The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 19 of the 19 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
#HashtagActivism: Networks of Race and Gender Justice
Open accessAbstract
In this book, Sarah Jackson, Moya Bailey, and Brooke Foucault Welles explore how and why Twitter has become an important platform for historically disenfranchised populations, including Black Americans, women, and transgender people. They show how marginalized groups, long excluded from elite media spaces, have used Twitter hashtags to advance counternarratives, preempt political spin, and build diverse networks of dissent. The authors describe how such hashtags as #MeToo, #SurvivorPrivilege, and #WhyIStayed have challenged the conventional understanding of gendered violence; examine the voices and narratives of Black feminism enabled by #FastTailedGirls, #YouOKSis, and #SayHerName; and explore the creation and use of #GirlsLikeUs, a network of transgender women.
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Items 301–400 of 632
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Performative or authentic? How affordances signal (in)authentic digital allyship
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“Twitter (X) has emerged as a critical site for discursive activism using hashtags and storytelling (Jackson et al., 2020; Jackson & Banaszczyk, 2016).”
Jiang, H., & Guo, W. (2025) · Chinese Journal of Communication · doi:10.1080/17544750.2025.2570719 · Cited by 2
“For example, hashtag activism has allowed marginalized groups, often excluded by ethnosexual norms, to build counter-networks and spread counter-narratives (Jackson et al., 2020).”
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“…on digital or networked feminism—feminist protest on and through social media (Clark-Parsons, 2022; Vachhani, 2024)—has focused on Twitter, where movements such as #MeToo have made sexualized violence visible and publicly discussed (Jackson et al., 2020; Mendes et al., 2023; Page and Arcy, 2020).”
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“…as a means of expressing Black identity (Brock 2020), engaging in sociopolitical resistance through digital activism and collective mobilization (Jackson et al., 2020), curating safe and protective community networks and support structures, particularly for communities who assume multiple…”
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“Exemplars include the study of howmisinformation and disinformation can spread faster than truths (Vosoughi et al., 2018) or how “hashtag activism”manifests in social justice movements online (Jackson et al., 2020).”
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“Sarah Jackson, Moya Baley, and Broke Foucault Welles coined the term ‘hashtag activism’ to describe a type of ‘digital labor of raced and gendered counterpublics’ (Jackson et al., 2020, p. 34) aimed at establishing networks for racial and gender justice.”
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“…the sociopolitical settings of mediated politics in order to offer more context-specific understandings of how particular platforms have enabled grass-roots counterpublic movements to consolidate ideas, values, and tactics before gaining wider visibility (Jackson, Bailey, and Foucault Welles 2020).”
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“In a study that analyzed over 60,000 Twitter users, the authors found that while #SayHerName started as a hashtag focusing on the killings of Black women by police, it “evolved to shed light on all state and communal violence faced by Black women” (Jackson, Bailey, and Foucault Welles 2020, 51–52).”
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“The use of hashtags allows social media users to collectively challenge the narratives and framings of the status quo (Jackson et al., 2020).”
A research agenda for encouraging prosocial behaviour on social media
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Parasitic public memory: #ReclaimTheRainbow and the symbology of conservative victimhood
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“Hashtags are significant because they act as expressive modifiers and mark collective ideas, arguments, insights, and experiences that may ordinarily standalone (Brock, 2012; Jackson et al., 2020).”
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“In fact, authors such as Jackson, Bailey, and Foucault Welles (2020) regard it as a pro-democratic issue.”
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“…underrepresented in palaeontological research and literature (Raja et al., 2022 The #UbirajaraBelongsToBR case shares commonalities with other recent social movements with large online participation, such as the Black Lives Matter, #MeToo, and Occupy Wall Street movements (Jackson et al., 2020).”
Pamungkas, Y. B., Yuwanto, Y., Adnan, M., Hasfi, N., & Hapsari, R. (2025) · Journal of Intercultural Communication · doi:10.36923/jicc.v25i3.1115 · Cited by 1
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“…activism, and facilitate the possibility of reaching wider audiences, while also contributing to achieving concrete and tangible results, such as the mobilization of debates around sexual violence or even changes in legislative frameworks (Jackson et al., 2020; Nau et al., 2023; Scharff, 2024).”
