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#HashtagActivism: Networks of Race and Gender Justice
Open accessAbstract
In this book, Sarah Jackson, Moya Bailey, and Brooke Foucault Welles explore how and why Twitter has become an important platform for historically disenfranchised populations, including Black Americans, women, and transgender people. They show how marginalized groups, long excluded from elite media spaces, have used Twitter hashtags to advance counternarratives, preempt political spin, and build diverse networks of dissent. The authors describe how such hashtags as #MeToo, #SurvivorPrivilege, and #WhyIStayed have challenged the conventional understanding of gendered violence; examine the voices and narratives of Black feminism enabled by #FastTailedGirls, #YouOKSis, and #SayHerName; and explore the creation and use of #GirlsLikeUs, a network of transgender women.
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Items 501–600 of 632
On doing public scholarship in public
Jackson, S. J. (2025) · Journal of Applied Communication Research · doi:10.1080/00909882.2025.2497343
Self-citationImran, H. (2025) · UCP Journal of Mass Communication · doi:10.24312/ucp-jmc.03.01.525
Olczyk, T. (2025) · Studia Medioznawcze · doi:10.33077/uw.24511617.sm.2025.2.830
Mapping climate insecurity, activism and queerness
Kim, K. H., & Kurze, A. (2025) · Journal of Gender Studies · doi:10.1080/09589236.2025.2529956
“Digital activism, reshaping global movements, provides queer communities a space to challenge environmental policies that overlook or erase their experiences (Jackson et al., 2020).”
Amaral, I., & Ventura, D. (2025) · Journalism and Media · doi:10.3390/journalmedia6030104 · Cited by 3
Waldherr, A., Righetti, N., Gallagher, R. J., Klinger, K., Stoltenberg, D., Kumar, S., Ridley, D., & Welles, B. F. (2025) · Social Science Computer Review · doi:10.1177/08944393251364290
“Their names and the circumstances of their deaths have become symbols and focusing events for the BLM movement and examples of successful hashtag activism in the sense of raising collective awareness for racial injustice and police violence (Jackson et al., 2020).”
Self-citationMonteith, E. A., & Kennedy, R. (2025) · a/b Auto/Biography Studies · doi:10.1080/08989575.2025.2534264 · Cited by 1
Higgins, K. C., Banet‐Weiser, S., & Iserte, M. (2025) · Cahiers du Genre · doi:10.3917/cdge.078.0129 · Cited by 2
Jaidka, K. (2025) · Journal of Language and Social Psychology · doi:10.1177/0261927x251364003 · Cited by 1
Diversity and Inclusion in Data Activism: Frame Resonance and the Barrier of Problem Recognition
Wright, J. M. (2025) · Sociological Forum · doi:10.1111/socf.70004
Cheema, S. E., & Browning, N. (2025) · Howard Journal of Communications · doi:10.1080/10646175.2025.2530461
“Further, on social media platforms, BLM activists have gathered around topics such as #TrayvonMartin, #FergusanIsEverywhere, ICan’tBreathe among others (Jackson et al., 2020).”
Mulupi, D. K., Scovel, S., Wong, F. H. C., & Misra, A. (2025) · Communication & Sport · doi:10.1177/21674795251366968
“Even in countries where X and Instagram are permitted, SNS users still perpetuate oppressive practices while seeking to dis-mantle other systems of domination (Jackson et al., 2020).”
An audience perspective on the precarity of Black witnessing
Pointer, N. (2025) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448251370359
“Her critical intervention echoes a growing body of schol-arship (e.g. Benjamin, 2019; Fleetwood, 2020; Jackson et al., 2020) which critiques how media witnessing often fails to account for the racialized dynamics that shape audience interpretation, emotional response, and political engagement.”
