Obesity · doi:10.1111/cob.12327 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationWhitney, D. G., Schmidt, M. M., & Haapala, H. J. (2020) · Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy · doi:10.18553/jmcp.2021.27.1.051 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationMental Health, Physical Activity, and Sports among Children with Cerebral Palsy
Cribb, C. F., Keko, M., Creveling, S., Rochani, H. D., Modlesky, C. M., & Colquitt, G. (2023) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.13122 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Emotion Regulation Is Associated with Anxiety, Depression and Stress in Adults with Cerebral Palsy
Honan, I., Waight, E., Bratel, J., Given, F., Badawi, N. A., McIntyre, S. J., & Smithers‐Sheedy, H. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12072527 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Gorter, J. W., Fehlings, D., Ferro, M. A., Gonzalez, A., Green, A. D., Hopmans, S. N., McCauley, D., Palisano, R. J., Rosenbaum, P., Speller, B., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11113060 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Salie, R., Eken, M. M., Donald, K. A., Fieggen, A. G., & Langerak, N. G. (2022) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2021.1916101 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Cognitive Behavioral Therapies for Individuals with Cerebral Palsy: A Scoping Review
Silberg, T., Kapil, N., Caven, I., Levac, D., & Fehlings, D. (2023) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.15507 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Paget, S., McIntyre, S. J., Schneuer, F. J., Martin, T., Sellars, L., Burnett, H., Price, S., & Nassar, N. (2023) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.15800 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Shared Physiologic Pathways Among Comorbidities for Adults With Cerebral Palsy
Whitney, D. G., Schmidt, M. M., & Hurvitz, E. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.742179 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationPhysical Disability and Psychedelic Therapies: An Agenda for Inclusive Research and Practice
Mintz, K. T., Gammer, B., Khan, A. J., Shaub, G., Levine, S., & Sisti, D. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.914458 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Ding, J. Y., Cleary, S. L., & Morgan, P. E. (2024) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2024.2311879 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Whitney, D. G. (2020) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/epi.16700 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationImpairments and comorbidities in adults with cerebral palsy and spina bifida: a meta-analysis
Sattoe, J. N. T., & Hilberink, S. R. (2023) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1122061 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Clinical factors associated with mood affective disorders among adults with cerebral palsy
Whitney, D. G., Warschausky, S. A., Whibley, D., Kratz, A. L., Murphy, S. L., Hurvitz, E. A., & Peterson, M. D. (2020) · Neurology Clinical Practice · doi:10.1212/cpj.0000000000000721 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationChin, E. M., Lenz, C., Ye, X., Campbell, C. M., Stashinko, E. E., Jantzie, L. L., Gerner, G. J., Hoon, A. H., & Robinson, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Pain Research · doi:10.3389/fpain.2020.553026 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Noyes, A. M., & Wilkinson, K. M. (2022) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2022_ajslp-22-00089 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The Mental Health of Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Review of the Last Five Years of Research
Rausch, R., Chahin, S., Miller, C., Dopheide, L., Bovio, N., Harris, A., & Patel, D. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14124364 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Whitney, D. G. (2019) · Bone Reports · doi:10.1016/j.bonr.2019.100219 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationBjorgaas, H. M., Elgen, I. B., & Hysing, M. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9071009 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Erickson, S. R., Basu, T., Dorsch, M. P., & Kamdar, N. S. (2020) · Annals of Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1177/1060028020916842 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationWhitney, D. G., Peterson, M. D., & Hurvitz, E. A. (2023) · International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy · doi:10.1007/s11096-023-01553-5 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationSleep Characteristics of Children and Youth with Cerebral Palsy
Sanguino, H., Brunton, L. K., Condliffe, E. G., Kopala‐Sibley, D. C., Noel, M. E., Mish, S. J., & McMorris, C. A. (2024) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/08830738241285074 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Whitney, D. G., Caird, M. S., Hurvitz, E. A., Rajapakse, C. S., & Romanowski, E. F. (2021) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/epi.16998 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationOpioid prescription patterns among adults with cerebral palsy and spina bifida
