The DOI matches its Crossref record; 12 of the 12 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 18 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Qualitative data analysis: the framework approach
Open accessAbstract
Qualitative methods are invaluable for exploring the complexities of health care and patient experiences in particular. Diverse qualitative methods are available that incorporate different ontological and epistemological perspectives. One method of data management that is gaining in popularity among healthcare researchers is the framework approach. We will outline this approach, discuss its relative merits and provide a working example of its application to data management and analysis.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This methodological article outlines the framework approach to qualitative data analysis and illustrates its application using a doctoral study of parents managing a child’s hydrocephalus and shunt. It argues that the framework approach offers a transparent, systematic, interconnected set of stages that can enhance rigour in healthcare qualitative research.
Key findings
- The framework approach is presented as particularly suited to cross-sectional descriptive data and to making researchers’ interpretations of participants’ experiences transparent, with interconnected stages that guide analysis from data management to descriptive and explanatory accounts.
- In the worked example, the coding matrix was developed from four family interview transcripts, and the analysis produced three core concepts: uncertainty, becoming an expert, and living a normal life.
- Parents’ lack of control over preventing shunt malfunction positioned them in the typology described as overwhelming uncertainty, one of four possible typologies from Penrod (2007): overwhelming uncertainty, role uncertainty, pervasive uncertainty, and minimal uncertainty.
- The authors report that the framework approach helped retain links between original data and findings, supported case-based and theme-based analysis, and enabled tracking of analytical decisions.
Methods
- Design: Methodological overview and worked example of the framework approach, drawing on a doctoral study by one author (JS) investigating parents’ management of their child’s hydrocephalus and shunt.
- Data/sample: In-depth face-to-face interviews with parents, conducted individually or jointly, using an interview topic guide; interviews were transcribed verbatim. The initial coding matrix was developed from four family interview transcripts selected to represent a range of experiences, including one family whose older child had no shunt problems.
- Analysis: Applied the framework approach described by Ritchie and Lewis (2003), involving familiarisation, in-vivo coding, category and theme development, a coding index, NVivo-assisted data management, refinement of themes, development of abstract concepts, and explanatory accounts linked to existing literature and theory.
Limitations
- The paper does not present a formal limitations section. It states that novice researchers may underestimate the time required for early analytical stages, that part-time students can find it difficult to re-engage with data after time away, and that software and training costs for the National Centre for Social Research package need to be factored into funding applications.
- Evident from the text: the worked example comes from a single doctoral study, and the initial coding matrix used only four family interview transcripts; the total sample size and participant characteristics are not reported.
- Evident from the text: the article offers a methodological illustration rather than an empirical comparison or formal evaluation of the framework approach against other qualitative analysis methods.
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 18 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Parents' accounts of living with their child with hydrocephalus suggest the constantly vigilance in observing their child for illness symptoms because of the unpredictable nature of shunt malfunction is relentless.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Shunts, the main treatment for hydrocephalus, are prone to malfunctioning, which for some children can be life threatening.
- Rests on an assumption: Detecting shunt failure is not straightforward because the signs and symptoms are variable, subtle and often idiosyncratic to the individual child.
- Rests on an assumption: Common symptoms such as headache, vomiting, and drowsiness are similar presenting symptoms of many childhood illnesses, particularly viral infections.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Through the application of the framework approach three core concepts were developed that appeared to reflect parents' accounts of living with a child with hydrocephalus.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Shunts, the main treatment for hydrocephalus, are prone to malfunctioning, which for some children can be life threatening.
- Rests on an assumption: Detecting shunt failure is not straightforward because the signs and symptoms are variable, subtle and often idiosyncratic to the individual child.
- Rests on an assumption: Common symptoms such as headache, vomiting, and drowsiness are similar presenting symptoms of many childhood illnesses, particularly viral infections.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The principles of the framework approach can be used to undertake qualitative data analysis systematically.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: The interconnected stages within the framework approach explicitly describe the processes that guide the systematic analysis of data from the development of descriptive to explanatory accounts.
In the paper
“Second, one of the advantages of the framework approach is that researchers' interpretations of participants' experiences are transparent (Ritchie and Lewis 2003).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ritchie and Lewis 2003
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This may explain the reason parents' accounts of living with their child with hydrocephalus were dominated by the possibility that their child's shunt could malfunction at any time.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Shunts, the main treatment for hydrocephalus, are prone to malfunctioning, which for some children can be life threatening.
- Rests on an assumption: Detecting shunt failure is not straightforward because the signs and symptoms are variable, subtle and often idiosyncratic to the individual child.
- Rests on an assumption: Common symptoms such as headache, vomiting, and drowsiness are similar presenting symptoms of many childhood illnesses, particularly viral infections.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Parents' lack of control in relation to preventing shunt function positioned them in the typology described as overwhelming uncertainty.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Rests on an assumption: Shunts, the main treatment for hydrocephalus, are prone to malfunctioning, which for some children can be life threatening.
