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Skeletal muscle sonography: a correlative study of echogenicity and morphology
Abstract
In skeletal muscle sonography high echogenicities have proved to be of diagnostic value. The following study examines whether these echointensities are caused mainly by interstitial fat or fibrosis. Consequently, the echogenicities of 86 muscles, their diameters, and the thickness of subcutaneous fat layers superficial to these muscles were measured and compared for content of fat and connective tissue, which were assessed by morphometry and biochemical testing in the corresponding muscle biopsy samples. The results indicate that fat replacement constitutes the main cause of increased muscle echogenicity, whereas intramuscular fibrosis did not significantly affect the muscles' echogenicity.
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“The degree of echogenicity also appears to differ based on the bioenergetics of the muscle and its location (Reimers et al., 1993).”
From Myosteatosis in the Context of Skeletal Muscle Function Deficit: An Interdisciplinary Workshop at the National Institute on Aging (2020) · cites this paper as Reimers et al., 1993
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Skeletal Muscle Ultrasound: Correlation Between Fibrous Tissue and Echo Intensity
Pillen, S., Tak, R. O., Zwarts, M. J., Lammens, M. M. Y., Verrijp, K. N., Arts, I. M. P., van der Laak, J. A. W. M., Hoogerbrugge, P. M., van Engelen, B. G. M., & Verrips, A. (2008) · Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2008.09.016 · Cited by 640
“Until now, only two studies have examined the correlation between muscle biopsy findings and muscle echo intensity (Reimers et al. 1993a, 1993b).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialFukumoto, Y., Ikezoe, T., Yamada, Y., Tsukagoshi, R., Nakamura, M., Mori, N., Kimura, M., & Ichihashi, N. (2011) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-011-2099-5 · Cited by 492
“…quality can also be evaluated using the non-invasive, easily accessible, and safe method of ultrasound imaging, whereby an enhanced echo intensity (EI) represents changes caused by increased intramuscular fibrous and adipose tissue (Heckmatt et al. 1982; Pillen et al. 2009; Reimers et al. 1993).”
MethodCorrea-de-Araujo, R., Addison, O., Miljkovic, I., Goodpaster, B. H., Bergman, B. C., Clark, R. V., Elena, J. W., Esser, K. A., Ferrucci, L., Harris-Love, M. O., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.00963 · Cited by 468
Measurement of intramuscular fat by muscle echo intensity
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“An increase in echogenicity as seen in this study results in themuscle appearingwhiter or brighter (hyperechoic) [31,32].”
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Normal values for quantitative muscle ultrasonography in adults
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“This higher echo intensity is the result of increased intramuscular fibrous and fatty tissue.(5,6) Muscle abnormalities as detected by ultrasonography have now been described in a variety of neuromuscular disorders, such as myositis, motor neuron disease, muscular dystrophy, congenital myopathy, and polyneuropathy.”
BackgroundEcho intensity obtained from ultrasonography images reflecting muscle strength in elderly men
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“Fasciculations are visible as short jerky movements appearing irregularly at different parts of the muscle (Supplementary Material 1 http:// dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743132811Y.0000000010.”
