Cited by 1,158Schizophrenia research and treatmentNeural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior

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Meta-analysis of 41 Functional Neuroimaging Studies of Executive Function in Schizophrenia

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Minzenberg, Michael J., Laird, Angela R., Thelen, Sarah, Carter, Cameron S., Glahn, David C.·2009·Archives of General Psychiatry

DOI 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.91PMC PMC2888482

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Abstract

CONTEXT: Prefrontal cortical dysfunction is frequently reported in schizophrenia. It remains unclear whether this represents the coincidence of several prefrontal region- and process-specific impairments or a more unitary dysfunction in a superordinate cognitive control network. Whether these impairments are properly considered reflective of hypofrontality vs hyperfrontality remains unresolved. OBJECTIVES: To test whether common nodes of the cognitive control network exhibit altered activity across functional neuroimaging studies of executive cognition in schizophrenia and to evaluate the direction of these effects. DATA SOURCES: PubMed database. STUDY SELECTION: Forty-one English-language, peer-reviewed articles published prior to February 2007 were included. All reports used functional neuroimaging during executive function performance by adult patients with schizophrenia and reported whole-brain analyses in standard stereotactic space. Tasks primarily included the delayed match-to-sample, N-back, AX-CPT, and Stroop tasks. DATA EXTRACTION: Activation likelihood estimation modeling reported activation maxima as the center of a 3-dimensional gaussian function in the meta-analysis, with statistical thresholding and correction for multiple comparisons. DATA SYNTHESIS: In within-group analyses, healthy controls and patients activated a similarly distributed cortical-subcortical network, prominently including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), ventrolateral PFC, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and thalamus. In between-group analyses, patients showed reduced activation in the left dorsolateral PFC, rostral/dorsal ACC, left thalamus (with significant co-occurrence of these areas), and inferior/posterior cortical areas. Increased activation was observed in several midline cortical areas. Activation within groups varied modestly by task. CONCLUSIONS: Healthy adults and schizophrenic patients activate a qualitatively similar neural network during executive task performance, consistent with the engagement of a general-purpose cognitive control network, with critical nodes in the dorsolateral PFC and ACC. Nevertheless, patients with schizophrenia show altered activity with deficits in the dorsolateral PFC, ACC, and mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus. Increases in activity are evident in other PFC areas, which could be compensatory in nature.

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Authors: Minzenberg, M. J., Laird, A. R., Thelen, S., Carter, C. S., & Glahn, D. C.
Affiliations: University of California Davis Medical Center (US)
The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center (US)
ORCID: Minzenberg, Michael J.
Laird, Angela R.
Carter, Cameron S.
Glahn, David C.
Venue: Archives of General Psychiatry
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 2009-08-01
Volume: 66
Issue: 8
Pages: 811
ISSN: 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.91
PMC: PMC2888482
OpenAlex: W2103655132
Cited by: 1,158
References: 64
Citations by year: 2026: 38 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 116 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 75 · 2018: 78 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 93 · 2014: 78 · 2013: 92 · 2012: 54
FWCI: 7.31
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Locations: Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute of Mental Health (MH 059883, R01MH074457, R01MH059883)
National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR024146)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Keywords: schizophrenia, executive function, cognitive control network, prefrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, thalamus, mediodorsal thalamus, hypofrontality, neural compensation, delayed matching-to-sample, N-back, Stroop task, AX-CPT
MeSH terms: Adult, Brain, Cognition Disorders, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Functional Laterality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Neuropsychological Tests, Schizophrenia, Prefrontal Cortex, Mediodorsal Thalamic Nucleus, Positron-Emission Tomography

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Meta-analysis of 41 Functional Neuroimaging Studies of Executive Function in Schizophrenia

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