On the Run: Wanted Men in a Philadelphia Ghetto

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

One in four Black children born in 1990 had a father imprisoned.

“One in four Black children born in 1990 had a father imprisoned (Wildeman 2009).”

• cites Wildeman 2009 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Between 2002 and 2007, Mike spent 35 weeks with a warrant out for his arrest and had 10 warrants issued on him.

“He spent 35 weeks with a warrant out for his arrest, and in total had 10 warrants issued on him.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

It is common practice for police to put pressure on friends, girlfriends, and family members to provide information, particularly when these people have their own warrants, are serving probation or parole, or have a pending trial.

“It is common practice for the police to put pressure on friends, girlfriends, and family members to provide information, particularly when these people have their own warrants, are serving probation or parole, or have a pending trial.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Police use a sophisticated computer mapping program that tracks people who have warrants or are on probation, parole, or released on bail.

“The police also use a sophisticated computer mapping program that tracks people who have warrants or are on probation, parole, or released on bail.”

May combine two claims.

Today, police helicopters can regularly be heard overhead and cameras monitor people on the streets in poor Black communities.

“While the police were scarcely present in the ghetto decades ago, today, police helicopters can regularly be heard overhead, cameras now monitor people on the streets, and large numbers of young men-including many who have never been convicted of felonies-have pending cases in the criminal courts, are on probation, released on bail, issued low-level warrants, and are routinely chased, searched, qu”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Alex was arrested at the hospital for a parole violation after the birth of his son.

“I got there a few hours after the baby was born, in time to see two police officers come into the room and arrest Alex. He had violated his parole a few months before by drinking alcohol and had a warrant out for his arrest.”

May combine two claims.

Large numbers of young men in poor Black communities, including many never convicted of felonies, have pending cases in criminal courts, are on probation, released on bail, issued low-level warrants, and are routinely chased, searched, questioned, and arrested by police.

“While the police were scarcely present in the ghetto decades ago, today, police helicopters can regularly be heard overhead, cameras now monitor people on the streets, and large numbers of young men-including many who have never been convicted of felonies-have pending cases in the criminal courts, are on probation, released on bail, issued low-level warrants, and are routinely chased, searched, qu”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Alex spent a year back upstate on the parole violation.

“Alex spent a year back upstate on the parole violation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

When looking for a suspect, police access Social Security records, court records, hospital admission records, electric and gas bills, and employment records.

“In an interview, two police officers explained that when they are looking for a suspect, they access Social Security records, court records, hospital admission records, electric and gas bills, and employment records.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Chuck was granted visitation after the judge ruled in his favor in the custody case.

“The judge ruled in Chuck' s favor, and he was granted visitation on Sundays at a court-supervised daycare site.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Mike had at least 51 court appearances over the five-year period 2002-2007, 47 of which the author attended.

“Mike had at least 51 court appearances over this five-year period, 47 of which I attended.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Chuck was arrested at McDonald's when police shut down the restaurant to question witnesses about a fight.

“When the fight began, Chuck was in the storeroom talking on the phone with his girlfriend. He came out, he said, and saw six police officers staring at him. At this point he called and asked me to come and pick up his house keys, fairly certain he would be taken into custody. When I got there he was driving away in the back of the police car.”

May combine two claims.

During the first year and a half on 6th Street, the author noted 24 instances in which members of the group contacted the police when they were injured, robbed, or threatened; these men were either in good standing with the courts or had no pending legal constraints.

“During the first year and a half I spent on 6th Street, I noted 24 instances in which members of the group contacted the police when they were injured, robbed, or threatened. These men were either in good standing with the courts or had no pending legal constraints.”

May combine two claims.

In the 6th Street neighborhood, a person was occasionally 'on the run' because he was a suspect in a shooting or robbery, but most people around 6th Street had warrants out for far more minor infractions.

“In the 6th Street neighborhood, a person was occasionally 'on the run' because he was a suspect in a shooting or robbery, but most people around 6th Street had warrants out for far more minor infractions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

By 2002, curfews were established around 6th Street for those under age 18 and video cameras had been placed on major streets.

“By 2002, curfews were established around 6th Street for those under age 18 and video cameras had been placed on major streets.”