BackgroundInfluentialCorrea‐de‐Araujo, R., Harris‐Love, M. O., Miljkovic, I., Fragala, M. S., Anthony, B., & Manini, T. M. (2017) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2017.00087 · Cited by 279
“…been proposed as an alternative imaging modality for the use of sarcopenia screening and staging due to its portability, relatively low cost, and potential ability to provide proxy estimates of muscle tissue composition (Reimers et al., 1993; Sipilä and Suominen, 1993; Harris-Love et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMethodApplication of ultrasound for muscle assessment in sarcopenia: towards standardized measurements
Perkisas, S., Baudry, S., Bauer, J. M., Beckwée, D., Cock, A. D., Hobbelen, H. J. S. M., Jager‐Wittenaar, H., Kasiukiewicz, A., Landi, F., Marco, E., et al. (2018) · European Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1007/s41999-018-0104-9 · Cited by 274
Qualitative Ultrasound in Acute Critical Illness Muscle Wasting
Puthucheary, Z., Phadke, R., Rawal, J., McPhail, M. J. W., Sidhu, P. S., Rowlerson, A. M., Moxham, J., Harridge, S. D. R., Hart, N., & Montgomery, H. (2015) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000001016 · Cited by 244
Skeletal muscle ultrasonography: Visual versus quantitative evaluation
Pillen, S., van Keimpema, M., Nievelstein, R. A. J., Verrips, A., Raijmann, W., & Zwarts, M. J. (2006) · Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2006.05.028 · Cited by 232
Muscular ultrasound in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies of adults
Reimers, C. D., Fleckenstein, J. L., Witt, T. N., Müller-Felber, W., & Pongratz, D. E. (1993) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/0022-510x(93)90093-e · Cited by 224
Echo intensity is negatively associated with functional capacity in older women
Rech, A., Radaelli, R., Goltz, F. R., da Rosa, L. H. T., Schneider, C. D., & Pinto, R. S. (2014) · AGE · doi:10.1007/s11357-014-9708-2 · Cited by 220
“The authors concluded that EI may be an important tool for the assessment of structural aspects of the skeletal muscle tissue as it presented a significant correlation with the infiltration of fat and fibrous tissue (Reimers et al. 1993; Pillen et al. 2009).”
BackgroundPostpartum characteristics of rectus abdominis on ultrasound imaging
Coldron, Y., Stokes, M. J., Newham, D. J., & Cook, K. (2007) · Manual Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.math.2006.10.001 · Cited by 217
Ultrasound of nerve and muscle
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“Especially the infiltration of fat in muscles seems to be responsible for increased reflections of the ultrasound beam, causing a whiter appearance [4].”
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“tent of skeletal muscles (Reimers et al., 1993; Fujikake et al., 2009; Pillen et al., 2009; Arts et al., 2012; Hu et al., 2012), and it also reflects the architectural features of muscle fascicles (i.”
BackgroundParry, S. M., Granger, C. L., Berney, S. C., Jones, J. R. A., Beach, L. J., El‐Ansary, D., Koopman, R., & Denehy, L. (2015) · Intensive Care Medicine · doi:10.1007/s00134-015-3672-x · Cited by 185
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Intramyocellular lipid and impaired myofiber contraction in normal weight and obese older adults
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“Increased ultrasound echointensity has been attributed to increased intermuscular adipose tissue and intramuscular fat (30) and muscle fibrosis (31) though these data were derived from humans with muscular dystrophy and canines, respectively.”
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Atrophy and Fatty Infiltration of the Supraspinatus Muscle: Sonography Versus MRI
Khoury, V., Cardinal, É., & Brassard, P. (2008) · American Journal of Roentgenology · doi:10.2214/ajr.07.2835 · Cited by 150
“Fatty Infiltration On sonography, fat replacement of skeletal muscles is generally hyperechoic and is the main cause of hyperechogenicity of skeletal muscle [27].”
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“[44] determined that the morphologic basis of increased echo intensity is due to lipomatosis or fibrosis by histochemical analysis (relative area of fat cells within total cross-sectional area in transverse sections of muscle samples) of 86 biopsy samples from five lower and upper limb muscles such as the VL and bicep…”
BackgroundJansen, M., van Alfen, N., der Sanden, M. W. G. N., van Dijk, J. P., Pillen, S., & de Groot, I. J. M. (2011) · Neuromuscular Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.nmd.2011.10.020 · Cited by 144
“the muscle becomes more echogenic, so that its image appears more uniformly filled with grey speckles) [7,9–12].”
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Formenti, P., Umbrello, M., Coppola, S., Froio, S., & Chiumello, D. (2019) · Annals of Intensive Care · doi:10.1186/s13613-019-0531-x · Cited by 155
Quantitative skeletal muscle ultrasonography in children with suspected neuromuscular disease
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Fatty Atrophy of Supraspinatus and Infraspinatus Muscles: Accuracy of US
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“, the mean gray value of the muscle), and this can be used to delineate normal from diseased muscle.(2,6,16,19) Echo intensity can be evaluated visually, but assessment using this approach is rather subjective and depends on the experience of the observer.”
