The DOI matches its Crossref record; 64 of the 64 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Meta-analysis of 41 Functional Neuroimaging Studies of Executive Function in Schizophrenia
Open accessAbstract
CONTEXT: Prefrontal cortical dysfunction is frequently reported in schizophrenia. It remains unclear whether this represents the coincidence of several prefrontal region- and process-specific impairments or a more unitary dysfunction in a superordinate cognitive control network. Whether these impairments are properly considered reflective of hypofrontality vs hyperfrontality remains unresolved. OBJECTIVES: To test whether common nodes of the cognitive control network exhibit altered activity across functional neuroimaging studies of executive cognition in schizophrenia and to evaluate the direction of these effects. DATA SOURCES: PubMed database. STUDY SELECTION: Forty-one English-language, peer-reviewed articles published prior to February 2007 were included. All reports used functional neuroimaging during executive function performance by adult patients with schizophrenia and reported whole-brain analyses in standard stereotactic space. Tasks primarily included the delayed match-to-sample, N-back, AX-CPT, and Stroop tasks. DATA EXTRACTION: Activation likelihood estimation modeling reported activation maxima as the center of a 3-dimensional gaussian function in the meta-analysis, with statistical thresholding and correction for multiple comparisons. DATA SYNTHESIS: In within-group analyses, healthy controls and patients activated a similarly distributed cortical-subcortical network, prominently including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), ventrolateral PFC, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and thalamus. In between-group analyses, patients showed reduced activation in the left dorsolateral PFC, rostral/dorsal ACC, left thalamus (with significant co-occurrence of these areas), and inferior/posterior cortical areas. Increased activation was observed in several midline cortical areas. Activation within groups varied modestly by task. CONCLUSIONS: Healthy adults and schizophrenic patients activate a qualitatively similar neural network during executive task performance, consistent with the engagement of a general-purpose cognitive control network, with critical nodes in the dorsolateral PFC and ACC. Nevertheless, patients with schizophrenia show altered activity with deficits in the dorsolateral PFC, ACC, and mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus. Increases in activity are evident in other PFC areas, which could be compensatory in nature.
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“Obsessive-compulsive disorder patients and SCZ patients may exhibit abnormal neural activities in the frontostriatal (eg, cingulate cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) and frontoparietal (eg, parietal cortex) networks while performing tasks related to inhibition 26 ,29-31 and shifting, 14 ,32-35 suggesting disrupted inhibition-related and shifting-related circuitries as shared deficits across”
From Cognitive Inflexibility Shares Across Schizophrenia and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Task-Based Functional MRI Study (2025) · cites this paper as [29]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“impaired activation of visual regions has been observed in meta-analyses of visual working memory tasks (93)”
From Sensory Processing Dysfunction in the Personal Experience and Neuronal Machinery of Schizophrenia (2015) · cites this paper as [93]
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Citations
Cites
An Integrative Theory of Prefrontal Cortex Function
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Self-citationMacDonald, A. W., Cohen, J. D., Stenger, V. A., & Carter, C. S. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.288.5472.1835 · Cited by 3,666
Self-citationAnterior Cingulate Conflict Monitoring and Adjustments in Control
Kerns, J. G., Cohen, J. D., MacDonald, A. W., Cho, R. Y., Stenger, V. A., & Carter, C. S. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1089910 · Cited by 2,891
Self-citationStorage and Executive Processes in the Frontal Lobes
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Physiologic Dysfunction of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in Schizophrenia
Weinberger, D. R. (1986) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1986.01800020020004 · Cited by 2,025
Meta-Analysis: Recent Developments in Quantitative Methods for Literature Reviews
Rosenthal, R., & DiMatteo, M. R. (2001) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.59 · Cited by 1,780
Meta-analysis of the functional neuroanatomy of single-word reading: method and validation
Turkeltaub, P. E., Eden, G. F., Jones, K. M., & Zeffiro, T. A. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1131 · Cited by 1,604
Bias between MNI and Talairach coordinates analyzed using the ICBM‐152 brain template
Lancaster, J. L., Tordesillas‐Gutiérrez, D., Martinez, M., Salinas, F., Evans, A., Zilles, K., Mazziotta, J. C., & Fox, P. T. (2007) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20345 · Cited by 1,464
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The connectomics of brain disorders
Fornito, A., Zalesky, A., & Breakspear, M. (2015) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3901 · Cited by 1,734
Niendam, T. A., Laird, A. R., Ray, K. L., Dean, Y. M., Glahn, D. C., & Carter, C. S. (2012) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-011-0083-5 · Cited by 1,700
“Executive functions were defined as processes that are required in order to regulate or guide other cognitive processes in order to support goal-directed behavior (Minzenberg et al., 2009).”
BackgroundSelf-citationFunctional Connectivity and Brain Networks in Schizophrenia
Lynall, M.-E., Bassett, D. S., Kerwin, R., McKenna, P. J., Kitzbichler, M. G., Müller, U., & Bullmore, E. T. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0333-10.2010 · Cited by 1,348
Millan, M. J., Agid, Y., Brüne, M., Bullmore, E. T., Carter, C. S., Clayton, N. S., Connor, R., Davis, S., Deakin, B., DeRubeis, R. J., et al. (2012) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd3628 · Cited by 1,292
Self-citationTurkeltaub, P., Eickhoff, S., Laird, A. R., Fox, M., Wiener, M., & Fox, P. (2011) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.21186 · Cited by 1,114
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Metadata
- Authors
- Minzenberg, M. J., Laird, A. R., Thelen, S., Carter, C. S., & Glahn, D. C.
- Affiliations
- University of California Davis Medical Center (US)
- The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center (US)
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2009-08-01
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 811
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2888482
- OpenAlex
- W2103655132
- Cited by
- 1,158
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 116 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 75 · 2018: 78 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 93 · 2014: 78 · 2013: 92 · 2012: 54
- FWCI
- 7.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 059883, R01MH074457, R01MH059883)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR024146)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- schizophrenia, executive function, cognitive control network, prefrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, thalamus, mediodorsal thalamus, hypofrontality, neural compensation, delayed matching-to-sample, N-back, Stroop task, AX-CPT
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Cognition Disorders, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Functional Laterality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Neuropsychological Tests, Schizophrenia, Prefrontal Cortex, Mediodorsal Thalamic Nucleus, Positron-Emission Tomography
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