Analyzing the role of ChatGPT as a writing assistant at higher education level: A systematic review of the literature

May combine two claims.

Even ChatGPT accepted those errors, expressed regret for them, and tried to produce similar results.

“Even ChatGPT accepted those errors, expressed regret for them, and tried to produce similar results (Roumeliotis & Tselikas, 2023).”

• cites Roumeliotis & Tselikas, 2023Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The findings gleaned from the literature reviewed and analysis suggest that ChatGPT can proffer, identify and collect data for research purposes to facilitate prospective researchers' work in getting relevant resources.

“The findings gleaned from the literature reviewed and analysis suggest that ChatGPT can proffer, identify and collect data for research purposes to facilitate prospective researchers' work in getting relevant resources.”

May combine two claims.

ChatGPT can proofread and edit student writing by suggesting corrections for grammar, syntax, and spelling errors, helping students improve writing quality and reduce errors.

“ChatGPT can proofread and edit student writing by suggesting corrections for grammar, syntax, and spelling errors.This can help students improve the quality of their writing and reduce errors (Geher, 2023;Holmes et at., 2022;McMurtrie, 2022).”

• cites Geher, 2023Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Holmes et at., 2022Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites McMurtrie, 2022Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

This systematic review highlights a significant research gap in the utilization and ability of AI chatbots and other technologies, including ChatGPT, to tackle machine learning tasks in an efficient way.

“Moreover, this systematic review highlights a significant research gap in the utilization and ability of AI chatbots and other technologies, including ChatGPT, to tackle machine learning tasks in an efficient way.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Zheng and Zhan (2023) observed the role of ChatGPT in academic and scientific writing and highlighted serious concerns.

“The same issue Zheng and Zhan (2023) discussed when they observed the role of ChatGPT in academic and scientific writing and highlighted serious concerns.”

• cites Zheng and Zhan (2023)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Most articles appeared in medical journals, and only a few relevant and high-quality articles were published in arts and humanities and social sciences-related journals.

“But most articles appeared in medical journals, and only a few relevant and high-quality articles were published in arts and humanities and social sciences-related journals.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

There are many ethical issues with AI-generated writing, such as plagiarism and authentic data utilization, and the accuracy of writing products is still questionable.

“There are many ethical issues, such as plagiarism and authentic data utilization, and the accuracy of writing products is still questionable.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

AI in education is part of the ongoing development process, and its latest chatbot, ChatGPT, is part of it.

“Findings show that artificial intelligence (AI) in education is a part of the ongoing development process, and its latest chatbot, ChatGPT is a part of it.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Few scholars recognized ChatGPT as a powerful writing assistant and added it as a co-author in their research articles.

“Few other scholars (Kung et al., 2023;Manohar & Prasad, 2023;Transformer & Zhavoronkov, 2022) have also recognized ChatGPT as a powerful writing assistant and added it as a co-author in their research articles.”

• cites Kung et al., 2023Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Manohar & Prasad, 2023Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Transformer & Zhavoronkov, 2022Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

No regulations, rules, or guidelines are currently available about the use of ChatGPT and other AI tools and issues related to plagiarism, copyright, authorship, and attribution for text generated by them.

“No regulations, rules, or guidelines are currently available about its use and issues related to plagiarism, copyright, authorship, and attribution for the text generated by ChatGPT and other AI tools.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Zimmerman (2023) concluded that the best way to familiarize and get used to AI platforms is to use ChatGPT like other educational software and gadgets regularly, but AI tools still have certain limitations, especially for medical practitioners to get deeply involved in AI technologies for responsible uses in medical affairs.

“Zimmerman (2023) evaluated the prospective role of ChatGPT as a genuine writer or a ghostwriter through a detailed analysis of AI and natural language processing (NLP) systems and concluded that the best way to familiarize and get used to these platforms is to use this chatbot like other educational software and gadgets regularly.However, this study concluded that AI tools still have certain”

• cites Zimmerman (2023)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

ChatGPT can offer significant assistance in generating text, initial drafts, brainstorming ideas, and summaries of the literature, but it cannot replace or be considered like a human writer in various skills and knowledge.

“The major findings of this study conclude that ChatGPT can offer significant assistance in generating text, initial drafts, brainstorming ideas, and summaries of the literature, but it cannot replace or be considered like a human writer in various skills and knowledge.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Many scholars disapprove of listing ChatGPT as a co-author and writing assistant in academic works, particularly research items.

“However, according to Stokel-Walker (2023) and Thorp (2023), this idea is disapproved by many scholars to list ChatGPT as a co-author and writing assistant in academic works, particularly research items.”

