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Cited by 10Maternal and Perinatal Health InterventionsInfant Development and Preterm CareBreastfeeding Practices and Influences

Women’s experiences of skin-to-skin cesarean birth compared to standard cesarean birth: a qualitative study

Open access
Machold, Clea A., O’Rinn, Susan E., McKellin, William H., Ballantyne, Gillian, Barrett, Jon F.R.·2021·CMAJ Open
DOI 10.9778/cmajo.20200079PMC PMC8428890
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Skin-to-skin contact between mother and infant immediately after birth is recommended regardless of delivery method; however, it is less common after cesarean delivery. We aimed to describe and compare women's experiences of cesarean birth with and without skin-to-skin contact at an urban tertiary care hospital. METHODS: In this hermeneutic phenomenologic study, we used semistructured telephone interviews from 2015 to 2018 to interview a convenience sample of women who delivered at term by scheduled skin-to-skin cesarean birth at an urban tertiary care hospital in Toronto, Ontario. Women were invited to participate if they had had a previous planned or unplanned cesarean birth and a scheduled skin-to-skin cesarean birth between 2013 and 2017. Participants were excluded if they had antenatally diagnosed conditions, they delivered before 37 weeks, they had general anesthesia, their condition was unstable at the time of surgery, a skin-to-skin cesarean birth was not possible or they declined skin-to-skin cesarean birth. Interviews were recorded, transcribed and analyzed by means of thematic analysis. RESULTS: Ten women were interviewed 1-19 months postpartum. Four central themes emerged: support for skin-to-skin cesarean birth (women feeling supported by their families and health care providers); control (participants experiencing greater control during their skin-to-skin cesarean birth); connection with the infant, which enabled women to be active participants in their delivery, enhanced bonding and intimacy, facilitated breastfeeding and bolstered confidence during early parenthood; and logistic considerations, with participants recognizing that skin-to-skin cesarean birth required additional resources. INTERPRETATION: These findings refine what is known about skin-to-skin cesarean birth and provide a critical perspective, that of mothers. They support the transformation of traditional operating room dynamics to a more patient-centred environment.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

In a hermeneutic phenomenologic interview study of 10 women who had a scheduled skin-to-skin cesarean birth after a previous cesarean, participants described skin-to-skin cesarean birth as more supportive, empowering, and connected than standard cesarean birth. They also recognized that it required additional operating-room resources and procedural changes.

Key findings

  • Four central themes emerged: support for skin-to-skin cesarean birth, control, connection with the infant, and logistic considerations.
  • All participants reported feeling supported practically and emotionally by families and the medical team; participants also described a shifting locus of control and empowerment with skin-to-skin cesarean birth compared with standard cesarean birth.
  • Skin-to-skin cesarean birth enabled maternal–infant connection and intimacy; all 5 participants who had completed their first year postpartum at interview mentioned an intangible closeness that carried through the first year of mothering.
  • Participants recognized that skin-to-skin cesarean birth required additional staff and resources and that breaking the sterile field changed standard procedures; they consistently expressed gratitude for the option.

Methods

  • Hermeneutic phenomenologic study using semistructured telephone interviews conducted from 2015 to 2018 at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, an urban tertiary care hospital in Toronto, Ontario.
  • Convenience sample of women with a previous planned or unplanned cesarean birth and a scheduled skin-to-skin cesarean birth between 2013 and 2017; 10 women were interviewed 1–19 months postpartum, with a mean age of 36.9 years (range 30–41).
  • Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using Braun and Clarke’s thematic analysis; data collection and analysis were iterative, and data saturation was reached after 10 interviews.