BackgroundSkeletal Muscle Wasting and Function Impairment in Intensive Care Patients With Severe COVID-19
de Andrade, M. C., de Salles, I. C. D., de Brito, C. M. M., Pastore, L., Righetti, R. F., & Yamaguti, W. P. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.640973 · Cited by 126
Neuromuscular Ultrasonography: Quantifying Muscle and Nerve Measurements
Mayans, D. R., Cartwright, M. S., & Walker, F. O. (2011) · Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.pmr.2011.11.009 · Cited by 119
The Role of Ultrasound as a Diagnostic Tool for Sarcopenia
Stringer, H. J., & Wilson, D. V. (2018) · The Journal of Frailty & Aging · doi:10.14283/jfa.2018.24 · Cited by 113
“In essence, the whiter the image the higher the proportion of slow-twitch muscle fibre and intra-muscular adipose tissue; high ultrasound echogenicity values have been correlated with lower muscle quality and grip strength (21, 22, 37).”
MUSCULOSKELETAL SONOGRAPHY AND MR IMAGING
Jacobson, J. A. (1999) · Radiologic Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0033-8389(05)70125-1 · Cited by 113
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“On the other hand, Reimers et al. (1993b) showed using biopsy technique that the echointensity of muscle was correlated highly with muscular lipomatosis, but not fibrosis.”
InfluentialQuantitative Muscle Ultrasonography in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Arts, I. M. P., van Rooij, F. G., Overeem, S., Pillen, S., Janssen, H., Schelhaas, H. J., & Zwarts, M. J. (2007) · Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2007.08.013 · Cited by 108
“fibrous infiltration of the muscle (Reimers et al. 1993).”
Ismail, C., Zabal, J., Hernandez, H. J., Woletz, P., Manning, H., Teixeira, C., DiPietro, L., Blackman, M. R., & Harris-Love, M. O. (2015) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2015.00302 · Cited by 107
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Quantity and Quality of the Lower Extremity Muscles in Women with Knee Osteoarthritis
Taniguchi, M., Fukumoto, Y., Kobayashi, M., Kawasaki, T., Maegawa, S., Ibuki, S., & Ichihashi, N. (2015) · Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2015.05.014 · Cited by 102
“Muscle quality can be estimated from echo intensity (EI) using ultrasound imaging; enhanced EI is associated with increasing intramuscular adipose and fibrous tissue (Heckmatt et al. 1982; Pillen et al. 2009; Reimers et al. 1993).”
BackgroundTaniguchi, M., Yamada, Y., Fukumoto, Y., Sawano, S., Minami, S., Ikezoe, T., Watanabe, Y., Kimura, M., & Ichihashi, N. (2017) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-017-3686-x · Cited by 100
Indications for neuromuscular ultrasound: Expert opinion and review of the literature
Walker, F. O., Cartwright, M. S., Alter, K. E., Visser, L. H., Hobson‐Webb, L. D., Padua, L., Strakowski, J. A., Preston, D. C., Boon, A. J., Axer, H., et al. (2018) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2018.09.013 · Cited by 98
van den Engel-Hoek, L., Erasmus, C. E., Hendriks, J. C. M., Geurts, A. C. H., Klein, W. M., Pillen, S., Sie, L. T. L., Swart, B. J. M. D., & de Groot, I. J. M. (2012) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-012-6793-y · Cited by 97
“Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most frequent neuromuscular disorder occurring in childhood, characterized by a progressive loss of muscle cells and replacement by interstitial fat and fibrosis in the affected muscles [1].”
