Dynamic representation of 3D auditory space in the midbrain of the free-flying echolocating bat
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Essential to spatial orientation in the natural environment is a dynamic representation of direction and distance to objects. Despite the importance of 3D spatial localization to parse objects in the environment and to guide movement, most neurophysiological investigations of sensory mapping have been limited to studies of restrained subjects, tested with 2D, artificial stimuli. Here, we show for the first time that sensory neurons in the midbrain superior colliculus (SC) of the free-flying echolocating bat encode 3D egocentric space, and that the bat’s inspection of objects in the physical environment sharpens tuning of single neurons, and shifts peak responses to represent closer distances. These findings emerged from wireless neural recordings in free-flying bats, in combination with an echo model that computes the animal’s instantaneous stimulus space. Our research reveals dynamic 3D space coding in a freely moving mammal engaged in a real-world navigation task.
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Functional neuroimaging helps to study how the auditory cortex dynamically reshapes acoustic input into perceptual representations that guide decisions.
“Functional neuroimaging helps to study how the auditory cortex dynamically reshapes acoustic input into perceptual representations that guide decisions (Gutschalk and Dykstra 2014; Kothari et al. 2018; Zatorre 2003).”
From Listening forward: emerging roles of bioacoustics in ecology, evolution, and conservation (2026) · cites this paper as Kothari et al. 2018
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Disparity selective units in the superior colliculus of the opossum
Dias, E., Rocha‐Miranda, C. E., Bernardes, R. F., & Schmidt, S. L. (1991) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00227080 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Neuromodulation of Whisking Related Neural Activity in Superior Colliculus
Bezdudnaya, T., & Castro‐Alamancos, M. A. (2014) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0444-14.2014 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Jen, P. H.-S., Sun, X., Kamada, T., Zhang, S., & Shimozawa, T. (1984) · Journal of Comparative Physiology A · doi:10.1007/bf00605239 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Perceiving the World Through Echolocation and Vision
Surlykke, A., Simmons, J. A. T., & Moss, C. F. (2016) · Springer handbook of auditory research · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-3527-7_10 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citation
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2 of the 118 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
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- Kothari NB Wohlgemuth MJ Moss CF 2018 Dynamic-3D-auditory-space-in-bats Github https://github.com/ninadbkothari/Dynamic-3D-auditory-space-in-bats. 98d38a4 PMC5896882 29633711
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Levels of naturalism in social neuroscience research
Fan, S., Monte, O. D., & Chang, S. W. C. (2021) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.102702 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
3D Hippocampal Place Field Dynamics in Free-Flying Echolocating Bats
Wohlgemuth, M. J., Yu, C., & Moss, C. F. (2018) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2018.00270 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationNatural switches in behaviour rapidly modulate hippocampal coding
Sarel, A., Palgi, S., Blum, D., Aljadeff, J., Las, L., & Ulanovsky, N. (2022) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05112-2 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
A History of Corollary Discharge: Contributions of Mormyrid Weakly Electric Fish
Fukutomi, M., & Carlson, B. A. (2020) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2020.00042 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Neural oscillations in the fronto-striatal network predict vocal output in bats
Weineck, K., García‐Rosales, F., & Hechavarría, J. C. (2020) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000658 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Orienting our view of the superior colliculus: specializations and general functions
Allen, K. M., Lawlor, J., Salles, A., & Moss, C. F. (2021) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2021.10.005 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationGenzel, D., & Yartsev, M. M. (2020) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.108970 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Macías, S., Luo, J., & Moss, C. F. (2018) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00160.2018 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Self-citationEcho interval and not echo intensity drives bat flight behavior in structured corridors