The quote only partly states this claim.

Six years later, Mike was the only one of the 15 young men to have graduated from high school.

“Six years later, Mike was the only one to have graduated from high school.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Mike was arrested by two parole officers at the Taco Bell where he worked after violating curfew.

“T wo parole officers arrested him the next day as he was leaving the Taco Bell. He spent a year back upstate for this violation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Between 2002 and 2007, Mike spent about three and a half years in jail or prison.

“Between 2002 and 2007, Mike spent about three and a half years in jail or prison.”

The quote only partly states this claim.

Police, jail, and court language permeates general conversation among young men in the 6th Street group.

“Police, jail, and court language permeates general conversation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Mike called the police after being robbed, and later believed his arrest at his mother's house resulted from the address he gave in that report.

“He mentioned that he thought their knowledge of his new address must have come from the time he reported the robbery.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The five blocks known as 6th Street are 93 percent Black, according to a survey of residents that Chuck and I conducted in 2007.

“The five blocks known as 6th Street are 93 percent Black, according to a survey of residents that Chuck and I conducted in 2007.”

May combine two claims.

Police officers did go to a man's place of work to arrest him, and some of the men experienced this first-hand.

“Having a warrant may not be the reason why Steve, for example, did not look for work, but it was a fact that police officers did go to a man' s place of work to arrest him, and that some of the men experienced this first-hand.”

May combine two claims.

Family members living with a relative or boyfriend with a warrant out for his arrest are caught between three difficult lines of action: allowing him to stay in their homes and placing their own safety and security in jeopardy, casting him out, or betraying him by turning him in to the police.

“Specifically, I found that family members living with a relative or boyfriend with a warrant out for his arrest are caught between three difficult lines of action: allowing him to stay in their homes and placing their own safety and security in jeopardy, casting him out, or betraying him by turning him in to the police.”

May combine two claims.

A young man does not attend the birth of his child, nor seek medical help when he is badly beaten.

“A young man thus does not attend the birth of his child, nor seek medical help when he is badly beaten.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Reggie was arrested for attempted murder after Michelle's aunt called police, but the case was dropped after Michelle and her aunt did not show up at three consecutive court dates.

“She told them that Reggie had shot at her niece, and the police put out a body warrant for his arrest for attempted murder.”

• Also stated in: § FAMILY AND FRIENDS · plain

  “Michelle and her aunt did not show up at three consecutive court dates, and after six months the case for attempted murder was dropped and Reggie came home.”

May combine two claims.

Chuck shot at a man he believed firebombed his car, and police issued a body warrant for his arrest for attempted murder.

“A few days later, Chuck drove over to 8th Street with Mike and Steve and shot at the young man whom he believed was responsible for blowing up his car. Although no one was injured, a neighbor reported the incident and the police put out a body warrant for Chuck' s arrest for attempted murder.”

May combine two claims.

Girlfriends, neighbors, and family members threaten to call the police on young men to 'keep them in line,' and occasionally they call the police or get a man arrested as payback for some perceived wrong.

“Girlfriends, neighbors, and family members threaten to call the police on young men to 'keep them in line,' and occasionally they call the police or get a man arrested as payback for some perceived wrong.”

May combine two claims.

Residents of the neighborhood studied do not find that their movements are tightly controlled and regimented, as they would be in a prison or convent; they do not eat, sleep, and live together under the watchful gaze of one central authority, nor is their privacy and personal property permanently denied them.

“Residents of the neighborhood I studied do not find that their movements are tightly controlled and regimented, as they would be in a prison or convent; they do not eat, sleep, and live together under the watchful gaze of one central authority, nor is their privacy and personal property permanently denied them”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Mike was arrested on a bench warrant after Marie called the police on him.

“One afternoon when Mike was sitting on a neighbor's steps, a squad car pulled up and two police officers arrested him. He had a bench warrant out for missing a court date.”

• Also stated in: § FAMILY AND FRIENDS · plain

  “Although Marie did call the cops and get Mike taken into custody that day, she was the first person to visit him in county jail after he got out of quarantine”

May combine two claims.

In spaces like the 6th street neighborhood, many people break the law without the authorities knowing; many others are known to be in violation but the authorities do not have the resources or the ability to locate them all and bring them to justice.

