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Cited by 403Schizophrenia research and treatmentMental Health and PsychiatryNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior

Sensory Processing Dysfunction in the Personal Experience and Neuronal Machinery of Schizophrenia

Open access
Javitt, Daniel C., Freedman, Robert·2015·American Journal of Psychiatry
DOI 10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13121691PMC PMC4501403
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Abstract

Sensory processing deficits, first investigated by Kraeplin and Bleuler as possible pathophysiological mechanisms in schizophrenia, are now being re-characterized in the context of modern understanding of the involved molecular and neurobiological brain mechanisms. The National Institute of Mental Health Research Domain Criteria position these deficits as intermediaries between molecular and cellular mechanisms and clinical symptoms of schizophrenia such as hallucinations. The pre-pulse inhibition of startle responses by a weaker preceding tone, the inhibitory gating of response to paired sensory stimuli characterized using the auditory P50 evoked response, and the detection of slightly different stimuli that elicits the cortical Mismatch Negativity potential demonstrate deficits in early sensory processing mechanisms, whose molecular and neurobiological bases are increasingly well understood. Deficits in sensory processing underlie more complex cognitive dysfunction and, vice versa, are affected by higher-level cognitive difficulties. These deficits are now being used to identify genes involved in familial transmission of the illness and to monitor potentially therapeutic drug effects for both treatment and prevention. This research also provides a clinical reminder that patients’ sensory perception of the surrounding world, even during treatment sessions, may differ considerable from others’ perceptions. A person’s ability to understand and interact effectively with surroun…

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Cites

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 149 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingcitation

    Patients required longer time to detect a target (critical stimulus duration) in visual backward masking studies.

    “Subsequent studies of visual backward masking(87) demonstrated that patients not only required longer time to detect a target, a parameter termed “critical stimulus duration,””
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  • Findingcitation

    MMN deficits are heritable across the general population.

    “Like P50 and PPI deficits, MMN deficits are heritable across the general population (66).”
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    • cites [66] source

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  • Findingcitation

    Holzman observed that both patients and their unaffected family members showed more variability of eye movement during eye tracking than did healthy volunteers.

    “Nevertheless, modern studies of visual processing in schizophrenia were not conducted until the 1960’s when Holzman observed that both patients and their unaffected family members showed more variability of eye movement during eye tracking than did healthy volunteers (85, 86).”
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  • Findingcitation

    Patients with schizophrenia show deficits in generation of other cortical auditory responses, such as the auditory steady-state response to rapidly presented stimuli.

    “In addition to MMN deficits, patients with schizophrenia also show deficits in generation of other cortical auditory responses, such as the auditory steady-state response to rapidly presented stimuli (rev. in 71).”
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  • Findingcitation

    Impairments in MMN continue to develop over initial stages of the illness.

    “In keeping with the continued maturation of auditory cortex in adolescence (Figure 1A), impairments in MMN continue to develop over initial stages of the illness (69)”
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  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 19

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    Findingcitation

    Deficits in MMN generation were first reported in the early 1990s and have since been a widely replicated neurophysiological finding in schizophrenia.

    “Deficits in MMN generation were first reported in the early 1990’s, and this finding has since been a widely replicated neurophysiological finding in schizophrenia (rev. in 3, 61, 62, 63)”
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    Findingcitation

    Deficits in P50 gating and PPI are both associated with increased severity of auditory hallucinations.

    “Consistent with this hypothesis, deficits in P50 gating and PPI are both associated with increased severity of auditory hallucinations (51, 52).”
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    Findingcitation

    In schizophrenia, the auditory and visual emotion processing deficits are correlated but independent.

    “In schizophrenia, the auditory and visual emotion processing deficits are correlated but independent (74)”
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    Findingcitation

    Patients during the early stages of schizophrenia often experience visual illusions and feelings that images are fragmentary.

    “Patients during the early stages of schizophrenia often experience visual illusions and feelings that images are fragmentary (101, 102).”
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    Findingcitation

    Impaired activation has been observed to low spatial frequency stimulation, along with visual behavioral deficits.

    “Nevertheless, impaired activation have been observed to low spatial frequency stimulation (91, 92), along with visual behavioral deficits.”
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    Findingcitation

    Schizophrenia patients show severe deficits in passage, but not single word, reading.