Tadros, E., Sohn, A., Zhao, J., & Chartock, A. (2025) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.70071 · Cited by 1
Social media as a counter-public sphere? Chinese feminist activism empowered by hashtags
Chen, L., & Jiang, Y. (2025) · Feminist Media Studies · doi:10.1080/14680777.2025.2565429 · Cited by 1
Hashtagging Resistance: Media, Authority, and Women's Subjectivity in Post-Mahsa Iran
Beidollahkhani, A., & Ghorashi, M. (2025) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/10778012251379446
“Hashtags like #BlackLivesMatter and #MeToo exemplify how digital symbols can unify diverse individuals around shared grievances, fostering a sense of collective identity and purpose (Jackson et al., 2020).”
Kasten, A. (2025) · Organisation und Pädagogik · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-48852-9_14
The Effectiveness of Twitter-Based Social Movements in the 2023 Attack on Palestine
Meiliani, A., Dewi, P. A. Z., & Urfa, W. D. (2024) · Journal of Politics and Democracy · doi:10.61183/polikrasi.v4i1.47
Barbie: The Original Brand Activist
Bennett, A. R., & Muniz, F. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-95611-9_4
Barbie and Digital Discourse: Brand, Identity, and Resistance in a Networked World
Hains, R. C., & Aguiló‐Pérez, E. R. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-95611-9_1
Wang, R., Zhang, W., & Shin, J. (2025) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2025.2571407
“Therefore, digital activism is still subject to opinion leaders who need to be actively engaged in mobilizing others and obtaining momentum for the cause (Jackson et al., 2020).”
From the Home to the Publics: Religion, Social Media, and Sex Education
Basure, H. S., & Ojong, V. B. (2025) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1530-353520250000034011
Echo Chambers of Digital Harm: Insights Into Layered Affordances From India and South Korea
Jang, H., & Narayanamoorthy, N. (2025) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/20563051251383528 · Cited by 1
“Previous literature on digital activism (Freelon et al., 2016; Jackson et al., 2020) has shown that multiplatform affordances allow movements to coordinate and mobilize support across distinct digital environments.”
Lombana-Bermúdez, A., & Rodríguez, S. (2025) · Journal of Information Technology & Politics · doi:10.1080/19331681.2025.2568884
"Evolution, Representation, and Impact: The #MeToo Movement in Mexico (2017-2025)"Preprint
Gavilán, M. T. N., Olea‐Ibarra, D., & Padilla-Lavin, M. D. L. A. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5735710
Matters of Life, Death, and Livelihood
Allison, J. E., Reese, E., Rocha, J., et al. (2023) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/979-8-88730-348-220251013
Moreno, M. J. G., Piqueras, C. C., & López-Rodríguez, M. D. (2025) · Gender Issues · doi:10.1007/s12147-025-09395-3
“Later on, the significance of cybermovements such as #MeToo and #BlackLivesMatter triggered antifeminist reactions (Jackson et al., 2020), turning social media into privileged spaces for hate and violence—as will be further explored in the following sections.”
Barrier or Catalyst? How Gender Discrimination on Social Media Shapes Political Participation
Cai, M., & Ahmed, S. (2025) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838151.2025.2596370 · Cited by 1
“Jackson et al. (2020) showed that engagement with political content was associated with increased awareness of structural inequalities, including gender-based discrimination.”
Mak, M. K. F., Duan, Z., Yang, S., et al. (2025) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2025.2600448
“Its hashtag functionality has been essential to movements such as #MeToo, which advanced women’s rights, and #BlackTwitter and #BLM, which mobilized racial solidarity and collective action (Brock, 2012; Jackson et al., 2020).”
