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Meta-analysis of 41 Functional Neuroimaging Studies of Executive Function in Schizophrenia
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CONTEXT: Prefrontal cortical dysfunction is frequently reported in schizophrenia. It remains unclear whether this represents the coincidence of several prefrontal region- and process-specific impairments or a more unitary dysfunction in a superordinate cognitive control network. Whether these impairments are properly considered reflective of hypofrontality vs hyperfrontality remains unresolved. OBJECTIVES: To test whether common nodes of the cognitive control network exhibit altered activity across functional neuroimaging studies of executive cognition in schizophrenia and to evaluate the direction of these effects. DATA SOURCES: PubMed database. STUDY SELECTION: Forty-one English-language, peer-reviewed articles published prior to February 2007 were included. All reports used functional neuroimaging during executive function performance by adult patients with schizophrenia and reported whole-brain analyses in standard stereotactic space. Tasks primarily included the delayed match-to-sample, N-back, AX-CPT, and Stroop tasks. DATA EXTRACTION: Activation likelihood estimation modeling reported activation maxima as the center of a 3-dimensional gaussian function in the meta-analysis, with statistical thresholding and correction for multiple comparisons. DATA SYNTHESIS: In within-group analyses, healthy controls and patients activated a similarly distributed cortical-subcortical network, prominently including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), ventrolateral PFC, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and thalamus. In between-group analyses, patients showed reduced activation in the left dorsolateral PFC, rostral/dorsal ACC, left thalamus (with significant co-occurrence of these areas), and inferior/posterior cortical areas. Increased activation was observed in several midline cortical areas. Activation within groups varied modestly by task. CONCLUSIONS: Healthy adults and schizophrenic patients activate a qualitatively similar neural network during executive task performance, consistent with the engagement of a general-purpose cognitive control network, with critical nodes in the dorsolateral PFC and ACC. Nevertheless, patients with schizophrenia show altered activity with deficits in the dorsolateral PFC, ACC, and mediodorsal nucleus of the thalamus. Increases in activity are evident in other PFC areas, which could be compensatory in nature.
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“Obsessive-compulsive disorder patients and SCZ patients may exhibit abnormal neural activities in the frontostriatal (eg, cingulate cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) and frontoparietal (eg, parietal cortex) networks while performing tasks related to inhibition 26 ,29-31 and shifting, 14 ,32-35 suggesting disrupted inhibition-related and shifting-related circuitries as shared deficits across”
From Cognitive Inflexibility Shares Across Schizophrenia and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Task-Based Functional MRI Study (2025) · cites this paper as [29]
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“impaired activation of visual regions has been observed in meta-analyses of visual working memory tasks (93)”
From Sensory Processing Dysfunction in the Personal Experience and Neuronal Machinery of Schizophrenia (2015) · cites this paper as [93]
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Minzenberg, M. J., Laird, A. R., Thelen, S., Carter, C. S., & Glahn, D. C.
- Affiliations
- University of California Davis Medical Center (US)
- The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center (US)
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2009-08-01
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 811
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2888482
- OpenAlex
- W2103655132
- Cited by
- 1,158
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 116 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 75 · 2018: 78 · 2017: 78 · 2016: 81 · 2015: 93 · 2014: 78 · 2013: 92 · 2012: 54
- FWCI
- 7.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 059883, R01MH074457, R01MH059883)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR024146)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- schizophrenia, executive function, cognitive control network, prefrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, thalamus, mediodorsal thalamus, hypofrontality, neural compensation, delayed matching-to-sample, N-back, Stroop task, AX-CPT
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Cognition Disorders, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Functional Laterality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Neuropsychological Tests, Schizophrenia, Prefrontal Cortex, Mediodorsal Thalamic Nucleus, Positron-Emission Tomography
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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