• cites Stokel-Walker (2023)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Thorp (2023)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Suaverdez and Suaverdez (2023) tested a few chatbots like ChatGPT, Google Bard, and generative AI for mapping their human-like responses in academic writing; despite their benefits, these chatbots have challenges of lack of originality, inaccuracies, too generalized responses, and poor logic flow in writing prompts.

“They also tested a few chatbots like ChatGPT, Google Bard, and the generative AI for mapping their human-like responses in academic writing; however, despite their benefits, these chatbots have challenges of lack of originality, inaccuracies, too generalized responses, and poor logic flow in writing prompts.”

• cites Suaverdez and Suaverdez (2023)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

ChatGPT is used as a writing tool/assistant in different subject areas, and authors have highlighted its role in creative, academic, and scientific writing as a facilitator and author.

“ChatGPT is used as a writing tool/assistant in different subject areas, and authors have highlighted its role in creative, academic, and scientific writing as a facilitator and author.”

May combine two claims.

ChatGPT has access to vast information, making it easier to identify and eliminate errors, leading to a higher likelihood of producing accurate and consistent content.

“4. More accurate and consistent content: With the ChatGPT invention, there is a higher likelihood of producing accurate and consistent content.ChatGPT has access to vast information, making identifying and eliminating errors easier (Stacey, 2022).”

• cites Stacey, 2022Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

da Silva (2023) analyzed AI-generated passages and found them very causal and suspected to be plagiarized from actual sources with minor paraphrasing; therefore, ChatGPT is not considered much successful in providing authentic and pertinent literature.

“Besides, da Silva (2023) also analyzed AI-generated passages and found them very causal and suspected to be plagiarized from actual sources with minor paraphrasing.Therefore, ChatGPT is not considered much successful in providing any authentic and pertinent literature.”

• cites da Silva (2023)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

ChatGPT can translate text from one language to another, which can help students writing in a non-native language ensure their writing is accurate and grammatically correct.

“ChatGPT can translate text from one language to another, which can be useful for students who are writing papers in a language that is not their native tongue.This can help students ensure that their writing is accurate and grammatically correct (Lametti, 2022;Lund & Wang, 2023;Stock, 2023).”

• cites Lametti, 2022Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Lund & Wang, 2023Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Stock, 2023Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Scholars in the USA produced more articles than other countries on ChatGPT and writing issues; UK and Australia were also among other countries that contributed.

“The scholars in the USA produced more articles than other countries in disseminating the debate on ChatGPT and writing issues.UK and Australia were also among other countries that contributed to studies on ChatGPT as a writing assistant and an AI tool-related theme.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Altmae et al. (2023) shared their personal experience using ChatGPT as a writing assistant for scientific writing and found it a very helpful, convenient, and user-friendly tool.

“Moreover, Altmae et al. (2023) shared their personal experience using ChatGPT as a writing assistant for scientific writing and found it a very helpful, convenient, and user-friendly tool.”

• cites Altmae et al. (2023)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The analyzed literature identifies different opinions and scenarios associated with using ChatGPT as a writing assistant and how to interact with it.

“The analyzed literature identifies different opinions and scenarios associated with using ChatGPT as a writing assistant and how to interact with it.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The statements and findings reported in the reviewed articles are accurate and reliable.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

After a huge debate across academia and publishing houses, almost all publishers and journals introduced policies about the status of ChatGPT as a co-author or facilitator.

“However, after that, a huge debate across academia and publishing houses started, where publishers, editors, and researchers questioned the adoption of AI as a co-author instead of taking it as any other writing tool or AI technology.After this debate, almost all publishers and journals introduced their policies about the status of ChatGPT as a co-author or facilitator (Stokel-Walker, 2022).”

• cites Stokel-Walker, 2022Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the study by Yan (2023), participants generally showed more concern rather than satisfaction towards the unrestricted application of ChatGPT in L2 writing.

“In the study, participants generally showed more concern rather than satisfaction towards the unrestricted application of ChatGPT in L2 writing”

• cites Yan, 2023, p. 18Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

ChatGPT can reduce the time and effort required to generate written content, allowing students and educators to save time and focus on other aspects of their work.

“1. Increased efficiency: ChatGPT's invention can reduce the time and effort required to generate written content.With its ability to generate coherent and well-structured text on any topic, students and educators can save time and focus on other aspects of their work (Lund et al., 2023;Yan, 2023).”

• cites Lund et al., 2023Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Yan, 2023Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Among the thirty selected studies, most supported ChatGPT as an advanced AI generative model that can produce good responses to users' queries; however, no one can 100% rely on its responses due to various technical errors and the unavailability of the latest information.