    “As predicted, schizophrenia patients show severe deficits in passage, but not single word, reading (105)”
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    Findingnone given

    If the clinician can communicate that many patients find colors may seem more intense, visual perception may be more fragmented, and sounds may seem too loud or too intrusive, patients are often relieved that their situation is understood.

    “If the clinician can communicate that many patients find colors may seem more intense, visual perception may be more fragmented, and sounds may seem too loud or too intrusive, patients are often relieved that their situation is understood.”
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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Patients are often disturbed by their sensory distortions, but may not volunteer this information to clinicians, particularly if they are already developing parnaoia.

    “Patients are often disturbed by their sensory distortions, but may not volunteer this information to clinicians, particularly if they are already developing parnaoia.”
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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    Deficits in visual function are tied to impaired facial discrimination and reading.

    “Deficits in visual function are tied to impaired facial discrimination and reading.”
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    Findingcitation

    Persistent abnormalities in P50 gating are associated with impaired ability to focus attention on specific tasks, a cognitive deficit associated with poor psychosocial rehabilitation.

    “Persistent abnormalities in P50 gating are associated with impaired ability to focus attention on specific tasks, a cognitive deficits associated with poor psychosocial rehabilitation (16).”
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    Findingcitation

    Deficits in MMN are tied to impairments in both orientation to critical environmental events and detection of the sensory modulations that are used to communicate social information such as emotion or attitude by tone of voice.

    “Deficits in MMN are tied to impairments in both orientation to critical environmental events and detection of the sensory modulations that are used to communicate social information such as emotion or attitude by tone of voice (3).”
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  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Deficits in auditory and visual sensory processing may not fully explain patients' psychotic experience, but they are a paradigmatic example of research guided by patients' own descriptions of their experience of the world.

    “Deficits in auditory and visual sensory processing may not fully explain patients’ psychotic experience, but they are a paradigmatic example of research that has been guided by patients’ own descriptions of their experience of the world.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The P50 response to the second of paired stimuli is decreased relative to the first in normal persons, an example of inhibitory sensory gating.

    “The P50 response to the second of paired stimuli in is decreased relative to the first in normal persons, an example of inhibitory sensory gating (10).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [10] Freedman R, 1983, Biol Psychiatry

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  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Much sensory processing occurs outside conscious awareness, so unless it is specifically tested patients will be unaware of their deficits.

    “Much of this processing occurs outside the realm of conscious awareness, so unless it is specifically tested patients will be unaware of their deficits.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Reticular neurons have rapidly habituating responses to repeated stimulation and form the brain's initial sensory gating mechanism, preventing other brain regions from being flooded with repeated and presumed less important sensory information.

    “Reticular neurons have rapidly habituating responses to repeated stimulation and thus form the brain’s initial sensory gating mechanism, which prevents other brain regions from being flooded with repeated and presumed less important sensory information”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Sensory processing deficits are now being used to identify genes involved in familial transmission of schizophrenia and to monitor potentially therapeutic drug effects for treatment and prevention.

    “These deficits are now being used to identify genes involved in familial transmission of the illness and to monitor potentially therapeutic drug effects for both treatment and prevention.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    In humans, the largest initial cerebral response to an auditory stimulus is a positive wave at 50 ms, termed the P50 potential.

    “In humans, the largest initial cerebral response to an auditory stimulus is a positive wave that occurs at 50 ms and is thus termed the P50 potential.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Pre-pulse inhibition, P50 inhibitory gating, and mismatch negativity demonstrate deficits in early sensory processing mechanisms in schizophrenia.

    “The pre-pulse inhibition of startle responses by a weaker preceding tone, the inhibitory gating of response to paired sensory stimuli characterized using the auditory P50 evoked response, and the detection of slightly different stimuli that elicits the cortical Mismatch Negativity potential demonstrate deficits in early sensory processing mechanisms”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Deficits in sensory processing underlie more complex cognitive dysfunction and are also affected by higher-level cognitive difficulties.

    “Deficits in sensory processing underlie more complex cognitive dysfunction and, vice versa, are affected by higher-level cognitive difficulties.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    Many neurotransmitter mechanisms most associated with schizophrenia, such as glutamate, GABA, dopamine and acetylcholine, as well as their receptors, are widely distributed throughout the brain, as are many associated risk genes, suggesting their effects on brain function should be equally detectable across brain regions.