36 The Psychology of Digital Activism and Political Participation
Lane, D. S., & Overbye-Thompson, H. E. (2025) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783111292144-043
Refractive datasets as a sensemaking methodology in closed data ecosystems
Beers, A., Ito, V. M., Orozco, A., Gildersleve, P., Aragón, P., & Tripodi, F. B. (2025) · Big Data & Society · doi:10.1177/20539517251406193
“…analyzed data to track interactions between people in a non-experimental setting, shedding light on how activist movements (Freelon et al., 2016; Jackson et al., 2020), disinformation campaigns (Arif et al., 2018), and networked harassment (Han et al., 2023) proliferates online and impacts of fl…”
IN YOUR LANE AND KNOWING YOUR PLACE
(2026) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478061977-004
LEADERSHIP JOURNEYS AND INTERSECTIONAL RESOURCES
(2026) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478061977-006
QUIET PUBLICS AND LOWERCASE FEMINISM
(2026) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478061977-009
EVERYDAY REACTIVISM, OR, NEVER LOOK AWAY
(2026) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478061977-003
(2026) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478061977-012
(2026) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478061977-010
(2026) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478061977-001
(2026) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478061977-011
(2026) · Duke University Press eBooks · doi:10.1215/9781478061977-007
@MinorityVoices Singapore: unequal racial capital and youth digital activism
Velayutham, S. (2026) · Third World Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01436597.2025.2601287
Online-Kommunikation und Kultur
Sinner, P. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-18017-1_11-2
Gender, Care, and Gen Z Work Culture
Conderacci, L. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6176-6_138-1
Is Social Media Good or Bad for Muslims? Youth Perspectives on Empowerment and Risk
Yılmaz, İ. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-4660-2_3
Melton, J., & Karmelic, J. (2025) · Rock Music Studies · doi:10.1080/19401159.2026.2616100
Digital Activism and Social Movements
Verma, S., Gardia, A., & Das, B. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-3920-6.ch005
Digital Dissent and Grassroots Mobilization
Mathur, S. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-3920-6.ch006
THE ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN SHAPING CITIZENS’ POLITICAL CONSCIOUSNESS
Петров, П. (2025) · Epistemological Studies in Philosophy Social and Political Sciences · doi:10.15421/342555 · Cited by 2
We had to rely on Instagram: Activist youth in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic
Antolini, M. C., & Thorson, K. (2026) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448251412349
Yang, Y., & Welles, B. F. (2026) · The Communication Review · doi:10.1080/10714421.2026.2616143
“Users on Reddit, other than those on Twitter/X, where previous scholarship on racial justice resistance has been expounded on (Freelon et al., 2016; Jackson et al., 2020), remain pseudo-anonymous (Proferes et al., 2021).”
Self-citationDahdah, M. A., & Arfaoui, M. (2026) · Quaderni · doi:10.3917/quad.116.0039
Zahan, M., Khan, A. R., & Mathbor, G. M. (2026) · South Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities · doi:10.48165/sajssh.2026.7102 · Cited by 3
Breaking boundaries, baring bodies: subversion in the works of Iranian feminist artists on Instagram
Hooman, N. (2026) · Journal of Gender Studies · doi:10.1080/09589236.2026.2630266
Frictional memory: The afterlives of lynching in the digital public spheres
Vasudeva, F., Azizifard, N., & Eetu Mäkelä, A. (2026) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448261416894 · Cited by 1
Chen, L., Zhou, K., & Kim, S. J. (2026) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/20563051261419392 · Cited by 2
“Hashtag activism—the use of hashtags to challenge the status quo—is a form of digital activism that has been widely leveraged to advance feminist causes (Clark-Parsons, 2021; Jackson et al., 2020; Mendes et al., 2018).”