“Among thirty selected studies, most of them have supported ChatGPT as an advanced AI generative model that can produce good responses to users' queries; however, no one can 100% rely on its responses due to various technical errors and the unavailability of the latest information”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: ChatGPT-4 can only produce information from a limited time frame, like before September 2021.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Authors of various publications from different countries have observed and highlighted that ChatGPT and its role as a writing tool/assistant received attention worldwide.

“However, authors of various publications from different countries have observed and highlighted that ChatGPT and its role as a writing tool/assistant received attention worldwide (Figure 3).”

May combine two claims.

Studies by Dergaa et al. (2023), Dwivedi et al. (2023), and Lund (2023) pointed out significant differences between ChatGPT and human-generated writings, such as ChatGPT has the ability to produce concise abstracts, introductory passages, and literature sections, but produced limited responses compared to human content.

“In (Dergaa et al. 2023;Dwivedi et al., 2023;Lund, 2023), the authors carried out studies to verify the use of ChatGPT in scientific writings to judge its content's quality, reliability, and comparative analysis with human-generated content.These studies further investigated AI-generated content and pointed out significant differences between ChatGPT and human-generated writings, such as ChatGPT”

• cites Dergaa et al. 2023Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Dwivedi et al., 2023Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Lund, 2023Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

No one can mindlessly rely on the results produced and suggestions made by ChatGPT.

“No one can mindlessly rely on the results produced and suggestions made.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

ChatGPT's role in the fields of writing, research, and education can increase productivity and enhance efficiency.

“Notably, ChatGPT's role in the fields of writing, research, and education can increase productivity and enhance efficiency.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

AI-generated writing will never replace human writing.

“Undoubtedly, AI technology and tools have greatly advanced in recent times and revolutionized how academic and scientific writings work; however, there is a dire need to understand that AI-generated writing will never replace human writing.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Intelligent tutoring systems have a moderately positive impact on college students' academic achievement.

“In a meta-analysis-based study of the effectiveness of ITS on college learners' academic performance, Steenbergen-Hu and Cooper (2014) concluded that ITS has a moderately positive impact on college students' academic achievement.”

• cites Steenbergen-Hu and Cooper (2014)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

For this systematic review, 550 articles published from December 2022 to May 2023 were collected based on specific keywords, and the final 30 most relevant articles were finalized through a PRISMA flowchart.

“For this systematic review, 550 articles published six months after ChatGPT's release (December 2022 to May 2023) were collected based on specific keywords, and the final 30 most relevant articles were finalized through PRISMA flowchart.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The 30 selected articles are representative of the published literature on ChatGPT as a writing assistant.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Finally, 30 most relevant articles were considered eligible for further examination and analysis.

“Finally, 30 most relevant articles were considered eligible for further examination and analysis.In the final round of inclusion, 30 documents were included that fulfilled the criterion of this systematic review.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Like other language correction tools such as Grammarly and Quill Bot, ChatGPT can also work as a writing support and feedback tool that will help to identify advanced grammar and syntax issues, suggestions for writing structure improvement, and coherence of the prompts.

“Moreover, like other language correction tools such as Grammarly and Quill Bot, ChatGPT can also work as a writing support and feedback tool that will help to identify advanced grammar and syntax issues, suggestions for writing structure improvement, and coherence of the prompts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

550 articles were identified and retrieved from the four major databases.

“550 articles were identified and retrieved from the four major databases.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The development of AI technologies like ChatGPT can impact future writing tasks potentially.

“The finding from the literature reviewed systematically highlights that the development of AI technologies like ChatGPT can impact future writing tasks potentially.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The rapidly evolving nature of NLP technologies, like ChatGPT, means that the literature available at the time of the study may not fully capture the advancement and most recent developments in this field.

“Moreover, the rapidly evolving nature of NLP technologies, like ChatGPT, means that the literature available at the time of the study may not fully capture the advancement and most recent developments in this field.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Over the past two decades, AIED research mostly focused on learner-supporting AI technologies that aim to make learners independent and automate teacher functions.

“Over the past two decades, artificial intelligence and education (AIED) research mostly focused on learnersupporting AI technologies that aim to make learners independent and automate teacher functions (Afzaal et al., 2022).”

• cites Afzaal et al., 2022Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The primary focus of this study on higher education settings might limit the transferability of the findings to other educational contexts.

“Finally, the primary focus of this study on higher education settings might limit the transferability of the findings to other educational contexts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This systematic review is conducted through PRISMA as a guide.

“This systematic review is conducted through preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA) as a guide (Liberati et al., 2014).”