Limitations

  • The authors state that participants had experienced a previous cesarean birth, so some findings may be attributable to this not being their first cesarean; 4 participants (40%) had a prior emergency cesarean for cephalopelvic disproportion or fetal distress, which may have affected their previous birth experience.
  • The authors state that the sample was a fairly homogeneous convenience sample recruited through a large academic tertiary care centre, with similar ages, married, and heterosexual participants; perspectives of other women, such as those from rural areas, were not included, and applicability is limited to similar care centres.
  • The authors state the sample was small, although typical for phenomenology (1–10), and there was a lack of discrepant cases; the study period was 3 years because of logistic factors, and only 20 participants met inclusion criteria per year. Interviews took place 1–19 months postpartum, but the authors state recall bias was not a substantial factor given similarity of responses.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.9778/cmajo.20200079

Cites

44 of 44 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

2 of 38 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Evidence suggests that, from the patient's perspective, skin-to-skin cesarean birth enhances the maternal experience of an uncomplicated cesarean birth.

    “evidence suggests that, from the patient’s perspective, skin-to-skin cesarean birth enhances the maternal experience of an uncomplicated cesarean birth23,29”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [23] source
    • cites [29] source
  • Findingown data

    Several participants were disappointed they had missed out on important, and now lost, moments in their previous cesarean birth(s).

    “several participants were disappointed they had missed out on important, and now lost, moments in their previous cesarean birth(s).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Skin-to-skin cesarean birth enabled maternal connection and intimacy with the infant.

    “Skin-to-skin cesarean birth enabled maternal connection and intimacy with the infant.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Several participants said that the concept of identifying as a mother through skin-to-skin cesarean birth was important in bolstering their confidence in the early moments of parenthood.

    “Several participants said that the concept of identifying as a mother through skin-to-skin cesarean birth was important in bolstering their confidence in the early moments of parenthood.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    All participants reported feeling supported practically and emotionally by their families and the medical team in their decision to pursue a skin-to-skin cesarean delivery and during the birth itself.

    “All participants reported feeling supported practically and emotionally by their families and the medical team in their decision to pursue a skin-to-skin cesarean delivery and during the birth itself.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 27
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 18
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Skin-to-skin cesarean births are the exception rather than the norm, and translating knowledge into routine practice for scheduled cesarean births has been challenging.

    “Despite a push to increase skin-to-skin contact after cesarean birth (skin-to-skin cesarean birth),23–25 such births are the exception rather than the norm, since translating this knowledge into routine practice for scheduled cesarean births has been challenging.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [23] source
    • cites [24] source
    • cites [25] source

      The Project Background describes difficulty making skin-to-skin contact routine during cesarean delivery, and the Outcomes report that 43% of women undergoing cesarean delivery received it in the operating room after the first month of implementation. These findings support the implementation challenge, but the paper does not establish that skin-to-skin cesarean births are generally the exception rather than the norm or address scheduled cesarean births specifically. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    Only 20 participants met the inclusion criteria per year.

    “In addition to these logistic considerations, only 20 participants met the inclusion criteria per year.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Although some participants thought their bonding experience was the same with children born via both delivery methods, most felt that their early moments together contributed uniquely to their attachment with their children born via skin-to-skin cesarean delivery.

    “Although some thought their bonding experience was the same with children born via both delivery methods, most felt that their early moments together contributed uniquely to their attachment with their children born via skin-to-skin cesarean delivery.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Participants experienced a shifting locus of control with skin-to-skin cesarean birth compared to standard cesarean delivery, with a clear sense of empowerment with skin-to-skin cesarean birth.

    “Participants experienced a shifting locus of control with skin-to-skin cesarean birth compared to standard cesarean delivery. There was a clear sense of empowerment with skin-to-skin cesarean birth”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Several participants believed that skin-to-skin contact improved their confidence in and duration of breastfeeding.

    “with several believing that skin-to-skin contact improved their confidence in and duration of breastfeeding.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Participants expressed gratitude and reiterated that skin-to-skin cesarean birth was substantially more enjoyable and that the operating room environment was much more welcoming and positive than during their standard cesarean birth(s).

