Cited by 33Criminal Justice and Corrections AnalysisCriminal Justice and PenologyLaw, Economics, and Judicial Systems

Exclusion and Extraction: Criminal Justice Contact and the Reallocation of Labor

Open access
Smith, Sandra Susan, Simon, Jonathan·2020·RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences

Abstract

Sandra Susan Smith a, Jonathan Simon b, Exclusion and Extraction: Criminal Justice Contact and the Reallocation of Labor, RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, Vol. 6, No. 1, The Criminal Justice System as a Labor Market Institution (March 2020), pp. 1-27

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.7758/rsf.2020.6.1.01

Cites

6 of 6 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Christopher Muller's work provides one example of how coupling labor exploitation and exclusion with slavery and its aftermath can explain variation in Black and White incarceration rates across place and over time.

    “While not a theory of the origins of the carceral state per se, the sociologist Christopher Muller's work provides one example of how coupling labor exploitation and exclusion with slavery and its aftermath can explain variation in Black and White incarceration rates across place and over time (Muller 2012(Muller , 2021; see also Smith and Simon 2020).”

    From The Rise of the Carceral State: Foundations and Contours of a Rapidly Changing Criminal Legal System (2025) · cites this paper as Smith and Simon 2020

    The supplied passage on prison labor (section labeled References; page unavailable) links the end of slavery in the South to convict leasing and the exploitation of Black prisoners. The paper also discusses labor exclusion and extraction, but the passages do not show that this combination explains variation in Black and White incarceration rates across places and over time, or present it as an example from Muller’s work. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 103