BackgroundHarris‐Love, M. O., Seamon, B. A., Teixeira, C., & Ismail, C. (2016) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.1721 · Cited by 93
“Measures of muscle echogenicity have been shown to be significantly associated intramuscular adipose tissue, rather than fibrotic tissue, based on the biochemical analysis of biopsied tissue samples from 82 people with muscle pathology (Reimers et al., 1993).”
Exercise induced changes in echo intensity within the muscle: a brief review
Wong, V. H. Y., Spitz, R. W., Bell, Z. W., Viana, R. B., Chatakondi, R. N., Abe, T., & Loenneke, J. P. (2020) · Journal of Ultrasound · doi:10.1007/s40477-019-00424-y · Cited by 88
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Trevino, M. A., Sterczala, A. J., Miller, J. D., Wray, M. E., Dimmick, H. L., Ciccone, A. B., Weir, J. P., Gallagher, P. M., Fry, A. C., & Herda, T. J. (2018) · Acta Physiologica · doi:10.1111/apha.13151 · Cited by 83
“In addition, females displayed greater mEI for the VL, likely indicating greater amounts of noncontractile tissue (ie intramuscular fat).(18,36) Despite similar activity levels, males displayed greater contractile tissue (larger mCSA, lower mEI), which might help explain the greater age‐related decline in muscle thick…”
BackgroundNaimo, M. A., Varanoske, A. N., Hughes, J. M., & Pasiakos, S. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.706699 · Cited by 87
Body Composition Technology: Implications for the ICU
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“In adults with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies a robust correlation between histologic and sonographic changes has been reported [9,10].”
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“Through gray-scale histogram analysis, ultrasound has been used for years to help identify tissue pathologies typical in children affected by Duchenne muscular dystrophy(103,117) and other various inflammatory myopathies.(119,120) Recent evidence also suggests ultrasound may be a particularly attractive technology to…”
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“It has been recently demonstrated that muscle echo intensity (EI) on ultrasound imaging, which is utilized as an objective assessment of muscle quality represents the amount of intramuscular non-contractile tissue (Pillen et al., 2009; Reimers et al., 1993).”
BackgroundWatanabe, Y., Ikenaga, M., Yoshimura, E., Yamada, Y., & Kimura, M. (2018) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s173372 · Cited by 81
“15 Our findings align with these previous reports.”
Muscle, Adipose, and Connective Tissue Variations in Intrinsic Musculature of the Adult Human Tongue
Miller, J. L., Watkin, K. L., & Chen, M. F. (2002) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2002/004 · Cited by 71
Intramuscular fibrous tissue determines muscle echo intensity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Arts, I. M. P., Schelhaas, H. J., Verrijp, K. C. N., Zwarts, M. J., Overeem, S., van der Laak, J. A. W. M., Lammens, M. M. Y., & Pillen, S. (2012) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.22254 · Cited by 69
Muscle Stiffness of the Vastus Lateralis in Sprinters and Long-Distance Runners
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“(18) who reported increased muscle echogenicity was due to increases in intramuscular fat.”
BackgroundWallbridge, P. D., Parry, S. M., Das, S., Law, C., Hammerschlag, G., Irving, L. B., Hew, M. J., & Steinfort, D. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-33666-7 · Cited by 64
Quantitative ultrasound of denervated hand muscles
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Diagnostic Imaging in Bovine Orthopedics
Kofler, J., Geissbühler, U., & Steiner, A. C. (2014) · Veterinary Clinics of North America Food Animal Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cvfa.2013.11.003 · Cited by 59
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Skeletal Muscle Assessment Using Quantitative Ultrasound: A Narrative Review
Ashir, A., Jerban, S., Barrère, V., Wu, Y., Shah, S. B., Andre, M. P., & Chang, E. Y. (2023) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s23104763 · Cited by 57
“Fatty replacement was found to correlate better with increased muscle echogenicity than fibrosis [26].”