“In spaces like the 6th street neighborhood, however, many people break the law without the authorities knowing; many others are known to be in violation but the authorities do not have the resources or the ability (or, to be more cynical, the desire) to locate them all and bring them to justice.”

May combine two claims.

African American former felons face significant discrimination in the labor market, as well as health costs, obstacles to housing, and large-scale disenfranchisement.

“African American former felons face significant discrimination in the labor market, as well as health costs, obstacles to housing, and large-scale disenfranchisement (Hammett, Harmon, and Rhodes 2002; Pager 2007; Rubenstein and Mukamal 2002; Uggen and Manza 2002; Western 2006).”

• cites Hammett, Harmon, and Rhodes 2002 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Pager 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Western 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The possibility that some young men may be taken into custody if they encounter authorities is a background expectation of everyday interaction in this community.

“The fact that some young men may be taken into custody if they encounter the authorities is a background expectation of everyday interaction in this community.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Foucault suggested that the modern era would increasingly be characterized by surveillance and that state monitoring of citizens would become increasingly complete.

“Foucault (1979) suggested that the modern era would increasingly be characterized by surveillance and that state monitoring of citizens would become increasingly complete.”

• cites Foucault 1979Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The number of police officers per capita increased dramatically in the second half of the twentieth century in cities across the United States.

“The number of police officers per capita increased dramatically in the second half of the twentieth century in cities across the United States (Reiss 1992).”

• cites Reiss 1992 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Family, friends, and romantic partners may pose a threat and thus have to be avoided or carefully navigated.

“Like going to the hospital or using the police and the courts, even more intimate relationsfriends, family, and romantic partners-may pose a threat and thus have to be avoided or at least carefully navigated.”

May combine two claims.

The result is a complex interactive system in which ghetto residents become caught in constraining legal entanglements while simultaneously calling on the criminal justice system to achieve a measure of power over one another in their daily lives.

“The result is a complex interactive system in which ghetto residents become caught in constraining legal entanglements while simultaneously calling on the criminal justice system to achieve a measure of power over one another in their daily lives.”

May combine two claims.

Young men's hesitation to go to the police or to make use of the courts when they are wronged, because of concern they will be arrested, means they became the targets of theft and violence because it is assumed they will not press charges.

“Y oung men' s hesitation to go to the police or to make use of the courts when they are wronged, because of concern they will be arrested, means they became the targets of theft and violence because it is assumed they will not press charges.”

May combine two claims.

Much of the research literature relies on statistical data, field experiments, or interviews and most often centers on the consequences of going to prison.

“Indeed, much of the research literature, which relies on statistical data, field experiments, or interviews, most often centers on the consequences of going to prison.”

The quote only partly states this claim.

Using the police and the courts is risky for people with warrants.

“Like going to work or to hospitals, using the police and the courts was risky.”

May combine two claims.

Until recently, people who commit serious crimes, stand trial, go to jail, or find themselves on the run from the police comprised only a small group of criminals in a neighborhood; most residents of poor Black communities did not interact much with the authorities.

“Until recently, these people comprised only a small group of criminals in a neighborhood: most residents of poor Black communities did not interact much with the authorities.”

• cites Anderson 1978Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Liebow 1967Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The dealings these young men have with the police, the courts, and the probation and parole board grant them an illegal or semilegal status and instill an overriding fear of capture.

“As the findings reveal, the dealings these young men have with the police, the courts, and the probation and parole board grant them an illegal or semilegal status and instill an overriding fear of capture.”

May combine two claims.

Children learn at an early age to watch out for the police and to prepare to run.

“Children learn at an early age to watch out for the police and to prepare to run.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In 2006, more than 14 million people were arrested and charged with a criminal offense in the United States, and more than five million people were under probation or parole supervision.

“In 2006, more than 14 million people were arrested and charged with a criminal offense in the United States, and more than five million people were under probation or parole supervision (Glaze and Bonzcar 2006; U.S. Department of Justice 2007).”

• cites Glaze and Bonzcar 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites U.S. Department of Justice 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Expansions in incarceration have been accompanied by increases in policing and supervision in poor communities.