  1. Apel, Robert, and Gary Sweeten. 2010. “The Impact of Incarceration on Employment During the Transition to Adulthood.” Social Problems 57(3): 448–79.
  2. Atkin, Cassandra, and Gaylene S. Armstrong. 2013. “Does the Concentration of Parolees in a Community Impact Employer Attitudes Toward the Hiring of Ex-offenders?” Criminal Justice Policy Review 24(1): 71–93.
  3. Bartfeld, Judi. 2003. “Falling Through the Cracks: Gaps in Child Support Among Welfare Recipients.” Journal of Marriage and Family 65(1): 72–89.
  4. Beckett, Katherine, and Naomi Murakawa. 2012. “Mapping the Shadow Carceral State: Toward an Institutionally Capacious Approach to Punishment.” Theoretical Criminology 16(2): 221–44.
  5. Bellair, Paul, and Brian R. Kowalski. 2011. “Low-Skill Employment Opportunity and African American-White Difference in Recidivism.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 48(2): 176–208.
  6. Betcherman, Gordon. 2012. Labor Market Institutions: A Review of the Literature. Policy Research working paper no. 6276. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank.
  7. Blair, Peter Q., and Bobby W. Chung. 2018. “Job Market Signaling Through Occupational Licensing.” NBER working paper no. 24791. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research.
  8. Blumstein, Alfred, and Kiminori Nakamura. 2009. “Redemption in the Presence of Widespread Background Checks.” Criminology 47(2): 327–59.
  9. Bobo, Lawrence D., and Devon Johnson. 2004. “A Taste for Punishment: Black and White Americans’ Views on the Death Penalty and the War on Drugs.” Du Bois Review 1(1): 151–80.
  10. Bobo, Lawrence D., and Victor Thompson. 2006. “Unfair by Design: The War on Drugs, Race, and the Legitimacy of the Criminal Justice System.” Social Research 73(2): 445–72.
  11. Boshier, Roger, and Derek Johnson. 1974. “Does Conviction Affect Employment Opportunities?” British Journal of Criminology 14(3): 264–68.
  12. Brady, David. 2009. Rich Democracies, Poor People: How Politics Explain Poverty. New York: Oxford University Press.
  13. Brayne, Sarah. 2014. “Surveillance and System Avoidance: Criminal Justice Contact and Institutional Attachment.” American Sociological Review 79(3): 367–91.
  14. Bushway, Shawn D. 1998. “The Impact of an Arrest on the Job Stability of Young White American Men.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 35:454–79.
  15. Bushway, Shawn D., and Robert Apel. 2012. “A Signaling Perspective on Employment-Based Reentry Programming: Training Completion as a Desistance Signal.” Criminology and Public Policy 11(1): 21–50.
  16. Bushway, Shawn, Paul Nieuwbeerta, and Arjan Blokland. 2011. “The Predictive Value of Criminal Background Checks: Do Age and Criminal History Affect Time to Redemption?” Criminology 49(1): 27–60.
  17. Bushway, Shawn D., and Gary Sweeten. 2007. “Abolish Lifetime Bans for Ex-Felons.” Criminology and Public Policy 6(4): 697–706.
  18. Cadigan, Michele, and Gabriela Kirk. 2020. “On Thin Ice: Bureaucratic Processes of Monetary Sanctions and Job Insecurity.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 6(1): 113–31. DOI: 10.7758/RSF.2020.6.1.05. · DOI
  19. Chiricos, Theodore G., and Miriam A. Delone. 1992. “Labor Surplus and Punishment: A Review and Assessment of Theory and Evidence.” Social Problems 39(4): 421–46.
  20. Craigie, Terry-Ann. 2017. “Ban the Box, Convictions, and Public Sector Employment.” SSRN working paper. Accessed September 20, 2019. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2906893.
  21. Cullen, Francis T., Sandra Skovron, Joseph Scott, and Velmer Burton Jr. 1990. “Public Support for Correctional Treatment: The Tenacity of the Rehabilitative Ideology.” Criminal Justice and Behavior 17(1): 6–18.
  22. D’Alessio, Stewart J., and Lisa Stolzenberg. 2002. “A Multilevel Analysis of the Relationship between Labor Surplus and Pretrial Incarceration.” Social Problems 49(2): 178–93.
  23. Dale, Mitchell W. 1976. “Barriers to the Rehabilitation of Ex-Offenders.” Crime and Delinquency 22(3): 322–37.
  24. DiPrete, Thomas. 2002. “Life Course Risks, Mobility Regimes, and Mobility Consequences: A Comparison of Sweden, Germany, and the United States.” American Journal of Sociology 108(2): 267–309.
  25. DiPrete, Thomas. A., Paul M. de Graaf, Ruud Luijkx, Michael Tåhlin, and Hans-Peter Blossfeld. 1997. “Collectivist Versus Individualist Mobility Regimes? Structural Change and Job Mobility in Four Countries.” American Journal of Sociology 103(2): 318–58.
  26. Doleac, Jennifer, and Benjamin Hansen. 2016. “Does ‘Ban the Box’ Help or Hurt Low-Skilled Workers? Statistical Discrimination and Employment Outcomes When Criminal Histories Are Hidden.” NBER Working Paper no. 22469. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research.