    “many of the neurotransmitter mechanisms most associated with schizophrenia, such as glutamate, GABA, dopamine and acetylcholine, as well as their receptors, are widely distributed throughout brain as are many of the associated risk genes, suggesting that their effects on brain function should be equally detectable across brain regions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    The inhibition of the second stimulus is maximal at 500 msec, later than the maximal PPI interval of 60 msec.

    “The inhibition of the second stimulus is maximal at 500 msec, later than the maximal PPI interval of 60 msec.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    There is convergence between the genetic findings and the neurobiological model, corroborated by postmortem findings of decreased α7-nicotinic receptors in schizophrenia.

    “Thus, there is convergence between the genetic findings and the neurobiological model, corroborated by postmortem findings of decreased α7-nicotinic receptors in schizophrenia (31).”
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    Premisecitation

    The NRG1-induced deficits do not appear until adolescence, modeling the time course of onset of schizophrenia.

    “Intriguingly, the NRG1-induced deficits do not appear until adolescence (33), modeling the time course of onset of schizophrenia. (34)”
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    Premisecitation

    For both PPI and P50 gating, despite the origin of the effect in reticular brain stem neurons, the response engages an entire network of brain circuits, the dopaminergic circuits of the basal ganglia for PPI and the basal cholinergic nuclei and cortex for P50 gating.

    “For both PPI and P50 gating, despite the origin of the effect in reticular brain stem neurons, the response engages an entire network of brain circuits, the dopaminergic circuits of the basal ganglia for PPI and the basal cholinergic nuclei and cortex for P50 gating (8, 9).”
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    Premisecitation

    The α7-nicotinic receptor is found presynaptically on glutamate nerve terminals and postsynaptically on inhibitory interneurons, particularly in the hippocampus and nucleus reticularis thalamis.

    “The α7-nicotinic receptor is found presynaptically on glutamate nerve terminals and postsynaptically on inhibitory interneurons (Figure 2B), particularly in the hippocampus and nucleus reticularis thalamis (9).”
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    Premisereasoning

    Cholinergic inputs do not reach the hippocampus until shortly before birth, so they are not stimulated by synaptically released acetylcholine.

    “However, cholinergic inputs do not reach the hippocampus until shortly before birth. Therefore, they are not stimulated by synaptically released acetylcholine.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

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    Premisecitation

    In families affected with multiple cases of schizophrenia, the deficit in P50 gating segregates as an autosomal dominant and is linked to the CHRNA7 gene complex, which forms the α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.

    “In families affected with multiple cases of schizophrenia, the deficit in P50 gating segregates as an autosomal dominant and is linked to the CHRNA7 gene complex, which forms the α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (26).”
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    Interpretationcitation

    In many patients the PPI and P50 gating deficits do not occur together, and thus they represent distinct aspects of pathophysiology.

    “In many patients the two deficits do not occur together, and thus they represent distinct aspects of pathophysiology (11).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    The PPI deficit is more pronounced in women, who normally show less inhibition than men.

    “The deficit is more pronounced in women, who normally show less inhibition than men.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Deficits in CHRNA7 null mutant mice for P50 gating and in NRG-1 null mutants for PPI have been reported.

    “Deficits in CHRNA7 null mutant mice for P50 gating (32) and in NRG-1 null mutants for PPI have also been reported (8).”
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    Premisecitation

    In schizotypal adults, deficiencies in P50 inhibition are associated with difficulties in 'hearing everything at once' and with a sense of unreality, including perceptual anomalies and magical beliefs.

    “but in schizotypal adults deficiencies in P50 inhibition are associated with difficulties in “hearing everything at once” and with a sense of unreality, including perceptual anomalies and magical beliefs (20, 21).”
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    Premisecitation

    Human studies are mixed, with several but not all showing enhancement of cognition and relief of negative symptoms.

    “Human studies are mixed with several but not all showing enhancement of cognition and relief of negative symptoms (39–41).”
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    Premisecitation

    P50 inhibitory gating deficits in schizophrenia have been associated with the frequency and intensity of auditory hallucinations and with neurocognitive measures of decreased vigilance and attention.

