Use of ChatGPT in Academic Publishing: A Rare Case of Seronegative Systemic Lupus Erythematosus in a Patient With HIV Infection
Open accessAbstract
Diagnosing systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) may be difficult in cases of negative results for antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) and anti-double stranded DNA (dsDNA) antibodies, which is known as seronegative SLE. Additionally, in patients with HIV infection, the diagnosis of SLE is made complicated by the overlap of symptoms and the possibility of false negative results on antibody tests. Herein, we report the case of a 24-year-old female with HIV infection on anti-retroviral therapy who presented with vesicles and plaques over the malar area and ulcers over the roof of the mouth. Antibody tests for ANAs and dsDNA were negative. She was initially treated for herpes simplex with a secondary infection, but the symptoms did not improve. She ultimately died from acute myocardial infarction while awaiting results of direct immunofluorescence, which revealed the deposition of immunoglobulin (Ig) M, IgG, and C3 along the basement membrane, thus enabling a diagnosis of SLE. Therefore, SLE can be difficult to diagnose in patients with HIV, and other diagnostic criteria should be considered when suspecting SLE and treating these patients. Additionally, we also present our experience with ChatGPT (OpenAI LP, OpenAI Inc., San Francisco, CA, USA) in academic publishing and its pros and cons.
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Two recently published case studies with ChatGPT use in a journal contest discouraged the use of ChatGPT, citing lack of scientific accuracy, limited updated knowledge, and lack of ability to critically discuss results.
“These case studies discouraged the use of ChatGPT, citing the lack of scientific accuracy, the limited updated knowledge, and the lack of ability to critically discuss the results [38,49,50].”
From ChatGPT Utility in Healthcare Education, Research, and Practice: Systematic Review on the Promising Perspectives and Valid Concerns (2023) · cites this paper as [49]
The Discussion (page unavailable) says the authors used ChatGPT for a case report in a journal contest and discouraged its use in scientific publishing because it produced inaccurate information and nonexistent citations. Our copy does not identify limited up-to-date knowledge or an inability to critically discuss results as reasons, although it refers to three reasons shown in Figure 6 without reproducing them in text. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Research works printed but not linked: 11
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Sallam, M. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11060887 · Cited by 3,126 · see citing works
“These case studies discouraged the use of ChatGPT, citing the lack of scientific accuracy, the limited updated knowledge, and the lack of ability to critically discuss the results [38,49,50].”
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Imran, M., & Almusharraf, N. (2023) · Contemporary Educational Technology · doi:10.30935/cedtech/13605 · Cited by 421 · see citing works
A Chat(GPT) about the future of scientific publishing
Hill-Yardin, E. L., Hutchinson, M. R., Laycock, R., & Spencer, S. J. (2023) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2023.02.022 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Sallam, M. (2023) · doi:10.1101/2023.02.19.23286155 · Cited by 3,123 · see citing works
“This was clearly shown in two recently published case studies with ChatGPT use in a journal contest [40,41,49].”
BackgroundResultTossell, C. C., Tenhundfeld, N. L., Momen, A., Cooley, K., & de Visser, E. J. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies · doi:10.1109/tlt.2024.3355015 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
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Liu, J. Q. J., Hui, K. T. K., Al Zoubi, F., Zhou, Z. Z. X., Samartzis, D., Yu, C. C. H., Chang, J. R., & Wong, A. Y. L. (2024) · International Journal for Educational Integrity · doi:10.1007/s40979-024-00155-6 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
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ChatGPT applications in Academic Research: A Review of Benefits, Concerns, and Recommendations
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Cao, X., Lin, Y.-J., Zhang, J.-H., Tang, Y.-P., Zhang, M.-P., & Gao, H.-Y. (2025) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-025-13339-5 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
- Authors
- Manohar, N., & Prasad, S. S.
- Affiliations
- St.John's Medical College Hospital (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Manohar, Naveen
- Venue
- Cureus
- Published
- 2023-02-04
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- e34616-e34616
- ISSN
- 2168-8184 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC9988440
- OpenAlex
- W4319227726
- Cited by
- 63
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 31
- FWCI
- 13.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Cureus (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Vasculitis and related conditions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Systemic Sclerosis and Related Diseases
- Keywords
- HIV infection, lupus anticoagulant, direct immunofluorescence, malar rash, oral ulcers, ChatGPT, scholarly publishing, artificial intelligence in scientific writing
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