• cites Liberati et al., 2014Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

ChatGPT received more than 100 million active users just two months after its launch in November 2022.

“Since its launch in November 2022, ChatGPT received huge success in January 2023, and it became one of the fastest and most highly welcomed artificial intelligence (AI) technological tools by open-AI, with more than 100 million active users just in two months (Williams, 2023).”

• cites Williams, 2023Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Leading databases Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed, and Web of Science were systematically used to review literature in four stages: identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion.

“For this process, leading databases, Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed, and Web of Science (WoS), were systematically used to review literature in four stages: identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

25 duplicate publications were excluded from the 550 initially collected documents.

“Screening process was done to check and remove duplicate publications from the selected databases, and 25 duplicate publications were excluded from 550 initially collected documents.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Altmae et al. (2023) are of the view that ChatGPT is an advanced AI tool, and researchers should use it very carefully by considering its pros and cons.

“However, Altmae et al. ( 2023) are of the view that ChatGPT is an advanced AI tool, and researchers should use it very carefully by considering its pros and cons.”

• cites Altmae et al. (2023)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The quality and depth of the literature reviewed may vary, potentially affecting the robustness and generalizability of the findings of this study.

“Secondly, the quality and depth of the literature reviewed may vary, potentially affecting the robustness and generalizability of the findings of this study.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

PRISMA is followed as a guide because it helps examine a large database of research articles, clearly addresses research questions, and enables identification of inclusion and exclusion criteria.

“Throughout this systematic review, PRISMA is followed as a guide because it is commonly used in educational research projects due to its three advantages.First, it helps examine a large database of research articles and other literature.Second, it clearly addresses research questions for a smooth, systematic research process, and finally, it makes the researcher able to identify the inclusion and”

• cites Ramalingam et al., 2022Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

This study only covers the existing literature on ChatGPT's role as a writing assistant at the higher education level, and all other functions and uses are not discussed in this study.

“First, this study only covers the existing literature on ChatGPT's role as a writing assistant at the higher education level, and all other functions and uses are not discussed in this study.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

According to Firat (2023), ChatGPT and other AI technologies significantly impact students' academic performance and can potentially revolutionize traditional learning practices, foster soft skills development and promote personalized learning experiences.

“According to Firat (2023), ChatGPT, including other AI technologies, significantly impact students' academic performance and can potentially revolutionize traditional learning practices, foster soft skills development and promote personalized learning experiences.”

• cites Firat (2023)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The connection between AI and education is based on the solution to many core problems the education sector faces, such as lack of qualified teachers, virtual assistance, and the growing underachievement gap among rich, poor and mediocre learners.

“The connection between AI and education is based on the solution to many core problems the education sector is facing, such as the lack of qualified teachers, virtual assistance, and the growing and underachievement gap among rich, poor and mediocre learners (Holmes et al., 2022;Imran & Almusharraf, 2023).”

• cites Holmes et al., 2022Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Imran & Almusharraf, 2023Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Development in AI technologies, including ChatGPT, can potentially revolutionize and challenge the existing writing techniques and domains and can have both challenges and opportunities, ranging from positive to negative aspects.

“Ultimately, development in AI technologies, including ChatGPT, can potentially revolutionize and challenge the existing writing techniques and domains and can have both challenges and opportunities, ranging from positive to negative aspects.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

After screening, 204 documents were selected for the eligibility test.

“After the screening, only 204 documents were selected for the eligibility test so that it could be determined through a rigorous examination of the titles, abstracts, keywords, and major contents to double-check the inclusion criteria, as mentioned in Table 2.”

May combine two claims.

The education process, particularly academic writing, has both opportunities and challenges in adopting ChatGPT as a writing assistant.

“Therefore, the education process, particularly academic writing, has both opportunities and challenges in adopting ChatGPT as a writing assistant.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Alattar and McDowell (2023) believed that in the near future, most writing tasks would be accomplished by AI tools.

“To advance the use of AI tools in scientific writing, Alattar and McDowell (2023) navigated the use of ChatGPT as a rising AI coauthor in various projects such as they believed that in the near future, most of the writing tasks would be accomplished by these AI tools.”

• cites Alattar and McDowell (2023)Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

ChatGPT's best use would be strengthened as an assistant for researchers, teachers, and students to use it as a collaborative tool for receiving feedback, customizing search results, seeking suggestions, and identifying ethical and academic integrity considerations in the future.

“ChatGPT's best use would be strengthened as an assistant for researchers, teachers, and students to use it as a collaborative tool for receiving feedback, customizing search results, seeking suggestions, and identifying ethical and academic integrity considerations in the future.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

321 documents that did not meet the criteria were excluded, such as publications before November 2022, non-English publications, and articles that did not deal with the determined keywords.