“Expansions in incarceration have been accompanied by increases in policing and supervision in poor communities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The past few decades have seen the war on crime, the war on drugs, a blossoming of federal and state police agencies and bureaus, steeper sentencing laws, and a near unified endorsement of 'zero-tolerance' policies from police and civic leaders.

“The past few decades have seen the war on crime, the war on drugs, a blossoming of federal and state police agencies and bureaus, steeper sentencing laws, and a near unified endorsement of 'zero-tolerance' policies from police and civic leaders (Beckett 1997; Simon 2007).”

• cites Beckett 1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Simon 2007 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Philadelphia Adult Probation and Parole Department supervised more than 60,000 people in 2006.

“The Philadelphia Adult Probation and Parole Department supervised more than 60,000 people in 2006.”

• cites Philadelphia Adult Probation and Parole Department 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Police were scarcely present in the ghetto decades ago.

“While the police were scarcely present in the ghetto decades ago, today, police helicopters can regularly be heard overhead, cameras now monitor people on the streets, and large numbers of young men-including many who have never been convicted of felonies-have pending cases in the criminal courts, are on probation, released on bail, issued low-level warrants, and are routinely chased, searched, qu”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). The quote only partly states this claim.

Hospitals become dangerous for people with a warrant.

“After Alex was arrested, other young men expressed hesitation to go to the hospital when their babies were born.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Some crimes can be understood as people taking matters into their own hands, punishing people whom they consider to have committed a crime, typically when police and courts are unavailable.

“Black (1983) argues that some crimes can be understood as people taking matters into their own hands, that is, punishing people whom they consider to have committed a crime. This kind of self-help crime is typically carried out when the police and the courts are unavailable”

• cites Black (1983) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

These occasional examinations are put to use not to dole out a range of small punishments and rewards in the interest of correction and training, but to identify people who may qualify for prison and to bring those people into the hands of the state.

“These occasional examinations (the urine test during a probation meeting, the stop and frisk on a street corner, the raid of a house, or the running of a driver' s name in the police database to see if any warrants come up) are put to use not-as Foucault envisioned-to dole out a range of small punishments and rewards in the interest of correction and training, but to identify people who may”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In Philadelphia, the courts can issue an arrest warrant if a person fails to pay fines for traffic violations or misses a court date in regard to these violations.

“In Philadelphia, the courts can issue an arrest warrant if a person fails to pay fines for traffic violations or misses a court date in regard to these violations.”

• cites Philadelphia County, 33 Pa.B. Doc. No. 2745 and Pa.B. Doc. No. 03-1110Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Residents of the modern ghetto may find some common experience with other semilegal or illegal people who qualify for some sanction and are trying to avoid it.

“It is with these groups that residents of the modern ghetto may find some common experience.”

May combine two claims.

Surveillance and supervision in the ghetto are incomplete not only because people are widely able to break the rules and to evade the authorities, but also because the forms of supervision do not strive to be all-encompassing in the first place.

“Surveillance and supervision in the ghetto are incomplete not only because people are widely able to break the rules and to evade the authorities, but also because the forms of supervision do not strive to be all-encompassing in the first place.”

May combine two claims.

He avoids the police and the courts, even if it means using violence when he is injured or becoming the target of others who are looking for someone to rob.

“He avoids the police and the courts, even if it means using violence when he is injured or becoming the target of others who are looking for someone to rob.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A person can be imprisoned for failing to pay moving violation fines in Philadelphia.

“A person can also be imprisoned for failing to pay moving violation fines (Philadelphia County, 33 Pa.B. Doc. No. 2745 and Pa.B. Doc. No. 03-1110).”

• cites Philadelphia County, 33 Pa.B. Doc. No. 2745 and Pa.B. Doc. No. 03-1110Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

If a man exhausts these possibilities and gets taken into custody, he may try to avoid jail time by informing on the people he knows.

“If a man exhausts these possibilities and gets taken into custody, he may try to avoid jail time by informing on the people he knows.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Instead of thinking of residents of the modern ghetto as inmates of prisons or other panoptic places, we might compare ghetto residents to other semilegal or illegal people who qualify for some sanction and who are trying to avoid it.