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“I’m speaking:” VP Kamala Harris’ social media campaign in the 2020 election
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“Recently, social media has become a site where social justice and post-racial beliefs proliferate (Brock, 2012; Brock et al., 2010), and where the Black community has had a significant role in shaping recent political conversations (Jackson, 2016; Jackson et al., 2020).”
HIF: The hypergraph interchange format for higher-order networks
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Projecting Culture Through Hashtag Activism: The #IAmABlackMan Challenge on Instagram
Edrington, C. L., Mortensen, T. M., & Ezenna, O. (2025) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/20563051251382445 · Cited by 2
“The deaths of Black men and the circulation of associated visuals, particularly Michael Brown and George Floyd, propelled BLM into a global movement, illuminating the significance of visuals in activism (Florini, 2019; S. J. Jackson et al., 2020; Ray et al., 2017; Taylor, 2016).”
Platformized labour and harassment in Canada: Quantifying the effects of racism on content creators
Zegarra, D. Z. (2025) · Platforms & Society · doi:10.1177/29768624251392675 · Cited by 1
“…address perceptions of racial inequity, it is important to understand that these perceptions, which are commu-nally sourced, may offer racialized creators the knowledge to understand, name and contest the invisible barriers they face while doing their work (Bailey, 2021; Jackson et al., 2020).”
Archiving Futurity Within the Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women's Crisis
Montgomery, L. M., Pezzarossi, H. L., & Byram, J. (2025) · American Anthropologist · doi:10.1111/aman.70048 · Cited by 2
From Collective to Connective Identity: Digital Feminism and the Transformation of the Fourth Wave
Madadli, G. (2025) · Przegląd Politologiczny · doi:10.14746/pp.2025.30.3.20 · Cited by 1
“(Jackson et al., 2020).”
Gopalakrishna, V., Venugopal, K., & Gudla, S. P. K. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-5307-4.ch002 · Cited by 1
Cultural Shifts Through Shared Inquiry
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“For example, scholars highlighted the significance of Twitter for #blacklivesmatter (Jackson, 2016; Jackson et al., 2020; Jackson & Foucault Welles, 2015).”
Zhu, Q. (2026) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2025.2609786 · Cited by 1
“…political participation within social network sites has highlighted concepts such as networked counterpublics – discursive arenas where members of subordinate social groups are empowered to reinvent their margina-lized identities and voices that challenge dominant narratives (Jackson et al., 2020).”
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“In this respect, cancel culture may be understood as an extension of other forms of digital connection, activism and social justice movements (Jackson, Bailey, and Foucault Welles 2020; Lewis and Christin 2022; Sciberras and Tanner 2023).”
Social Media Facilitating Teens' Performances in Visual Bullying
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“The hashtag feminism literature has relatively failed to investigate this extent as most researches have focused on discursive power of hashtags in changing injustice relations and criticizing social and cultural inequalities (Jackson et al., 2020; Mendes et al., 2018; Xiong et al., 2019).”
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“However, the question of how dominant bodies should (or should not) go about using their digital privileges to support marginalized bodies is heavily contested (Jackson et al., 2020).”
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“…and increases the authenticity of their discourses (Hansen, 2021); gendered and racialized affective labor of minoritized groups results in authentic and powerful outcomes (S. J. Jackson et al., 2020); and rhetorical strategies can archive women’s affect in digital space (McDuffie & Ames, 2021).”
#Freebritney: strategies of counternarratives and self-regulation in digital feminist counterpublics
Vaidya, A. R., & Lingel, J. (2024) · Feminist Media Studies · doi:10.1080/14680777.2024.2394514 · Cited by 1
“Both Jackson, Bailey, and Foucault Welles (2020) and Kuo (2018) emphasize the propagation of activist narratives through hashtags, allowing digital activists to wrestle agency over the narrative of their movement from mainstream media by engaging the wider community directly.”