“Moreover, 321 documents that did not meet the criteria were excluded, such as publications before November 2022, non-English publications, and articles that did not deal with the determined keywords.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

ChatGPT is an open-access and public tool that works according to GPT language model technology.

“ChatGPT, being an open-access and public tool, is a highly sophisticated chatbot that works according to GPT language model technology (Kirmani, 2022, p. 574).”

• cites Kirmani, 2022, p. 574Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

This process strictly followed the PRISMA guidelines to ensure the selection of high-quality and reliable data for this study.

“This process strictly followed the PRISMA guidelines to ensure the selection of high-quality and reliable data for this study.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

During the eligibility stage, 174 more documents were excluded because their abstracts and main contents did not meet the research objectives and were not related to ChatGPT and AI as writing assistant context.

“So, during this eligibility stage, 174 more documents were excluded because their abstracts and main contents did not meet the research objectives and were not related to ChatGPT and AI as writing assistant context.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Through the PRISMA flow chart, thirty articles were analyzed based on the primary search keywords: ChatGPT and AI in education, ChatGPT as a writing assistant, ChatGPT and the future of writing, and AI and scientific writing.

“Through PRISMA flow chart, thirty articles were analyzed based on the primary search keywords: ChatGPT and AI in education, ChatGPT as a writing assistant, ChatGPT and the future of writing, and AI and scientific writing.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

ChatGPT can generate statistical analyses, lyrics, computer programs, and abstracts or introductions to scientific articles.

“It can also generate statistical analyses, lyrics, computer programs, and abstracts or introductions to scientific articles”

• cites Rahimi & Abadi, 2023Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

ChatGPT can generate high-quality, plausible, human-like written responses.

“ChatGPT can generate high-quality, plausible, human-like written responses.”

• cites Rahimi & Abadi, 2023Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Conversational AI is likely to revolutionize research practices and publishing, creating both opportunities and concerns.

“Conversational AI is likely to revolutionize research practices and publishing, creating both opportunities and concerns”

• cites Van Dis et al., 2023Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

ChatGPT is among the most transformative AI tools developed in recent years.

“ChatGPT undoubtedly is among the most transformative AI tools developed in recent years”

• cites Dwivedi et al., 2023Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Current natural language processing AI represent a significant threat to the fidelity of short-form essays as an assessment method in physics courses.

“… current natural language processing AI represent a significant threat to the fidelity of short-form essays as an assessment method in physics courses”

• cites Yeadon et al., 2023Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

ChatGPT is likely to be a useful tool for educators designing science units, rubrics, and quizzes.

“ChatGPT is likely to be a useful tool for educators designing science units, rubrics, and quizzes”

• cites Cooper, 2023Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

ChatGPT is a versatile and valuable tool with significant potential to promote engaging and adaptive language learning.

“ChatGPT is a versatile and valuable tool with significant potential to promote engaging and adaptive language learning”

• cites Kohnke et al., 2023Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Due to the phenomenon of hallucinations, ChatGPT users must carefully proofread output to ensure that they are accurate and ready for use.

“Due to the phenomenon of hallucinations, ChatGPT users must carefully proofread output to ensure that they are accurate and ready for use”

• cites Ge & Lai, 2023Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The potential positive and negative impacts of ChatGPT are immediate and wide-ranging.

“The potential positive and negative impacts of ChatGPT are immediate and wide-ranging, emphasizing the necessity for a comprehensive examination and collective formation of ethical guidelines for its use in all fields”

• cites Taecharungroj, 2023Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

AI is already used in medicine, especially in image analysis, but the domains are infinite, and it is possible that AI could quickly help or replace rheumatologists in the writing of scientific articles.

“AI is already used in medicine, especially in image analysis, but the domains are infinite, and it is possible that AI could quickly help or replace rheumatologists in the writing of scientific articles”

• cites Verhoeven et al., 2023Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

ChatGPT can significantly enhance both the efficiency and the quality of writing review articles for scientists.

“ChatGPT can significantly enhance both the efficiency and the quality of writing review articles for scientists”

• cites Huang & Tan, 2023Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

ChatGPT is an AI software potentially able to assist in the writing process of a scientific paper and can help in the literature review, identify research questions, provide an overview of the current state of the field, and assist with tasks such as formatting and language review.

“ChatGPT is an AI software potentially able to assist in the writing process of a scientific paper and can help in the literature review, identify research questions, provide an overview of the current state of the field, and assist with tasks, such as formatting and language review”

• cites Salvagno et al., 2023Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.