“Instead of thinking of residents of the modern ghetto as inmates of prisons or other panoptic places, we might compare ghetto residents to other semilegal or illegal people who qualify for some sanction and who are trying to avoid it: undocumented immigrants who are at risk of being deported, Jews living in Nazi Germany who may be sent to concentration camps, draftdodgers or deserters from the”

May combine two claims.

As long as a man is at risk of confinement, staying out of prison and participating in institutions like family, work, and friendship become contradictory goals; doing one reduces his chance of achieving the other.

“Whatever the strategy, a man finds that as long as he is at risk of confinement, staying out of prison and participating in institutions like family, work, and friendship become contradictory goals; doing one reduces his chance of achieving the other.”

May combine two claims.

The findings presented here confirm these important theses, but fieldwork also suggests that those so managed are hardly hapless victims, immobilized in webs of control.

“The findings presented here confirm these important theses, but my fieldwork also suggests that those so managed are hardly hapless victims, immobilized in webs of control.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Declining to engage authorities when there may be concrete reasons for doing so should be considered in the context of labeling theory and secondary deviance.

“Declining to engage authorities when there may be concrete reasons for doing so should be considered in this context.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Contemporary theories of social stratification and political sociology argue that the criminal justice system has become a vehicle for passing on disadvantage and an instrument for the management of dispossessed and dishonored groups.

“Contemporary theories of social stratification and political sociology argue that the criminal justice system has become a vehicle for passing on disadvantage (Western 2006) and 'an instrument for the management of dispossessed and dishonored groups' (Wacquant 2001:95).”

• cites Western 2006Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Wacquant 2001 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

The police and the courts become dangerous to interact with, as does showing up to work or going to places like hospitals.

“The police and the courts become dangerous to interact with, as does showing up to work or going to places like hospitals.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The policing of the modern ghetto may be usefully juxtaposed to Foucault's theory of power in Discipline and Punish.

“Indeed, the policing of the modern ghetto may be usefully juxtaposed to the influential theory of power Foucault outlines in Discipline and Punish (for discussions of Foucault' s dominant position in the sociology of punishment see Cohen 1985; Garland 1990).”

• cites Cohen 1985Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Garland 1990 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

In the 6th street neighborhood, one indeed finds monitoring and supervision, but this monitoring does not put an end to fear; the lives of residents are organized precisely around fear of being sent to jail.

“In the 6th street neighborhood, one indeed finds monitoring and supervision, but this monitoring does not put an end to fear. In fact, the lives of residents are organized precisely around fear, that is, the fear of being sent to jail.”

May combine two claims.

Systems of policing and supervision that accompanied the rise in imprisonment have fostered a climate of fear and suspicion in poor communities, in which family members and friends are pressured to inform on one another and young men live as suspects and fugitives with daily fear of confinement.

“Systems of policing and supervision that accompanied the rise in imprisonment have fostered a climate of fear and suspicion in poor communities-a climate in which family members and friends are pressured to inform on one another and young men live as suspects and fugitives, with the daily fear of confinement.”

May combine two claims.

People in the modern policed ghetto do not live as tightly controlled and disciplined subjects; rather, they are living as semilegal or illegal people, coping with the daily threat of capture and confinement.

“People in the modern policed ghetto do not live as tightly controlled and disciplined subjects. Rather, they are living as semilegal or illegal people, coping with the daily threat of capture and confinement.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Those accorded a deviant status come to engage in deviance because of being labeled as such, a phenomenon known as secondary deviance.

“Labeling theory suggests that those accorded a deviant status come to engage in deviance because of being labeled as such (Becker 1963; Lemert 1951). This phenomenon is known as 'secondary deviance' (Lemert 1951:75).”

• cites Becker 1963Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Lemert 1951Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Enclosed spaces make near perfect surveillance and enforcement possible: people can live unlawfully only if they do not get caught or if the authorities look the other way.

“Enclosed spaces make near perfect surveillance and enforcement possible: people can live unlawfully only if they do not get caught or if the authorities look the other way (Sykes [1958] 2007).”

• cites Sykes [1958] 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Men and women on 6th Street evade and resist the authorities, at times calling on the state for their own purposes, to make claims for themselves as honorable people, and to exercise power over one another.