  27. Dwyer Emory, Allison, Lenna Nepomnyaschy, Maureen R. Waller, Daniel P. Miller, and Alexandra Haralampoudis. 2020. “Providing After Prison: Nonresident Fathers’ Formal and Informal Contributions to Children.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 6(1): 84–112. DOI: 10.7758/RSF.2020.6.1.04. · DOI
  28. Erlich, Reese. 1995. “Prison Labor: Workin’ for the Man.” Covert Action Quarterly 54: 58–64.
  29. Feeley, Malcolm, and Edward Rubin. 1998. Judicial Policy Making and the Modern State: How Courts Reformed America’s Prisons. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  30. Finlay, Keith. 2008. “Effect of Employer Access to Criminal History Data on the Labor Market Outcomes of Ex-Offenders and Non-Offenders.” NBER working paper no. 13935. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research.
  31. Flanagan, Timothy J., and Susan L. Caufield. 1984. “Public Opinion and Prison Policy: A Review.” Prison Journal 64(1): 39–59.
  32. Freeman, Richard B. 1991a. “Crime and the Employment of Disadvantaged Youth.” NBER working paper no. 3875. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research. Accessed September 20, 2019. https://www.nber.org/papers/w3875.pdf.
  33. Freeman, Richard B. 1991b. “Employment and Earnings of Disadvantaged Young Men in a Labor Shortage Economy.” In The Urban Underclass, edited by Christopher Jencks and Paul E. Petersen. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press.
  34. Freeman, Richard B. 2002. ‘Single Peaked vs. Diversified Capitalism: The Relation Between Economic Institutions and Outcomes.” In Inequality Around the World, edited by Richard B. Freeman. London: Palgrave.
  35. Freeman, Richard B. 2007. “Labor Market Institutions Around the World.” NBER working paper no. 13242. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research. Accessed October 10, 2019. https://www.nber.org/papers/w13242.
  36. Freeman, Richard B., Eunice Han, David Madland, and Brendan V. Duke. 2015. “How Does Declining Unionism Affect the American Middle Class and Intergenerational Mobility?” NBER working paper no. 21638. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research. Accessed October 10, 2019. https://www.nber.org/papers/w21638.
  37. Gangl, Markus. 2004a. “Institutions and the Structure of Labour Market Matching in the United States and West Germany.” European Sociological Review 20(3): 171–87.
  38. Gangl, Markus. 2004b. “Welfare States and the Scar Effects of Unemployment: A Comparative Analysis of the United States and West Germany.” American Journal of Sociology 109(6): 1319–64.
  39. Gangl, Markus. 2006. “Scar Effects of Unemployment: An Assessment of Institutional Complementarities.” American Sociological Review 71(6): 986–1013.
  40. Garland, David. 1990. Punishment and Modern Society: A Study in Social Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  41. Garland, David. 2001. Mass Imprisonment: Social Causes and Consequences. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.
  42. Garland, David. 2013. “Penality and the State: The 2012 Sutherland Address.” Criminology 51(3): 475–517.
  43. Gibson-Light, Michael. 2020. “Sandpiles of Dignity: Labor Status and Boundary-Making in the Contemporary American Prison.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 6(1): 198–216. DOI: 10.7758/RSF.2020.6.1.09. · DOI
  44. Glynn, Timothy P. 1998. “The Limited Viability of Negligent Supervision, Retention, Hiring, and Infliction of Emotional Distress Claims in Employment Discrimination Cases in Minnesota.” William Mitchell Law Review 24(3): 581–633.
  45. Grogger, Jeff. 1992. “Arrests, Persistent Youth Joblessness, and Black/White Employment Differentials.” Review of Economics and Statistics 74(1): 100–106.
  46. Grogger, Jeff. 1995. “The Effect of Arrests on the Employment and Earnings of Young Men.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 110(10): 51–71.
  47. Harcourt, Bernard E. 2011. The Illusion of Free Markets. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
  48. Harding, David J. 2003. “Jean Valjean’s Dilemma: The Management of Ex-Convict Identity in the Search for Employment.” Deviant Behavior 24(6): 571–95.
  49. Hatton, Erin. 2018. “When Work Is Punishment: Penal Subjectivities in Punitive Labor Regimes.” Punishment and Society 20(2): 174–91.
  50. Ispa-Landa, Simone, and Charles E. Loeffler. 2016. “Indefinite Punishment and the Criminal Record: Stigma Reports among Expungement Seekers in Illinois.” Criminology 54(3): 387–412.
  51. Kalleberg, Arne L., Barbara F. Reskin, and Ken Hudson. 2011. “Bad Jobs in America: Standard and Nonstandard Employment Relations and Job Quality in the United States.” American Sociological Review 65(2): 256–78.
  52. Kanfer, Ruth, Connie R. Wanberg, and Tracy M. Kantrowitz. 2001. “Job Search and Employment: A Personality-Motivational Analysis and Meta-Analytic Review.” Journal of Applied Psychology 86(5): 837–55.