- Rests on an assumption: Detecting shunt failure is not straightforward because the signs and symptoms are variable, subtle and often idiosyncratic to the individual child.
- Rests on an assumption: Common symptoms such as headache, vomiting, and drowsiness are similar presenting symptoms of many childhood illnesses, particularly viral infections.
In the paper
“First, the framework approach is particularly suited to the analysis of crosssectional descriptive data enabling different aspects of the phenomena under investigation to be captured (Ritchie and Lewis 2003).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ritchie and Lewis 2003
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, analytical frameworks such as thematic networks and the framework approach appear to have a greater emphasis on making the process of data analysis transparent and illustrating the linkage between the stages of the analysis (Pope et al 2000, Ritchie and Lewis 2003, Braun and Clark 2006).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pope et al 2000
- Not checked yetcites Ritchie and Lewis 2003
- Not checked yetcites Braun and Clark 2006
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 9
- Probably not a substantial claim. 22
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The other core concepts were becoming an expert and living a normal life.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Retuning to data analysis after a time-out period and reading all the transcripts again to consider the phenomena as a whole resulted in the process of data analysis becoming much more meaningful.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Data management using the coding retrieval and search facilities within NVivo ® was the first stage of more in-depth analysis because it facilitated preliminary thoughts to emerge across cases and develop linkages between categories and initial themes, while retaining links to the original data.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although our enthusiasm remained throughout, we grossly underestimated the time required to undertake the early the stages of the analysis.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The first challenge related to the process of attaching labels to preliminary codes which were initially abstract in nature and did not fully represent the extracts from which they were derived.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Asking the question 'what are participants really trying to describe?' when considering sections of the data and using participants own words whenever possible assisted with ensuring the process of labelling the data reflected participants' accounts.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Forward and backward movement between the data as a whole, individual participant accounts and cross linkage with initial categories resulted in the emergence of the final categories and the development of the final conceptual framework that describes parents' accounts.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Our experiences of undertaking qualitative data analysis share similarities with the experiences of other novice qualitative researchers (Li and Seale 2007).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Li and Seale 2007
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Analytical frameworks such as the framework approach (Ritchie and Lewis 2003) and thematic networks (Attride-Stirling 2001) are gaining popularity because they systematically and explicitly apply the principles of undertaking qualitative analysis to a series of interconnected stages that guide the process.”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ritchie and Lewis 2003
- Not checked yetcites Attride-Stirling 2001
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The framework approach is gaining popularity among healthcare researchers as a means of analysing qualitative data derived from healthcare research.
In the paper
“This enables the researcher to explore data in depth while simultaneously maintaining an effective and transparent audit trail, enhancing the rigour of the analytical processes (Ritchie and Lewis 2003).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ritchie and Lewis 2003
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Published qualitative research often lacks transparency in relation to the analytical processes employed, which hinders the ability of the reader to critically appraise the study's findings (Maggs-Rapport 2001).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Maggs-Rapport 2001
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The package can be used to summarise data into a series of matrices from which it is possible to conduct case based and thematic analysis (www.natcen.ac.uk).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites www.natcen.ac.uk
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We have found the framework approach a valuable tool for data analysis in qualitative healthcare research.”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: Ensuring data analysis is explicitly described enhances the credibility of the findings.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our separate studies we valued working with experienced researchers who were willing to challenge assumptions and decisions at each stage of the analysis, adding to the rigour of the research.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This iterative process resonates with the central tenant of the framework approach that the interconnected stages are not linear, but a scaffold that guides the analysis (Ritchie and Lewis 2003).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ritchie and Lewis 2003
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This adds to the rigour of the research process and enhances the validity of the findings.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The coding matrix and transcripts from which it was derived were reviewed by two experienced researchers as part of the ongoing measures taken to ensure the rigour of the study.”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 4Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“However, thematic analysis has been criticised for lacking depth, fragmenting the phenomena being studied, being subjective and lacking transparency in relation to the development of themes, which can result in difficulties when judging the rigour of the findings (Attride-Stirling 2001).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Attride-Stirling 2001
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A crucial element within qualitative analysis is the critical thinking that occurs in relation to how participants' descriptions are coded, links between codes and categories, and links between categories and themes (Ritchie and Lewis 2003).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ritchie and Lewis 2003
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Thematic analysis can provide rich and insightful understandings of complex phenomena, be applied across a range of theoretical and epistemological approaches, and expand on or test existing theory (Braun and Clark 2006).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Braun and Clark 2006
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Central to the analytical processes within the framework approach is a series of interconnected stages that enables the researcher to move back and forth across the data until a coherent account emerges (Ritchie and Lewis 2003).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ritchie and Lewis 2003
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In-vivo codes are advocated within the framework approach as a means of staying 'true' to the data (Ritchie and Lewis 2003).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ritchie and Lewis 2003
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The process enables the researcher to track decisions which ensures links between the original data and findings are maintained and transparent.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For researchers engaging with qualitative research for the first time, it provides an effective route map for the journey and facilities both a case and theme based approach to data analysis.”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Four possible typologies that reflect an individuals' perception of their level of confidence and control when faced with uncertainty have been identified as; overwhelming uncertainty, role uncertainty, pervasive uncertainty, minimal uncertainty (Penrod 2007).”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Penrod 2007
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
The paper relies on this without support.