Shikhaliyev, E., & ŞİMŞEK, R. (2026) · Metafizika Journal · doi:10.33864/2617-751x.2026.v9.i1.394-408
Regla-Vargas, A., Alvero, A., & Yazdiha, H. (2026) · Big Data & Society · doi:10.1177/20539517261424160
Influencers, Icons, and Impact
Kaur, A., Kaur, G., & Sandhu, R. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-5581-8.ch009
Feminist logics of Instagram: activists navigating platform dynamics and feminist ideals
Broqvist, M. (2026) · Feminist Media Studies · doi:10.1080/14680777.2026.2633552 · Cited by 1
New digital feminist interventions: speaking up and talking back
Backes, A. (2026) · Feminist Media Studies · doi:10.1080/14680777.2026.2636193
“It’s (not) our culture”: Floating signifiers of “culture” in rhetorics of social justice
Dadugblor, S. K. (2026) · Journal of International and Intercultural Communication · doi:10.1080/17513057.2026.2632033
“In the absence of hashtags around which commentary can coalesce (Jackson et al., 2020), I conducted an iterative process of keyword searches related to the controversy (See, for example, Mislán & Shaban, 2019, p. 49; Shin, 2019, p. 66; Van Schenck, 2023, p. 379) by searching “culture,” “Achimota…”
Digital resistance: a critical analysis of anti-caste activism in the digital sphere
Raman, P. A., & Ratnamala, V. (2026) · Journal of Gender Studies · doi:10.1080/09589236.2026.2633723
Yang, L., Hu, S., Qi, S., & Chen, S. (2026) · International Journal of Cultural Studies · doi:10.1177/13678779261436048
“Hashtags such as #BlackLivesMatter, #MeToo, and #JeSuisCharlie have been the-orized as affective anchors that condense emotion and mobilize publics around issues of justice and identity (Jackson et al, 2020).”
Happtitude in Action: Emotional Engagement and the Digital Transformation of Political Communication
Verma, S., Bhalla, P., Zafar, S., Kamboj, B., & Monga, S. (2026) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83708-712-920261006
Fighting misogynoir on social media: Rokhaya Diallo’s battle against Pascal Bruckner on Twitter/X
Maroun, D. N. (2026) · Modern & Contemporary France · doi:10.1080/09639489.2025.2611808
Alqaraoui, I., & Iflahen, F.-Z. (2026) · Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal · doi:10.21834/e-bpj.v11i36.7781
The Psychological Rewards of Online Self-Disclosure
Yu, S. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-5896-3.ch005
Ankrah, E. D. (2026) · Southern Communication Journal · doi:10.1080/1041794x.2026.2661611
“This archival function transforms isolated incidents into movements, individual protests into collective force (Jackson et al., 2020; Tufekci, 2017).”
Elias, S. K., Dogbe, F., Acosta-Parra, A. R., Alemayehu, A., Asif, F., Feng, Y., Gomez, J. F., Morimoto, I., Preciado, O., Tran, D., et al. (2026) · Science Education · doi:10.1002/sce.70074
#WheresTiffany: Redefining Racial Broadcast Norms With Tiffany Cross’ MSNBC Removal
Grant, R. L., & Lenoir, L. D. (2026) · Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/10776990261439161
“We are truth tellers”: Exploring #BlackintheIvory as a digital counterpublic for black scholars
Harrison, E., Settles, I. H., & Jobarteh, A. (2026) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448261440469
Language and Digital Activism: Kenya’s Gen Z Political Protests on X
Ndavula, J. O. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-09629-6_9
Légitime, S., & Suresh, H. (2026) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3817010 · Cited by 1
Hasyim, F. (2026) · Loquēla (Journal of Linguistics Literature and Education) · doi:10.61276/loqula.v4i1.80
“Moreover, Jackson et al. (2020) in their study of hashtag activism, emphasize that social media allows marginalized communities to construct what they call “networked counter publics”, spaces where alternative narratives can be developed and circulated.”