BackgroundYoshiko, A., Tomita, A., Ando, R., Ogawa, M., Kondo, S., Saito, A., Tanaka, N. I., Koike, T., Oshida, Y., & Akima, H. (2018) · European Review of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s11556-018-0201-2 · Cited by 57
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Outcome assessment in the adult and juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies
Rider, L. G. (2002) · Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0889-857x(02)00027-3 · Cited by 54
“In patients with PM or DM, increased echo-intensity of muscles is observed due to inflammation or fatty replacement, and muscle atrophy is also present in chronic disease [140–142].”
BackgroundMüller, J. N., Lanferdini, F. J., Karam, J. Y. P., & Fontana, H. D. B. (2020) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2020-0413 · Cited by 53
Harris‐Love, M. O., Avila, N. A., Adams, B., Zhou, J., Seamon, B. A., Ismail, C., Zaidi, S. H. E., Kassner, C. A., Liu, F., & Blackman, M. R. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm7100340 · Cited by 53
“However, findings utilizing biopsied muscle tissue reveal that echogenicity has a significant positive association with the proportion of intramuscular fat in a sample of people with neuromuscular disease [16].”
BackgroundQualitative and quantitative muscle ultrasound changes in patients with COVID-19–related ARDS
Umbrello, M., Guglielmetti, L., Formenti, P., Antonucci, E., Cereghini, S., Filardo, C., Montanari, G., & Muttini, S. (2021) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2021.111449 · Cited by 52
“In both cases, the change increments in muscle echo density are presumed to be the consequence of either inflammation or infection, or edema due to fluid shifts in the context of volume resuscitation with a positive fluid balance [54].”
Quantitative muscle ultrasonography in the follow‐up of juvenile dermatomyositis
Habers, G. E. A., van Brussel, M., Bhansing, K. J., Hoppenreijs, E., Janssen, A. J. W. M., van Royen‐Kerkhof, A., & Pillen, S. (2014) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.24564 · Cited by 51
Verdebout, C. M., Botteron, S., & Kiliaridis, S. (2007) · European Journal of Orthodontics · doi:10.1093/ejo/cjm045 · Cited by 51
“This is due to muscle cell replacement with fat and connective tissue ( Heckmatt et al. , 1982; Reimers et al. , 1993 ), and explains the classical observations of increased lingual volume.”
Backgroundvan den Engel-Hoek, L., Lagarde, M., & van Alfen, N. (2016) · Clinical Anatomy · doi:10.1002/ca.22818 · Cited by 49
“For these reasons, several groups have worked on developing QMUS analysis techniques (Heckmatt et al., 1989; Reimers et al., 1993; Pillen, 2009).”
BackgroundYoshiko, A., Kaji, T., Sugiyama, H., Koike, T., Oshida, Y., & Akima, H. (2017) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2017.08.036 · Cited by 49
“Furthermore, histochemical analysis has shown that muscle EI is associated with steatosis, not fibrosis (Reimers et al., 1993).”
Quantitative muscle ultrasound and muscle force in healthy children: A 4‐year follow‐up study
Jacobs, J., Jansen, M., Janssen, H., Raijmann, W., van Alfen, N., & Pillen, S. (2012) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.23690 · Cited by 48
Obst, S. J., Boyd, R. N., Read, F., & Barber, L. A. (2017) · Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2017.08.929 · Cited by 48
López, P., Pinto, M. D., & Pinto, R. S. (2018) · Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2018.10.010 · Cited by 48
Yoshiko, A., Ogawa, M., Shimizu, K., Radaelli, R., Neske, R., Maeda, H., Maeda, K., Teodoro, J. L., Tanaka, N., Pinto, R. S., et al. (2021) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2021.104463 · Cited by 45
Muscle imaging in myositis: MRI, US, and PET
Albayda, J., Demonceau, G., & Carlier, P. G. (2022) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1016/j.berh.2022.101765 · Cited by 45
Ultrasonography as a Diagnostic Aid in Bovine Musculoskeletal Disorders
Kofler, J. (2009) · Veterinary Clinics of North America Food Animal Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cvfa.2009.07.011 · Cited by 44
Pillen, S. (2010) · European Journal of Translational Myology · doi:10.4081/ejtm.2010.1812 · Cited by 44
Wearing, J., Stokes, M. J., & de Bruin, E. D. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0223016 · Cited by 44
“High muscle echo intensity is associated with low tissue density in CT scans [38] and high adipose tissue content in muscle biopsies [39].”