    “P50 inhibitory gating deficits in schizophrenia have been associated with the frequency and intensity of auditory hallucinations and with neurocognitive measures of decreased vigilance and attention, consistent with the role of inhibitory sensory gating in protecting the brain from being responsive to extraneous stimuli while it is trying to focus attention on a task (16, 17).”
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    Premisecitation

    Rodent models of P50 gating emphasize the hippocampus, but sources for human P50 have been found in the superior temporal gyrus and cortical rhythms are altered during the sensory gating paradigm, with a decrease in beta electroencephalographic waves.

    “Rodent models of P50 gating emphasize the response in the hippocampus, but sources for human P50 have been found in the superior temporal gyrus and cortical rhythms are altered during the sensory gating paradigm, with a decrease in beta electroencephalographic waves (13).”
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    Premisecitation

    Increased development of the superior longitudinal fasciculi white matter fiber tracts connecting auditory areas in the temporal lobe with the prefrontal cortex correlates with increased severity of auditory hallucinations and provides a possible anatomical correlate.

    “Increased development of the superior longitudinal fasiculi white matter fiber tracts connecting the auditory areas in the temporal lobe with the prefrontal cortex also correlate with increased severity of auditory hallucinations and provide a possible anatomical correlate (50).”
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    Premisenone given

    Magnocellular function can be assessed only through use of specially designed stimuli or tasks, such as measures of contrast sensitivity to low spatial frequency stimuli or related neurophysiological measures.

    “Magnocellular function can be assessed only through use of specially designed stimuli or tasks, such as measures of contrast sensitivity to low spatial frequency stimuli or related neurophysiological measures.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Neither sound localization nor the cortical anatomical substrate is enhanced in schizophrenia compared to controls, but their preservation in patients with more severe hallucinations may reflect the output of a relatively intact cerebral cortex attempting to analyze an unregulated stream of sensory information resulting from earlier gating dysfunctions and specific synaptic dysfunction within thec

    “Neither sound localization nor the cortical anatomical substrate are enhanced in schizophrenia, compared to controls, but their preservation in patients with more severe hallucinations compared to those without this symptom intensity may reflect the output of a relatively intact cerebral cortex that is attempting to analyze an unregulated stream of sensory information resulting from earlier gating”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Patients experiencing dorsal stream dysfunction may be unaware of what they are missing and may not know that their subjective experience differs from that of other people.

    “A consequence of such unconscious processing is that patients experiencing dorsal stream dysfunction may be unaware of what they are missing and may not know that their subjective experience differs from that of other people.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Visual dysfunction in schizophrenia may go undetected unless specifically evaluated.

    “As with auditory deficits, visual dysfunction in schizophrenia may go undetected unless specifically evaluated.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Interpretationreasoning

    Schizophrenia-related dyslexia represents a regression from a higher level of function and thus may go undetected unless specifically assessed.

    “However, whereas developmental dyslexia occurs during school years, permitting early detection and remediation, schizophrenia-related dyslexia represents a regression from a higher level of function and thus may go undetected unless specifically assessed.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Low level deficits may cascade up the system to produce higher order cognitive impairments.

    “Nevertheless, as in the auditory system low level deficits may cascade up the system to produce higher order cognitive impairments.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Clinicians and families, as well as patients themselves, who are aware of these impairments may be able to compensate for them by more explicit explanations of communications, with the realization that patients may easily misperceive even the most helpful intent.

    “Clinicians and families, as well as patients themselves, who are aware of these impairments may be able to compensate for them by more explicit explanations of communications, with the realization that patients may easily misperceive even the most helpful intent.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Clinicians must be aware that patients may be unable to detect the variations in tonality that are used to communicate information, such as emotion or even attitude (e.g. humor and sarcasm) or to process the visual information needed to correctly interpret facial expression, contributing to their difficulty in interpersonal and social interactions.

    “Clinicians must be aware as well that patients may be unable to detect the variations in tonality that are used to communicate information, such as emotion or even attitude (e.g. humor and sarcasm) or to process the visual information needed to correctly interpret facial expression, contributing to their difficulty in interpersonal and social interactions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    These topics may be simpler to explore with patients than their more cognitively elaborated hallucinations and paranoid delusions.