  53. Kleiner, Morris M., Amy Humphris, and Maria Koumenta. 2011. “How Does Government Regulate Occupations in the UK and US? Issues and Policy Implications.” In Employment in the Lean Years: Policy and Prospects for the Next Decade, edited by David Marsden. New York: Oxford University Press.
  54. Kleiner, Morris M., and Alan B. Krueger. 2010. “The Prevalence and Effects of Occupational Licensing.” British Journal of Industrial Relations 48(4): 676–87.
  55. Kohler-Hausmann, Issa. 2013. “Misdemeanor Justice: Control Without Conviction.” American Journal of Sociology 119(2): 351–93.
  56. Kutchinsky, Berl. 1968. “Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding Legal Phenomena in Denmark.” In Scandinavian Studies in Criminology, vol. 2: Aspects of Social Control in Welfare States, edited by Nils Christie. London: Tavistock.
  57. LaBriola, Joe. 2020. “Post-prison Employment Quality and Future Criminal Justice Contact.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 6(1): 154–72. DOI: 10.7758/RSF.2020.6.1.07. · DOI
  58. Levin, Benjamin. 2018. “Criminal Employment Law.” Harvard Public Law working paper no. 17-05. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University.
  59. May, Bruce E. 1995. “The Character Component of Occupational Licensing Laws: A Continuing Barrier to the Ex-Felon’s Employment Opportunities.” North Dakota Law Review 71: 187–93.
  60. McCall, John J. 1970. “Economics of Information and Job Search.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 84 (July): 300–317.
  61. McCorkle, Richard C. 1993. “Research Note: Punish and Rehabilitate? Public Attitudes Toward Six Common Crimes.” Crime and Delinquency 39(2): 240–52.
  62. McLennan, Rebecca. 2008. The Crisis of Imprisonment: Protest, Politics, and the Making of the American Penal State, 1776–1941. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  63. Melossi, Dario, and Massimo Pavarini. 2018. The Prison and the Factory: Origins of the Penitentiary System. New York: Springer.
  64. Meyer, Daniel, Yoonsook Ha, and Mei-Chen Hu. 2008. “Do High Child Support Orders Discourage Child Support Payments?” Social Service Review 82(1): 93–118.
  65. Nagin, Daniel, and Joel Waldfogel. 1995. “The Effects of Criminality and Conviction on the Labor Market Status of Young British Offenders.” International Review of Law and Economics 15(1): 109–26.
  66. Oshinsky, David. 1996. Worse Than Slavery: Parchman Farm and the Ordeal of Jim Crow Justice. New York: Free Press.
  67. Pager, Devah, and Lincoln Quillian. 2005. “Walking the Talk? What Employers Say Versus What They Do.” American Sociological Review 70(3): 355–80.
  68. Pager, Devah, Bruce Western, and Naomi Sugie. 2009. “Sequencing Disadvantage: Barriers to Employment Facing Young Black and White Men with Criminal Records.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 623(1): 195–213.
  69. Pate, David J., Jr. 2002. “An Ethnographic Inquiry into the Life Experiences of African American Fathers with Children on W-2.” In Nonexperimental Analyses of the Full Disregard and Pass-Through, vol. 2, edited by Daniel R. Meyer and Maria Cancian. Madison: Wisconsin Department of Workforce Development.
  70. Petersilia, Joan. 2003. When Prisoners Come Home: Parole and Prisoner Reentry. New York: Oxford University Press.
  71. Reed, John P., and Robin S. Reed. 1973. “Status, Images and Consequence: Once a Criminal Always a Criminal.” Sociology and Social Science 57(4): 460–72.
  72. Roberts, Jenny. 2015. “Expunging America’s Rap Sheet in the Information Age.” Wisconsin Law Review 2(May): 321–47.
  73. Saladin, Michael, Zalman Saper, and Lawrence Breen. 1988. “Perceived Attractiveness and Attributions of Criminality: What Is Beautiful Is Not Criminal.” Canadian Journal of Criminology 30:251–59.
  74. Sampson, Robert. 2011. Great American City: Chicago and the Enduring Neighborhood Effect. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  75. Sandys, Marla, and Edmund F. McGarrell. 1995. “Attitudes Toward Capital Punishment: Preference for the Penalty or Mere Acceptance?” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 32(2): 191–213.
  76. Schwartz, Richard D., and Jerome H. Skolnick. 1964. “Two Studies of Legal Stigma.” Social Problems 10(2): 133–42.
  77. Seim, Josh, and David J. Harding. 2020. “Parolefare: Post-prison Supervision and Low-Wage Work.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 6(1): 173–95. DOI: 10.7758/RSF.2020.6.1.08. · DOI
  78. Sharone, Ofer. 2013. Flawed System/Flawed Self: Job Searching and Unemployment Experiences. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  79. Shoemaker, Donald J., and Donald R. South. 1978. “Nonverbal Images of Criminality and Deviance: Existence and Consequence.” Criminal Justice Review 3(1): 65–80.
  80. Simmons, Jeri Lynn. 1965. “Public Stereotypes of Deviants.” Social Problems 13(2): 223–32.