BackgroundRespiratory and peripheral muscular ultrasound characteristics in ICU COVID 19 ARDS patients
Formenti, P., Umbrello, M., Castagna, V., Cenci, S., Bichi, F., Pozzi, T., Bonifazi, M., Coppola, S., & Chiumello, D. (2021) · Journal of Critical Care · doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2021.09.007 · Cited by 44
“In fact, leanmuscle tissue has a low echogenicity, whereas intramuscular fat and connective tissue are characterized by a high echogenicity [9].”
BackgroundResultTrip, J., Pillen, S., Faber, C. G., van Engelen, B. G. M., Zwarts, M. J., & Drost, G. (2009) · Neuromuscular Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.nmd.2009.06.369 · Cited by 44
“Fibrosis and fatty infiltration as for example detected in abundance in muscular dystrophies are thought to account for the increased echo signal detected by muscle ultrasound [12,14,17,18].”
Yoshiko, A., Kaji, T., Sugiyama, H., Koike, T., Oshida, Y., & Akima, H. (2018) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-018-3870-7 · Cited by 46
Fukumoto, Y., Yamada, Y., Ikezoe, T., Watanabe, Y., Taniguchi, M., Sawano, S., Minami, S., Asai, T., Kimura, M., & Ichihashi, N. (2018) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00317.2018 · Cited by 42
Quantitative ultrasonography in focal neuropathies as compared to clinical and EMG findings
Bargfrede, M., Schwennicke, A., Tumani, H., & Reimers, C. D. (1999) · European Journal of Ultrasound · doi:10.1016/s0929-8266(99)00040-3 · Cited by 42
Nodera, H., Takamatsu, N., Matsui, N., Mori, A., Terasawa, Y., Shimatani, Y., Osaki, Y., Maruyama, K., Izumi, Y., & Kaji, R. (2015) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.12899 · Cited by 40
“Sonography has been reported to be correlated with clinical severity in diseases including spinal muscular atrophy, juvenile dermatomyositis, and muscular dystrophy, and to be correlated with findings of other diagnostic modalities such as MRI and muscle biopsy [11-14].”
BackgroundDiaphragm echodensity in mechanically ventilated patients: a description of technique and outcomes
Coiffard, B., Riegler, S., Sklar, M. C., Dres, M., Vorona, S., Reid, W. D., Brochard, L. J., Ferguson, N. D., & Goligher, E. C. (2021) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s13054-021-03494-9 · Cited by 39
“In neurodegenerative diseases, muscle fibrosis and dystrophy assessed by histology strongly correlated with increased echodensity [5, 26].”
BackgroundConsistency of novel ultrasound equations for estimating percent intramuscular fat
Burton, A. M., & Stock, M. S. (2018) · Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging · doi:10.1111/cpf.12532 · Cited by 39
“Although work in both humans and animals suggest that echo intensity may reflect intramuscular adiposity and fibrous tissue content (Reimers et al., 1993; Pillen et al., 2009; Young et al., 2015; Ryan et al., 2016), the exact explanation for what it represents is somewhat unclear (Jenkins, 2016).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Reimers, K., Reimers, C. D., Wagner, S., Paetzke, I., & Pongratz, D. E.
- Affiliations
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
- Venue
- Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1993-02
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 73-77
- ISSN
- 0278-4297 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2228483624
- Cited by
- 385
- References
- 2
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 42 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 0.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Ultrasound Imaging and Elastography
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Ultrasound in Clinical Applications
- Keywords
- muscle echogenicity, intramuscular fat, muscle morphology, subcutaneous fat thickness, muscle biopsy, fat replacement, connective tissue
- MeSH terms
- Adipose Tissue, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Biopsy, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Muscles, Neuromuscular Diseases, Ultrasonography
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