Warnecke, M., Macías, S., Falk, B., & Moss, C. F. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.191155 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationNeural Processing of Naturalistic Echolocation Signals in Bats
Beetz, M. J., & Hechavarría, J. C. (2022) · Frontiers in Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/fncir.2022.899370 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Detection of passageways in natural foliage using biomimetic sonar
Wang, R., Liu, Y., & Müller, R. (2022) · Bioinspiration & Biomimetics · doi:10.1088/1748-3190/ac7aff · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Reichert, M. S., Bolek, M. G., & McCullagh, E. A. (2023) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2300186120 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Beetz, M. J., Kössl, M., & Hechavarría, J. C. (2019) · Journal of Comparative Physiology A · doi:10.1007/s00359-019-01337-1 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Echolocating bats inspect and discriminate landmark features to guide navigation
Yu, C., Luo, J., Wohlgemuth, M. J., & Moss, C. F. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.191965 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationEcho-acoustic and optic flow interact in bats
Kugler, K., Luksch, H., Peremans, H., Vanderelst, D. F., Wiegrebe, L., & Firzlaff, U. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.195404 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Las, L., & Ulanovsky, N. (2024) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/s41592-024-02330-6 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Sensory error drives fine motor adjustment
Wang, H., Zhou, Y., Li, H., Moss, C. F., Li, X., & Luo, J. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2201275119 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationAdaptive sonar call timing supports target tracking in echolocating bats
Kothari, N. B., Wohlgemuth, M. J., & Moss, C. F. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.176537 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationNatural acoustic stimuli evoke selective responses in the hippocampus of passive listening bats
Yu, C., & Moss, C. F. (2022) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.23407 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationAutonomous Flying With Neuromorphic Sensing
Parlevliet, P. P., Kanaev, A., Hung, C. P., Schweiger, A., Gregory, F. D., Benosman, R. B., de Croon, G., Gutfreund, Y., Lo, C., & Moss, C. F. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.672161 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationDoppler shift compensation performance in Hipposideros pratti across experimental paradigms
Luo, J., Lu, M., Wang, X., Wang, H., & Moss, C. F. (2022) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2022.920703 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationAnalysis of echolocation behavior of bats in “echo space” using acoustic simulation
Teshima, Y., Yamada, Y., Tsuchiya, T., Heim, O., & Hiryu, S. (2022) · BMC Biology · doi:10.1186/s12915-022-01253-y · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Non-invasive auditory brainstem responses to FM sweeps in awake big brown bats
Simmons, A. M., Tuninetti, A., Yeoh, B. M., & Simmons, J. A. T. (2022) · Journal of Comparative Physiology A · doi:10.1007/s00359-022-01559-w · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Neuronal activity underlying vocal production in bats
Babl, S., Kiai, A., García-Rosales, F., & Hechavarría, J. C. (2025) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.15410 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Prevalent Harmonic Interaction in the Bat Inferior Colliculus
Cui, Z., Yu, C., Wang, X., Yin, K., & Luo, J. (2024) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0916-24.2024 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Evolution of vocal control in echolocating bats
Chen, S., Yovel, Y., Moss, C. F., & Luo, J. (2025) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1002/brv.70122 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Neural Basis of Dim-Light Vision in Echolocating Bats
Hoffmann, S., Bley, A., Matthes, M., Firzlaff, U., & Luksch, H. (2019) · Brain Behavior and Evolution · doi:10.1159/000504124 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Wilkinson, M. G. T., Wang, X., Cowan, N. J., & Moss, C. F. (2025) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/10.0036252 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationAuditory object representation in the bat hippocampus
Krishna, A., Yin, X., Yu, C., Skandalis, D. A., Lee, H., & Moss, C. F. (2025) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2025.07.044 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationAre Grid-Like Representations a Component of All Perception and Cognition?