  81. Simon, Jonathan. 2007. Governing Through Crime: How the War on Crime Transformed American Democracy and Created a Culture of Fear. New York: Oxford University Press.
  82. Simon, Jonathan. 2014. Mass Incarceration on Trial: A Remarkable Court Decision and the Future of American Prisons. New York: New Press.
  83. Smith, Sandra Susan. 2018. “‘Change’ Frames and the Mobilization of Social Capital for Formerly Incarcerated Job Seekers.” DuBois Review 15(2): 387–416.
  84. Smith, Sandra Susan, and Nora Broege. 2019. “Searching for Work with a Criminal Record.” Social Problems. First published online May 6, 2019. DOI: 10.1093/socpro/spz009. · DOI
  85. Sugie, Naomi F. 2018. “Work as Foraging: A Smartphone Study of Job Search and Employment After Prison.” American Journal of Sociology 123(5): 1453–91.
  86. Sullivan, Mercer L. 1989. Getting Paid: Youth, Crime and Work in the Inner City. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
  87. Sykes, Bryan L., and Amy Kate Bailey. 2020. “Institutional Castling: Military Enlistment and Mass Incarceration in the United States.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 6(1): 30–54. DOI: 10.7758/RSF.2020.6.1.02. · DOI
  88. Thornberry, Terence P., and R. L. Christenson. 1984. “Unemployment and Criminal Involvement: An Investigation of Reciprocal Causal Structures.” American Sociological Review 49(3): 398–411.
  89. Travis, Jeremy, and Joan Petersilia. 2001. “Reentry Reconsidered: A New Look at an Old Question.” Crime and Delinquency 47(3): 291–313.
  90. Uggen, Christopher, Jeff Manza, and Melissa Thompson. 2006. “Citizenship, Democracy and the Civic Reintegration of Criminal Offenders.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 605(1): 281–310.
  91. Useem, Bert, and Anne Morrison Piehl. 2008. Prison State: The Challenge of Mass Incarceration. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  92. Visher, Christy A., and Daniel J. O’Connell. 2012. “Incarceration and Inmates’ Self Perceptions about Returning Home.” Journal of Criminal Justice 40(5): 386–93.
  93. Vuolo, Mike, Sarah Lageson, and Christopher Uggen. 2017. “Criminal Record Questions in the Era of ‘Ban the Box.’” Criminology and Public Policy 16(1): 139–65.
  94. Wacquant, Loic. 2009. Punishing the Poor: The Neoliberal Government of Social Insecurity. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press.
  95. Waldfogel, Joel. 1994. “The Effect of Criminal Conviction on Income and the Trust ‘Reposed in the Workmen.’” Journal of Human Resources 29(1): 62–81.
  96. Wang, Xia, Daniel P. Mears, and William D. Bales. 2010. “Race Specific Employment Contexts and Recidivism.” Criminology 48(4): 201–41.
  97. Warner, Cody, Joshua Kaiser, and Jason N. Houle. 2020. “Locked Out of the Labor Market? State-Level Hidden Sentences and the Labor-Market Outcomes of Recently Incarcerated Young Adults.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 6(1): 132–51. DOI: 10.7758/RSF.2020.6.1.06 · DOI
  98. Western, Bruce. 2002. “The Impact of Incarceration on Wage Mobility and Inequality.” American Sociological Review 67(4): 526–46.
  99. Western, Bruce, and Katherine Beckett. 1999. “How Unregulated Is the U.S. Labor Market? The Penal System as a Labor Market Institution.” American Sociological Review 104(4): 1030–60.
  100. Western, Bruce, and Becky Pettit. 2005. “Black-White Wage Inequality, Employment Rates, and Incarceration.” American Journal of Sociology 111(2): 553–78.
  101. Western, Bruce, and Jake Rosenfeld. 2011. “Unions, Norms, and the Rise in U.S. Wage Inequality.” American Sociological Review 76(4): 513–37.
  102. Yeager, Matthew G. 1979. “Unemployment and Imprisonment.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 70(4): 586–88.
  103. Zatz, Noah D., and Michael A. Stoll. 2020. “Working to Avoid Incarceration: Jail Threat and Labor Market Outcomes for Noncustodial Fathers Facing Child Support Enforcement.” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 6(1): 55–81. DOI: 10.7758/RSF.2020.6.1.03. · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Smith, S. S., & Simon, J.
Affiliations
University of California, Berkeley (US)
Venue
RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences
Published
2020-03
Volume
6
Issue
1
Pages
1-27
ISSN
  • 2377-8253 (ISSN-L)
  • 2377-8261
OpenAlex
W3016550867
Cited by
33
References
6
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 2
FWCI
8.01
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by-nc-nd
Locations
  • RSF The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Criminal Justice and Corrections Analysis
  • Social Sciences › Law › Criminal Justice and Penology
  • Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Law, Economics, and Judicial Systems
Keywords
criminal justice system contact, labour market exclusion, labor reallocation, incarceration, labour market institutions, criminal records, reentry

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review