    “They expressed gratitude and reiterated that skin-to-skin cesarean birth was substantially more enjoyable and that the operating room environment was much more welcoming and positive than during their standard cesarean birth(s).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Breaking the sterile field changed standard procedures, which could potentially result in negative outcomes.

    “breaking the sterile field changed standard procedures, which could potentially result in negative outcomes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    The sample was a fairly homogeneous convenience sample recruited through a large academic tertiary care centre, with similar ages, married and heterosexual participants; therefore, the perspectives of other women, such as those from rural areas, were not included.

    “We had a fairly homogeneous convenience sample (i.e., recruited through a large academic tertiary care centre, similar ages, married, heterosexual); therefore, the perspectives of other women, such as those from rural areas, were not included.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation

    The sample was small, although within phenomenology typical sample sizes range from 1 to 10.

    “Our sample was also small, although, within phenomenology, typical sample sizes range from 1 to 10.49,50”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [49] source
    • cites [50] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Four participants (40%) had had a prior emergency cesarean birth for cephalopelvic disproportion or fetal distress, which may have affected their previous birth experience.

    “In addition, 4 participants (40%) had had a prior emergency cesarean birth for cephalopelvic disproportion or fetal distress, which may have affected their previous birth experience.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Participants acknowledged and appreciated that offering skin-to-skin cesarean birth depended greatly on human resource power and nursing availability, and that these factors could hinder access for other women.

    “They acknowledged and appreciated that offering skin-to-skin cesarean birth depended greatly on human resource power and nursing availability, and that these factors could hinder access for other women.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Four central themes emerged from the analysis: support for skin-to-skin cesarean birth, control, connection with the infant, and logistic considerations.

    “Four central themes emerged from the analysis: support for skin-to-skin cesarean birth, control, connection with the infant and logistic considerations (Table 2).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The World Health Organization recommends immediate skin-to-skin contact at the time of birth regardless of delivery method, except when separation is medically necessary.

    “the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends immediate skin-to-skin contact at the time of birth regardless of delivery method, except when separation is medically necessary.3”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [3] (2009) Baby-friendly hospital initiative: revised, updated and expanded for integrated care (World Health Organization, Geneva).

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In Canada, about one-third of births take place in the operating room via cesarean delivery.

    “In Canada, about one-third of births take place in the operating room via cesarean delivery.22”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [22] (2017) Perinatal health indicators for Canada (Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa) modified 2017 Aug 30.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The women included in this study had uncomplicated singleton pregnancies with skin-to-skin cesarean birth, which may limit applicability to more traumatic cesarean deliveries.

    “The women included in this study had uncomplicated singleton pregnancies with skin-to-skin cesarean birth, which may limit applicability to more traumatic cesarean deliveries.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Delivery via skin-to-skin cesarean birth facilitated natural mothering and infant transition to the outside world.

    “Delivery via skin-to-skin cesarean birth gave control over the birth experience back to women and facilitated natural mothering and infant transition to the outside world.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationown data

    The results refine and add context to the existing literature on skin-to-skin cesarean birth by documenting women's experiences in their own words from their perspective.

    “Our results refine and add context to the existing literature on skin-to-skin cesarean birth by documenting women’s experiences in their own words from their perspective.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    New surgical drapes are designed specifically to facilitate skin-to-skin cesarean birth without contamination of the sterile field.

    “new surgical drapes are designed specifically to facilitate skin-to-skin cesarean birth without contamination of the sterile field.27”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [27] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The 4 predominant themes that emerged were consistent with those in previous studies exploring the role of skin-to-skin cesarean birth, which also showed positive outcomes.

    “the 4 predominant themes that emerged were consistent with those in previous studies exploring the role of skin-to-skin cesarean birth, which also showed positive outcomes.8,46,47”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [8] source
    • cites [46] source
    • cites [47] Frederick, 2016, Exploring the skin-to-skin contact experience during cesarean section, J Am Assoc Nurse Pract source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    There is a lack of discrepant cases, although several other strategies were used to increase the credibility of the data.