    “These topics may be simpler to explore with patients than their more cognitively elaborated hallucinations and paranoid delusions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The NIMH has recently proposed the Research Domain Criterion initiative, which views neurocognitive deficits as being present dimensionally across neuropsychiatric disorders.

    “The NIMH has recently proposed the Research Domain Criterion initiative (119), which views neurocognitive deficits as being present dimensionally across neuropsychiatric disorders.”
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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Research tools for assessing sensory dysfunction are not used in clinical practice.

    “While research tools for assessing sensory dysfunction are not used in clinical practice”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The synaptic mechanisms and associated genes are now targets for new drug development to improve cognitive function in schizophrenia.

    “The synaptic mechanisms and associated genes are now targets for new drug development to improve cognitive function in schizophrenia, one of its most limiting clinical features.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Both isolation in a quiet environment and antipsychotic drugs are used to achieve this initial therapeutic effect.

    “Both isolation in a quiet environment and antipsychotic drugs are used to achieve this initial therapeutic effect.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Clinical observations of patients' sensory function have a role in treatment.

    “clinical observations of patients’ sensory function also have a role in treatment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    ASD patients' deficits in multisensory facilitation may lead to a fragmented experience of the environment.

    “perhaps leading to a fragmented experience of the environment, (117, 118).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [117] source

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    • cites [118] source

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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Clinicians treating acutely ill patients look for the subsidence of the hyper-vigilant state as an early therapeutic milestone.

    “Clinicians treating acutely ill patients look for the subsidence of the hyper-vigilant state as an early therapeutic milestone.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Sensory processing measures may make appropriate targets for intervention across, as well as within, specific nosological entities.

    “and may make appropriate targets for intervention across, as well as within, specific nosological entities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Assessments of sensory dysfunction, including PPI, P50 inhibitory gating, auditory MMN, and visual P1, steady state, and magnocellular responses reveal heritable neurobiological abnormalities in schizophrenia that include deficits in nicotinic cholinergic, NMDA glutamatergic, dopaminergic, and GABAergic synaptic mechanisms.

    “Assessments of sensory dysfunction, including PPI, P50 inhibitory gating, auditory MMN, and visual P1, steady state, and magnocellular responses reveal heritable neurobiological abnormalities in schizophrenia that include deficits in nicotinic cholinergic, NMDA glutamatergic, dopaminergic, and GABAergic synaptic mechanisms.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
53 of 53

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Elementary sensation, such as auditory detection thresholds or visual acuity, is generally normal in patients, reflecting integrity of the peripheral sensory apparatus.

    “Elementary sensation, such as auditory detection thresholds or visual acuity, is generally considered to be normal in patients, reflecting integrity of the peripheral sensory apparatus.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Schizophrenia cannot be reproduced in animals.

    “Although schizophrenia cannot be re-produced in animals, mouse and rat analogues of PPI and P50 deficits can be produced.”
2 of 2

The citation lists haven’t been fetched yet

References 132 · Cited by 403

Research works printed but not linked: 5

  1. Freedman R, 1983, Biol Psychiatry, 18, 537
  2. Hutchison AK, J Atten Disord
  3. Kantrowitz JT, Psychol Med
  4. Franks RD, 1983, Biol Psychiatry, 18, 989
  5. Delay J, 1955, J Clin Exp Psychopathol, 16, 104

Authors
Javitt, D. C., & Freedman, R.
Affiliations
Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research (US)
ORCID
Venue
American Journal of Psychiatry
Publisher
American Psychiatric Association Publishing
Published
2015-01-01
Volume
172
Issue
1
Pages
17-31
ISSN
  • 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
  • 1535-7228
DOI
10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13121691
PMC
PMC4501403
OpenAlex
W2123703395
Cited by
403
References
132
Citations by year
2026: 33 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 49 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 1
FWCI
3.58
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
National Institute of Mental Health (P50MH086383, P50MH086385, R01 MH49334, R01MH049334)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Keywords
sensory processing disorders, schizophrenia, prepulse inhibition, mismatch negativity, hallucinations, cognitive impairment, genetic susceptibility, treatment monitoring, Research Domain Criteria, sensory perception
MeSH terms
Acoustic Stimulation, Brain, Evoked Potentials, Auditory, Humans, Reaction Time, Schizophrenia, Reflex, Startle, Sensory Gating

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-11.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-11.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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