“Instead, men and women on 6th Street evade and resist the authorities, at times calling on the state for their own purposes, to make claims for themselves as honorable people, and to exercise power over one another.”

May combine two claims.

Fugitives are, in point of fact, resisting the will of the authorities, and whether or not this resistance is in the end liberatory, their daily lives and the forms of power governing them are clearly distinct from those of inmates subject to panoptic power.

“Fugitives are, in point of fact, resisting the will of the authorities, and whether or not this resistance is in the end liberatory, their daily lives and the forms of power governing them are clearly distinct from those of inmates subject to panoptic power.”

May combine two claims.

If the sanction is confinement in a prison, workhouse, or mental asylum, we may see a group of people living as inmates or subjects as described by Foucault's panopticon, but we will also see, outside of these institutions, an apparatus charged with identifying, catching, and judging likely candidates, and a group of people living with the risk of sanction and trying to avoid it, as fugitives.

“If the sanction is confinement in a prison, workhouse, or mental asylum, we may see a group of people living as inmates or subjects as described by Foucault' s panopticon (or in the way that Sykes [1958] (2007) described people living in prisons or Goffman [1961] described people living in total institutions). But we will also see, outside of these institutions, an apparatus charged with”

• cites Foucault 1979Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Sykes [1958] 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Goffman 1961Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

For the young men of 6th Street, being 'on the run' takes the place of, or at least works in concert with, the 'manly flaws' described by Liebow as a means to retain self respect in the face of failure.

“For the young men of 6th Street, being 'on the run' takes the place of, or at least works in concert with, the 'manly flaws' described by Liebow as a means to retain self respect in the face of failure.”

• cites Liebow 1967Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Young men on the run in Philadelphia can tell us something about how power operates in contemporary society.

“Young men on the run in Philadelphia can tell us something about how power operates in contemporary society.”

May combine two claims.

Mike did not go to Parents' Day earlier in the year at least in part because he had not paid the school fees and did not want to confront the school's administration.

“From this, I gathered that Mike had not gone to Parents'Day earlier in the year at least in part because he had not paid the school fees and did not want to confront the school' s administration.”

May combine two claims.

Current policies in Philadelphia grant a sizable group of people-before they are convicted of crimes and after they have served a sentence-an illegal or semilegal status, and this status makes it difficult for them to interact with legitimate institutions without being arrested and sent to jail.

“The data presented here merely suggest that current policies in Philadelphia grant a sizable group of people-before they are convicted of crimes and after they have served a sentence-an illegal or semilegal status, and that this status makes it difficult for them to interact with legitimate institutions without being arrested and sent to jail.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Garland argues that a significant failing of Discipline and Punish is that it describes the control potential possessed by modern power-knowledge technologies as if it were the reality of their present-day operation.

“Garland (1990:168) argues that a significant failing of Discipline and Punish is that it describes 'the control potential possessed by modern power-knowledge technologies as if it were the reality of their present-day operation. '”

• cites Garland 1990 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

While legal entanglements may exacerbate difficulties, being wanted also serves as a way to save face and to explain inadequacies.

“While legal entanglements may exacerbate these difficulties, being wanted also serves as a way to save face and to explain inadequacies.”

May combine two claims.

Once a man is wanted, maintaining a stable routine, being with his partner and family, going to work, and using the police may link him to the authorities and lead to his confinement.

“Once a man is wanted, maintaining a stable routine, being with his partner and family, going to work, and using the police may link him to the authorities and lead to his confinement.”

May combine two claims.

The life of a suspect or a fugitive is quite different from the life of a captive, even though broadly speaking, the same forms of power-observation, examination, the keeping of files-may sustain them both.

“The life of a suspect or a fugitive is quite different from the life of a captive, even though broadly speaking, the same forms of power-observation, examination, the keeping of files-may sustain them both.”

May combine two claims.

To ensure that those close to him will not inform on him, a young man comes and goes in irregular and unpredictable ways, remaining elusive and untrusting, sleeping in different beds, and deceiving those close to him about his whereabouts and plans.

“To ensure that those close to him will not inform on him, a young man comes and goes in irregular and unpredictable ways, remaining elusive and untrusting, sleeping in different beds, and deceiving those close to him about his whereabouts and plans.”