    “There is a lack of discrepant cases; however, as described in the Methods section, we used several other strategies to increase the credibility of the data.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationown data

    The results support the WHO's recommendation of immediate skin-to-skin contact after birth regardless of delivery method unless separation is required medically.

    “They support the WHO’s recommendation of immediate skin-to-skin contact after birth regardless of delivery method unless separation is required medically.3”
    • Also stated in: § Conclusion · hedged
      “They also support the WHO’s recommendation of immediate skin-to-skin contact between a mother and her infant whenever safely possible regardless of delivery method.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [3] (2009) Baby-friendly hospital initiative: revised, updated and expanded for integrated care (World Health Organization, Geneva).

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The researchers used reflexivity: C.A.M. and S.E.O. continually examined their beliefs, assumptions and motivations, and how these affected their research.

    “As such, C.A.M. and S.E.O. continually examined their beliefs, assumptions and motivations, and how these affected their research.41”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [41] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Gouchon and colleagues reported that more infants born via skin-to-skin cesarean delivery than those born via routine cesarean delivery attached to the breast at 30 minutes (9 v. 4), and were breastfeeding at discharge (13 v. 11) and 3 months (11 v. 8).

    “Gouchon and colleagues46 reported that more infants born via skin-to-skin cesarean delivery than those born via routine cesarean delivery attached to the breast at 30 minutes (9 v. 4), and were breastfeeding at discharge (13 v. 11) and 3 months (11 v. 8).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [46] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Practical concerns that may complicate provision of skin-to-skin contact after cesarean birth include lack of a standardized protocol, nursing staff availability, maternal or neonatal instability, type of anesthetic, support from anesthesia, clinician education, and practice and behaviour changes in a busy clinical environment.

    “other practical concerns that may complicate the provision of skin-to-skin contact after cesarean birth include the lack of a standardized protocol,32 nursing staff availability,33 maternal or neonatal instability,34 type of anesthetic,35 support from anesthesia, 35 clinician education,32 and the challenge of practice and behaviour changes in a busy clinical environment.25”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [32] Koopman, 2016, Early skin-to-skin contact for healthy full-term infants after vaginal and caesarean delivery: a qualitative study on clinician perspectives, J Clin Nurs source
    • cites [33] Boyd, 2017, Implementing skin-to-skin contact for cesarean birth, AORN J source
    • cites [34] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Five women who had consented were excluded after delivery: general anesthetic was given in 1 case, and skin-to-skin cesarean birth was impossible in 4 cases.

    “Five women who had consented were excluded after delivery (general anesthetic was given in 1 case, and skin-to-skin cesarean birth was impossible in 4 cases).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationown data

    Since participants had experienced a previous cesarean birth, some findings may be attributable to the fact that this was not their first cesarean delivery.

    “Since our participants had experienced a previous cesarean birth, some findings may be attributable to the fact that this was not their first cesarean delivery.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Data saturation was reached after 10 interviews, when preliminary codes and themes began to repeat and no novel ideas emerged, and data collection stopped.

    “When preliminary codes and themes began to repeat and no novel ideas emerged, it was determined that data saturation had been reached and data collection stopped.36”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [36] Creswell JW (2007) Qualitative inquiry & research design: choosing among five approaches (Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks (CA)), 2nd ed.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationown data

    This study highlights the importance of skin-to-skin cesarean birth to women.

    “This study highlights the importance of skin-to-skin cesarean birth to women.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Participant experiences were remarkably uniform over the 3 years, which suggests that the study period window did not substantially affect the results.

    “However, participant experiences were remarkably uniform over the 3 years, which suggests that the study period window did not substantially affect the results.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The authors concluded that skin-to-skin contact after cesarean delivery is feasible and could be offered to healthy women and their infants immediately after birth.

    “The authors concluded that skin-to-skin contact after cesarean delivery is feasible and could be offered to healthy women and their infants immediately after birth.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [8] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Widespread implementation of skin-to-skin cesarean birth would require practice change and a cultural shift, and the current literature suggests that this is possible.