Chen, Z. S., Zhang, X., Long, X., & Zhang, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/fncir.2022.924016 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Spatial attention in natural tasks
Wohlgemuth, M. J., Salles, A., & Moss, C. F. (2022) · Molecular Psychology Brain Behavior and Society · doi:10.12688/molpsychol.17488.1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationNeural coding of 3D spatial location, orientation, and action selection in echolocating bats
Salles, A., Wohlgemuth, M. J., & Moss, C. F. (2022) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2022.09.008 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationBeamforming as a mechanism for azimuthal localization of targets by FM-echolocating big brown bats
Simmons, J. A. T., & Simmons, A. M. (2026) · Journal of Comparative Physiology A · doi:10.1007/s00359-026-01834-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kössl, M., & Hechavarría, J. C. (2018) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.36561 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Specializations” in the Bat Auditory Cortex
Razak, K. A. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809324-5.24226-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Acoustic Navigation of Echolocating Bats during Aerial Flight
Teshima, Y., Fujioka, E., & Hiryu, S. (2023) · Journal of the Physical Society of Japan · doi:10.7566/jpsj.92.121001 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Jerath, R., & Beveridge, C. (2019) · World Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.4236/wjns.2019.93011 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ultrasonic Spatial Target Localization Using Artificial Pinnae of Brown Long-eared BatPreprint
Zhang, S., Ma, X., Dong, Z., & Zhou, W. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.03.02.972802 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Listening forward: emerging roles of bioacoustics in ecology, evolution, and conservation
Zsebők, S. (2026) · Biologia Futura · doi:10.1007/s42977-026-00322-5
“Functional neuroimaging helps to study how the auditory cortex dynamically reshapes acoustic input into perceptual representations that guide decisions (Gutschalk and Dykstra 2014; Kothari et al. 2018; Zatorre 2003).”
Motor Control: Three-Dimensional Metric of Head Movements in the Mouse Brain
Finkelstein, A. (2018) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.079
Beetz, M. J., Kössl, M., & Hechavarría, J. C. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/485490
Mitigation of Signal Jamming in Bat Echolocation
Hase, K., & Hiryu, S. (2019) · Japanese Journal of Animal Psychology · doi:10.2502/janip.69.1.5
Fronto-striatal oscillations predict vocal output in batsPreprint
Weineck, K., García‐Rosales, F., & Hechavarría, J. C. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/724112
Frings, S. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-63233-8_6
Effects of Acoustic Interference on the Echolocation Behavior of Bats
Hase, K., Kobayasi, K. I., & Hiryu, S. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-0831-8_11
Sonar-guided attention in natural tasks
Wohlgemuth, M. J., Salles, A., & Moss, C. F. (2023) · Molecular Psychology Brain Behavior and Society · doi:10.12688/molpsychol.17488.2
Self-citationOscillating Ears Dynamically Transform Echoes in Constant-Frequency BatsPreprint
Umadi, R. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.06.14.659613
Sensorimotor dynamics in the superior colliculus of the echolocating batPreprint
Somasekhar, G., Kothari, N. B., Moss, C. F., & Wohlgemuth, M. J. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.08.26.672231
Self-citationAdult Zebrafish Engage in Path Integration-like Behavior When Exploring a Novel EnvironmentPreprint
Sanghera, B. S., Shraybman, P., & Kanwal, J. S. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2025.12.31.697215
Natural auditory behaviors invoke cognitive brain networks
Krishna, A., Capshaw, G., & Moss, C. F. (2026) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2026.103224
Self-citationAoki, Y., Koga, M., Teshima, Y., Yoshida, S., & Hiryu, S. (2026) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2026.123669
Stanford, M., Fukutomi, M., Haber, C., & Carlson, B. A. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10782428/v1
Self-organized spectral adjustment in echolocation sounds within group-flying bats
Hase, K., MIYAZAKI, T., Oka, S., Senoo, N., Nishimori, H., Shiraishi, M., Yoda, K., Kobayasi, K. I., & Hiryu, S. (2026) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2026.0921
- Authors
- Kothari, N. B., Wohlgemuth, M. J., & Moss, C. F.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Moss, Cynthia F
- Venue
- eLife
- Publisher
- eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd
- Published
- 2018-04-10
- Volume
- 7
- ISSN
- 2050-084X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5896882
- OpenAlex
- W2798266853
- Cited by
- 54
- References
- 118
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8
- FWCI
- 5.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- eLife (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (IOS1460149)
- Air Force Office of Scientific Research (FA9550-14-1-039)
- Office of Naval Research (N00014-12-1-0339, N00014-17-1-2736)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Bat Biology and Ecology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Multisensory perception and integration
- Keywords
- echolocation, superior colliculus, three-dimensional representation, distance coding, free-flying bats, object inspection, ECHO model, spatial navigation, wireless neural recording
- MeSH terms
- Orientation, Spatial, Animals, Auditory Cortex, Chiroptera, Echolocation, Flight, Animal, Male, Sensory Receptor Cells, Superior Colliculi, Vocalization, Animal
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