Peterson, M. D., Kamdar, N. S., Haapala, H. J., Brummett, C. M., & Hurvitz, E. A. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09918 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychiatric symptoms in adult patients with cerebral palsy: A cohort study
Pizzighello, S., Uliana, M., Michielotto, M., Pellegri, A., Vascello, M. G. F., Piccoli, S., Martinuzzi, M., & Martinuzzi, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.998922 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Linder, A., Jarl, J., & Tedroff, K. (2024) · European Journal of Paediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2024.11.001 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Underlying Causes of Death among Adults with Cerebral Palsy
Peterson, M. D., Wilson, A. M., & Hurvitz, E. A. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11216333 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationElkholi, S. M. A., Awad, S. S., & Alotaibi, M. H. (2024) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina60081216 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Smithers‐Sheedy, H., Waight, E., Swinburn, K., Given, F., Hooke, K., Webb, A., McIntyre, S. J., Henry, G., & Honan, I. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13010001 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Kokorelias, K., Lee, T.-S. J., Bayley, M. T., Seto, E., Toulany, A., Nelson, M. L. A., Dimitropoulos, G., Penner, M., Simpson, R., & Munce, S. (2024) · JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting · doi:10.2196/47545 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
van Rijssen, I. M., Gorter, J. W., Visser‐Meily, J. M. A., Konijnenbelt, M. H., van Driel, M., van Drunen, M. G. C. C., & Verschuren, O. W. (2025) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2024.12.021 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Anton, M. T., Ridings, L. E., Hanson, R. F., Davidson, T. M., Saunders, B. E., Price, M., Danielson, C. K., Chu, B. C., Dismuke, C. E., Adams, Z. W., et al. (2020) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2020.106010 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Modeling cerebral palsy in animals
Quinlan, K. A., Reedich, E. J., Avila, E. M., Moline, B. C., Genry, L. T., Detloff, M. R., Katholi, B. R., Gaebler-Spira, D. J., & Aravamuthan, B. R. (2025) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.70007 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Barnett, B. S., Balaji, D., Weleff, J., & Carroll, B. T. (2022) · Journal of the Academy of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaclp.2022.12.008 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Assessing mental health of people with complex communication needs: A systematic review.
Pennacchia, J. M., Østvik, J., Dutia, I. M., Walsh, M., Coghill, D., Granlund, M., & Imms, C. (2025) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2025.106494 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Azeez, H. M., Piroozi, B., Zarezadeh, Y., & Shokri, A. (2023) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1155/2023/6639932 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The state of employment in the United States among young adults with cerebral palsy
del Rosario, E., Mannino, J. E., Eckardt, P. A., & DiStefano, D. (2024) · Health Care Transitions · doi:10.1016/j.hctj.2024.100083 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Priority setting for multicenter research among adults with cerebral palsy: a qualitative study
Sarmiento, C. A., Gannotti, M. E., Cohen, J., & Hurvitz, E. A. (2025) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2025.2459893 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationSerotonin Syndrome from Combination Hydrocodone and Cyclobenzaprine in a Patient with Cerebral Palsy
Bansal, V., Aranke, M., Vu, P., & Javed, S. (2023) · Pain Management · doi:10.2217/pmt-2023-0044 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Transitioning health care for adults with cerebral palsy
Hurvitz, E. A., Wyeth, D. O., & Peterson, M. D. (2024) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.16055 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Emergence of the Pandemic: High-Performance Coach and Athlete Experiences
Dehghansai, N., Mazhar, A., Pinder, R. A., Baker, J. R., & Renshaw, I. (2022) · Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly · doi:10.1123/apaq.2022-0021 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Shifting perspectives: Mental health and transition to adulthood in youth with cerebral palsy
Sheridan, M., & Clark, J. (2025) · Disability and health journal · doi:10.1016/j.dhjo.2025.101970 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Henry, G., Honan, I., Waight, E., Swinburn, K., Given, F., McIntyre, S. J., & Smithers‐Sheedy, H. (2026) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare14020197 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Gilmore, D., Johnson, E., Wang, L., Keeton, C., Rivendale, A., Havercamp, S. M., Weaver, L. L., Adams, I. K. R., & Hand, B. (2026) · Disability and health journal · doi:10.1016/j.dhjo.2026.102079 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Treatment Planning for Transition to Adult Services
Simmons, E. M., & McPherson, P. (2022) · Autism and child psychopathology series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-06120-2_25 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Catatonia in Young Male with Cerebral Palsy and Intellectual Disability: A Case Report