InfluentialWhat I got from saying #MeToo: Exploring the positive outcomes of disclosure among Indian women
Naresh, E. E., Pothiyil, D. I., & Ravindran, S. K. (2026) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2026.100633
The Inattention Economy: How Women of Color Built the Internet
Gonzalez, M. (2026) · Internet Histories · doi:10.1080/24701475.2026.2668804
Recursive Synergy: Latinx Digital Audiences and the Expansion of Production Studies
Leon-Boys, D. (2026) · Television & New Media · doi:10.1177/15274764261445938
Pinch, A. C. (2026) · Convergence The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies · doi:10.1177/13548565261453786 · Cited by 1
The Cultural Politics of Natural Hair: Digital Mobilization and the Making of the CROWN Act Movement
Gonzalez, M. S. (2026) · Journal of Black Studies · doi:10.1177/00219347261447315
“Hashtags on Twitter emerged as critical tools of networked activism: they allowed dispersed publics to form connective threads of advocacy, share collective grievances, and transformed isolated experiences of bias into coordinated political discourse (Jackson et al., 2020).”
Normative White Internet Practices: Performances at the Edge of a Digital Black Community
Frey, W. R. (2026) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/20563051261452021
“Ideally, white allyship is a practice of individuals categorized, raised, and socialized as White publicly and politically uniting with people marginalized by racism and colorism to forward liberatory projects (S. J. Jackson et al., 2020).”
InfluentialHow banal is the digital? Renegotiating Black connectivity in contemporary anglophone novels
Neumann, B. (2026) · Literature, critique, and empire today. · doi:10.1177/30333962261454810
“…activism enables rapid, networked forms of political articulation that can amplify marginalized voices, mobilize collective action across spatial boundaries, and intervene in dominant narratives by producing counter-publics that transgress hegemonic mechanisms of exclusions (Jackson et al., 2020).”
Gómez-Iniesta, P., & Pappous, A. S. (2026) · Place Branding and Public Diplomacy · doi:10.1057/s41254-026-00440-w
Conspiracy Hashtags and Pro-Trump Performative Communication on Instagram
Anisin, A. (2026) · Journalism and Media · doi:10.3390/journalmedia7020121
“While research has focused on campaigns such as the #BlackLivesMatter and #MeToo movements (Jackson et al., 2020; Mendes et al., 2019), and it has also been revealed that conservative and populist actors can exploit these same hashtag dynamics (Engesser et al., 2017; Krämer, 2017), we still lack…”
A Wrinkle in Digital Time: Black Queer Blogs and Reverence for the Dead in the Early 2000s
Campbell, C. (2026) · GLQ · doi:10.1215/10642684-12425481
“Black newspapers and journalists continue to employ these strategies, as did Black queer bloggers (Jackson et al. 2020).”
Unpacking the Effects of Media Racism Exposure on Multidimensional Activism Among Asian Americans
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Pain and the Making of Society: From Embodied Suffering to Production of Togetherness
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Digital Voter Mobilization Strategies of a Black Woman-Led Organization in Brazil
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Protests and Radicalization in the Digital Age
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Jones, A. R., Baker, B. A., Adeyemo, R., McKenley, C., Hanks, M. A., Avila, N., Washington, L., Jang, H. S., Chae, D. H., & Hunter, E. A. (2026) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-026-03066-z
Viral Reactions, Legal Consequences: A case study of the 2024 Tangier sexual assault
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Mitra, A. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-18778-9_7
Sexist Implications of the TikTok Trend “Girl Math”
Mazzei, E. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-18778-9_10
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Metadata
- Authors
- Jackson, S. J., Bailey, M., & Foucault Welles, B.
- Venue
- MIT Press
- Publisher
- The MIT Press
- Published
- 2020-03-10
- OpenAlex
- W4251102464
- Cited by
- 693
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 141 · 2025: 121 · 2024: 131 · 2023: 109 · 2022: 93 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 35
- FWCI
- 48.85
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The MIT Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Communication › Social Media and Politics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender, Feminism, and Media
- Social Sciences › Communication › Media and Digital Communication
- Keywords
- hashtag activism, Twitter, social media activism, marginalized communities, counter-narratives, political spin, #MeToo, #BlackLivesMatter, gender-based violence, Black feminism, transgender women, racial justice, police killings, online mobilization
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