The framework approach is gaining popularity among healthcare researchers as a means of analysing qualitative data derived from healthcare research.
“One method of data analysis that appears to be gaining popularity among healthcare researchers is the framework approach.”
“More recently, the framework approach appears to be gaining popularity as a means of analysing qualitative data derived from healthcare research.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Ensuring data analysis is explicitly described enhances the credibility of the findings.
“Ensuring data analysis is explicitly described enhances the credibility of the findings.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Qualitative approaches are appropriate for exploring the complexities of health and well-being and can facilitate a deep understanding of the patient experience.
“Qualitative approaches are appropriate for exploring the complexities of health and well-being and can facilitate a deep understanding of the patient experience.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Shunts, the main treatment for hydrocephalus, are prone to malfunctioning, which for some children can be life threatening.
“Shunts, the main treatment for hydrocephalus, are problematic in that they are prone to malfunctioning which for some children can be life threatening.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Detecting shunt failure is not straightforward because the signs and symptoms are variable, subtle and often idiosyncratic to the individual child.
“Detecting shunt failure is not straightforward because the signs and symptoms are variable, subtle and often idiosyncratic to the individual child.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Common symptoms such as headache, vomiting, and drowsiness are similar presenting symptoms of many childhood illnesses, particularly viral infections.
“Common symptoms such as headache, vomiting, and drowsiness are similar presenting symptoms of many childhood illnesses, particularly viral infections.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The framework approach has many similarities to thematic analysis, particularly in the initial stages when recurring and significant themes are identified.
“The framework approach has many similarities to thematic analysis, particularly in the initial stages when recurring and significant themes are identified.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Remaining true to participants' descriptions is a fundamental principle within the framework approach and central when developing more abstract concepts.
“Remaining true to participants' descriptions is a fundamental principle within the framework approach and central when developing more abstract concepts.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The interconnected stages within the framework approach explicitly describe the processes that guide the systematic analysis of data from the development of descriptive to explanatory accounts.
“The interconnected stages within the framework approach explicitly describe the processes that guide the systematic analysis of data from the development of descriptive to explanatory accounts.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The early stages of qualitative data analysis are essential if the findings are to be credible.
“Yet these stages are essential if the findings are to be credible.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Detailed published examples describing the stages of data analysis have the potential to assist the novice researcher to develop the skills required to undertake qualitative data analysis.
“In addition detailed published examples describing the stages of the data analysis have the potential to assist the novice researcher to develop the skills required to undertake qualitative data analysis.”
Claims other papers make about this one
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In the citing paper
“Two coders will independently code the transcripts and meet to resolve discrepancies. A qualitative expert will conduct a framework matrix analysis [62] to identify the most effective ways to organize the content and logistics of conducting the trial to help guide our trial protocol [62, 63].”
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Conflicting titles for the same article
MinorThe repository's original citation and the citation in the paper give different titles for the same authors, year, journal volume, issue, and pages.
“Smith, Joanna and Firth, Jill (2011) Qualitative data analysis: the framework approach. Nurse Researcher, 18 (2). pp. 52-62.”
“Smith, J., Firth, J. (2011) Qualitative data analysis: application of the framework approach. Nurse Researcher, 18 (2): 52-62”
Citations
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Metadata
- Authors
- Smith, J., & Firth, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Salford (GB)
- University of Leeds (GB)
- ORCID
- Smith, Joanna
- Venue
- Nurse Researcher
- Publisher
- RCNi
- Published
- 2011-01-21
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 52-62
- ISSN
- 1351-5578 (ISSN-L)
- 2047-8992
- OpenAlex
- W1974294929
- Semantic Scholar
- 49d6f2a41acfc52afa287fb9ba9473a6b7decaea
- Cited by
- 1,206
- References
- 12
- Citations by year
- 2026: 61 · 2025: 75 · 2024: 107 · 2023: 117 · 2022: 102 · 2021: 142 · 2020: 138 · 2019: 85 · 2018: 89 · 2017: 82 · 2016: 61 · 2015: 67 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 120.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- usir.salford.ac.uk
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Nurse Researcher (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Huddersfield Repository (University of Huddersfield) (acceptedVersion)
- University of Salford Institutional Repository (University of Salford) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Qualitative Research Methods and Applications
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Qualitative Research Methods and Ethics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Data Analysis and Archiving
- Keywords
- framework approach, qualitative data analysis, data management, health care research, patient experience
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Patients, Qualitative Research
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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