    “Although widespread implementation would require practice change and a cultural shift, the current literature suggests that this is possible.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Women who deliver via cesarean birth versus vaginally report a less satisfactory birth experience, have higher rates of postpartum depression and are more likely to have difficulty breastfeeding.

    “Given that women who deliver via cesarean birth versus vaginally report a less satisfactory birth experience,31 have higher rates of postpartum depression and are more likely to have difficulty breastfeeding,23,31”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [31] source
    • cites [23] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Gouchon and colleagues found that infants born via skin-to-skin cesarean delivery were not at risk for hypothermia.

    “They found that infants born via skin-to-skin cesarean delivery were not at risk for hypothermia.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [46] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Implementation of skin-to-skin cesarean birth at other hospitals may require a cultural shift in the operating room environment, changes to standard protocols, stakeholder education, positive reinforcement for staff and active support from management.

    “the implementation of skin-to-skin cesarean birth at other hospitals may require a cultural shift in the operating room environment, changes to standard protocols, stakeholder education, positive reinforcement for staff and active support from management.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The results provide a critical perspective - that of mothers - and support the transformation of traditional operating room dynamics to reflect a more patient-centred environment.

    “our results provide a critical perspective — that of mothers — and support the transformation of traditional operating room dynamics to reflect a more patient-centred environment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Auditability ensured that the research process and methodology were clearly outlined from the start and that evolving themes were discussed within the research team to ensure consensus.

    “auditability ensured that the research process and methodology were clearly outlined from the start and that evolving themes were discussed within the research team to ensure consensus.45”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [45] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Skin-to-skin cesarean birth has the potential to improve outcomes for women and infants and increase patient satisfaction.

    “Skin-to-skin cesarean birth has the potential to improve outcomes for women and infants and increase patient satisfaction.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
37 of 37

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 6

  1. 10.1080/08035250216102 · DOI
  2. Creswell JW (2007) Qualitative inquiry & research design: choosing among five approaches (Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks (CA)), 2nd ed.
  3. van Manen M (1990) Researching lived experience: human science for an action sensitive pedagogy (Althouse Press, London (ON)).
  4. Altheide DL Johnson JM (1994) in Handbook of qualitative research, Criteria for assessing interpretive validity in qualitative research, eds Denzin NK Lincoln YS (Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks (CA)).
  5. Crabtree BF Miller WL (1999) Doing qualitative research (Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks (CA)), 2nd ed.
  6. Machold CM (2015) The skin-to-skin caesarean section: a Canadian mother and her obstetrician share their stories [dissertation] (University of British Columbia, Vancouver).

Cited by

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Related

Authors
Machold, C. A., O’Rinn, S. E., McKellin, W. H., Ballantyne, G., & Barrett, J. F. R.
Affiliations
Sunnybrook Health Science Centre (CA)
Corresponding author
Machold, Clea A.
ORCID
Venue
CMAJ Open
Publisher
CMA Joule Inc.
Published
2021-07
Volume
9
Issue
3
Pages
E834-E840
ISSN
2291-0026 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.9778/cmajo.20200079
PMC
PMC8428890
OpenAlex
W3196848329
Cited by
10
References
44
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 5 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2
FWCI
0.91
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by-nc-nd
Locations
  • CMAJ Open (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Maternal and Perinatal Health Interventions
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Infant Development and Preterm Care
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Breastfeeding Practices and Influences
Keywords
skin-to-skin contact, cesarean section, maternal experience, mother-infant bonding, breastfeeding, patient control, family support, patient-centered care, postpartum women
MeSH terms
Breast Feeding, Cesarean Section, Female, Humans, Infant, Newborn, Maternal Behavior, Mother-Child Relations, Object Attachment, Ontario, Patient Care Planning, Pregnancy, Touch, Patient-Centered Care, Qualitative Research, Postpartum Period

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