Singh, A., & Bhalla, J. K. (2023) · Indian Journal of Private Psychiatry · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10067-0127 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Subagio, I., Manik, N., Perdana, R. P., Sastaman, P., Yantiningsih, E., Azidin, R. M. F. R., & Raharjo, S. (2024) · doi:10.56984/8zg2ef8753 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Navigating the healthcare system as an adult with cerebral palsy: A call for change
Kim, S. (2024) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.16163 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Eres, R., Dutia, I. M., Walsh, M., Mulraney, M., Sawyer, S. M., Reddihough, D. S., & Coghill, D. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.03.23.21254205 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Krahn, G. L., & Havercamp, S. M. (2019) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/m19-1951
Impact of pain on affective disorders among adults with cerebral palsy
Grandidge, L., & Nair, K. P. S. (2020) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.14570
Livanidou, T. V., Billis, A. S., Stamkopoulos, E., Fornés, G., Molina, S. M., & Bamidis, P. D. (2021) · International Conference on PErvasive Technologies Related to Assistive Environments (PETRA) · doi:10.1145/3453892.3453907
Cerebral Palsy as an Underlying Cause of DeathPreprint
Peterson, M. D., Wilson, A. M., & Hurvitz, E. A. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4095854
Self-citationBarkoudah, E., Wilson, J. L., Chin, E. M., & Blasco, P. A. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824060-1.00041-9
de Mendonça, A. P., Faria‐Fortini, I., de Campos, A. C., Longo, E., & Morais, R. L. D. S. (2025) · Revista Brasileira de Educação Especial · doi:10.1590/1980-54702025v31e0056
Petranovich, C. L., Sarmiento, C. A., Glaros, C., Friedman, H. L., Brenner, L. A., & Holliman, B. D. (2025) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2025.2520286
Haizelden, J., Kim, N., & Payne, M. (2025) · American Journal of Health Education · doi:10.1080/19325037.2025.2559645
Detección y manejo del retraso psicomotor en la infancia
Insuga, V. M. S., Alguacil, E. G., & Peñas, J. J. G. (2025) · Pediatría Integral · doi:10.63149/j.pedint.66
Vipparla, R. S., Storch, B., de Paula, V. P., Makhani, N., & Vassilopoulos, A. (2025) · Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2025.10.014
Popović, A., Kapeleti, M., Zlatović, I., Jankucić, M., Kocić, A., Mrdaković, V., & Macura, M. (2025) · Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology · doi:10.3390/jfmk10040442
Demir, M. H. B. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8310751/v1
Cognitive and Neuropsychological Evaluation
Lieto, M., Lucchese, B. D., & Brovedani, P. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-09211-3_9
Twists and Turmoil: Comanaging Mood and Movement in a Child with Cerebral Palsy
Riordan, H. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-10099-3_18
Czencz, J., Wallen, M. A., Wilson, P. H., Whyte, D. G., Imms, C., Thakkar, G., & Shields, N. (2026) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2026.2681549
Sleep health of adults with cerebral palsy: A systematic review
Nagabhushan, D., Kim, C., Whitney, D. G., Ayyangar, R. N., Bowman, A., Sharma, S., Barnish, M. S., & Whibley, D. (2026) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.70330
Self-citationNeurological Examination Tools to Identify Infants at Risk for Cerebral Palsy and Other Deficits
Novak, I., & Morgan, C. (2026) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009418034.053
Alinia, T., & Pourhassan, S. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-20967-2_15
Health Care Transitions from Pediatric to Adult Rehabilitation Among Individuals with Cerebral Palsy
Sarmiento, C. A., Petranovich, C. L., Stutzbach, J., Appel, A., Konkoly, M., Clark, J., Prokup, J. A., Gannotti, M. E., & Hurvitz, E. A. (2026) · Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.pmr.2026.08.003
Self-citation
- Authors
- Whitney, D. G., Warschausky, S. A., Ng, S., Hurvitz, E. A., Kamdar, N. S., & Peterson, M. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Annals of Internal Medicine
- Publisher
- American College of Physicians
- Published
- 2019-09-03
- Volume
- 171
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 328-333
- ISSN
- 0003-4819 (ISSN-L)
- 1539-3704
- PMC
- PMC9704040
- OpenAlex
- W2964753358
- Cited by
- 93
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 5
- FWCI
- 9.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Annals of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Cerebral Palsy and Movement Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family and Disability Support Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Down syndrome and intellectual disability research
- Keywords
- cerebral palsy, mental illness, prevalence, adults, neurodevelopmental comorbidities, intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, epilepsy, schizophrenia, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, personality disorders, alcoholism, opioid use disorder, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Mental Disorders, Cerebral Palsy, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Sex Distribution, Neurodevelopmental Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