South African higher education: A toxic milieu of neoliberalism, colonialism and anti-Blackness
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Critical Social Epistemology of Social Media and Epistemic Virtues
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“…there is a rich body of work on online counterpublics, including curated blocklists on twitter (Geiger 2016), Black twitter (Graham and Smith 2016; Brock 2020 C3), hashtag networks (Jackson, Bailey, and Foucault Welles 2020), blogs (Gabriel 2015; Steele 2016a, 2016b), and BlackPlanet (Byrne 2007).”
Koo, G. H., & Chen, B. (2025) · Journal of Information Technology & Politics · doi:10.1080/19331681.2025.2468948 · Cited by 3
“They use hashtags as a tool to increase awareness of social injustice, visibility, advocating for political inclusion, and enhance democratic norms by granting broader access to public discourse and empowering counter publics (Clark, 2016; Duvall & Heckemeyer, 2018; Jackson et al., 2020).”
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“For instance, latency work has been identified in the case of trans empowerment/solidarity organizing tied to the hashtag #GirlsLikeUS (Jackson et al., 2020) and the Occupy Gezi movement (Karataş, 2023).”
Self-citation“The Queen Is Dead”: Black Twitter’s Global Response to Queen Elizabeth’s Death
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“Recent scholarship has increasingly recognized the complexity and influence of Black Twitter as a site of digital resistance, counterpublic formation, and cultural production (S. J. Jackson et al., 2020; Brock, 2020; Steele, 2021; Aiseng, 2024).”
Networked Justice: The Actions and Effects of Cancel Culture on YouTube
Kennedy, Ü. (2025) · a/b Auto/Biography Studies · doi:10.1080/08989575.2025.2518671 · Cited by 1
ElShabassy, A. K., Fincher, I., & Fahmy, S. (2025) · Journal of Communication Inquiry · doi:10.1177/01968599251346190 · Cited by 1
“Jackson et al. (2020) examine how hashtag activism on Twitter/X enables marginalized groups to advance counternarratives and form coalitional counter-publics.”
What Are We Fighting For? Academia or the Humility of Knowledge
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The Corporate Reconfiguration of the Social World
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Public Communication in a Promotional Culture
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Exploiting Subalternity in the Name of Counter-Hegemonic Communication
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Craft, S., & Kristensen, M. S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108886260.006 · Cited by 1
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Kibsey, T. (2021) · Communication Teacher · doi:10.1080/17404622.2021.2007276 · Cited by 1
“Jackson et al. (2020) speak to the potential for widespread digital trends to advance social movements by offering spaces to form counterpublics and engage in debate.”
BackgroundTHE SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS OF POSTERS AGAINST DOMESTIC VIOLENCE IN JORDAN
Altamimi, R. Z. S. (2022) · PEOPLE International Journal of Social Sciences · doi:10.20319/pijss.2022.81.6482 · Cited by 1
“Among the most prominent of these issues is the issue of social movements such as #MeToo, #BlackLivesMatter (Jackson et al., 2020; Mundt et al., 2018).”
BackgroundGeorge Floyd and cosmopolitan memory formation in online networks: A report from Northern Europe
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Metadata
- Authors
- Jackson, S. J., Bailey, M., & Foucault Welles, B.
- Venue
- MIT Press
- Publisher
- The MIT Press
- Published
- 2020-03-10
- OpenAlex
- W4251102464
- Cited by
- 693
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 141 · 2025: 121 · 2024: 131 · 2023: 109 · 2022: 93 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 35
- FWCI
- 48.85
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The MIT Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Communication › Social Media and Politics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender, Feminism, and Media
- Social Sciences › Communication › Media and Digital Communication
- Keywords
- hashtag activism, Twitter, social media activism, marginalized communities, counter-narratives, political spin, #MeToo, #BlackLivesMatter, gender-based violence, Black feminism, transgender women, racial justice, police killings, online mobilization
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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