Meta-analytic evidence for a superordinate cognitive control network subserving diverse executive functions
Open accessAbstract
Classic cognitive theory conceptualizes executive functions as involving multiple specific domains, including initiation, inhibition, working memory, flexibility, planning, and vigilance. Lesion and neuroimaging experiments over the past two decades have suggested that both common and unique processes contribute to executive functions during higher cognition. It has been suggested that a superordinate fronto–cingulo–parietal network supporting cognitive control may also underlie a range of distinct executive functions. To test this hypothesis in the largest sample to date, we used quantitative meta-analytic methods to analyze 193 functional neuroimaging studies of 2,832 healthy individuals, ages 18–60, in which performance on executive function measures was contrasted with an active control condition. A common pattern of activation was observed in the prefrontal, dorsal anterior cingulate, and parietal cortices across executive function domains, supporting the idea that executive functions are supported by a superordinate cognitive control network. However, domain-specific analyses showed some variation in the recruitment of anterior prefrontal cortex, anterior and midcingulate regions, and unique subcortical regions such as the basal ganglia and cerebellum. These results are consistent with the existence of a superordinate cognitive control network in the brain, involving dorsolateral prefrontal, anterior cingulate, and parietal cortices, that supports a broad range of executive functions.
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Niendam et al.'s meta-analytic study of 193 neuroimaging fMRI studies of EF showed broad patterns of activation across the lateral and medial PFC, including regions BA-9 and BA-46 (dlPFC) and BA-32 (rostral ACC), as well as both superior and inferior regions of the parietal lobes for tasks with predominantly working memory, flexibility, or inhibitory components.
“For example, Niendam et al.‘s [137] meta-analytic study of 193 neuroimaging fMRI studies of EF showed broad patterns of activation across the lateral and medial PFC, including regions BA-9 and BA-46 (dlPFC) and BA-32 (rostral ACC), as well as both superior and inferior regions of the parietal lobes for tasks with predominantly working memory, flexibility, or inhibitory components.”
From The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function (2022) · cites this paper as [137]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredConjunction maps of activation during different tasks suggest that both children and adults recruit a common set of regions within the FPN and CON during diverse EF tasks.
“Conjunction maps of activation during different tasks (e.g., during inhibiting, updating, and shifting tasks), either with data estimated within one study [135, 138, 139] or with meta-analytic techniques [137, 140, 141], suggest that both children and adults recruit a common set of regions within the FPN and CON during diverse EF tasks.”
From The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function (2022) · cites this paper as [137]
The Global analysis across all domains reports that a conjunction analysis found common frontal, parietal, and anterior cingulate activation across flexibility, inhibition, and working-memory tasks. But Study selection limits the included participants to healthy adults aged 18–60, so this paper does not support the claim about children. It describes a shared cognitive-control network rather than establishing recruitment of both the FPN and CON as distinct networks. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAt the neurobiological level, unity can be seen in the overall patterns of neural activations during CC tasks: individuals performing these kinds of tasks generally activate some of the same brain regions across multiple tasks, although they also activate some regions that are unique to a particular task.
“At the neurobiological level, this unity can be seen in the overall patterns of neural activations during CC tasks [135–137]: Neuroimaging studies suggest that individuals performing these kinds of tasks generally activate some of the same brain regions across multiple tasks, although they also activate some regions that are unique to a particular task.”
From The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function (2022) · cites this paper as [137]
The executive control network, which overlaps with the frontostriatal and frontoparietal networks, is a fundamental neural substrate underpinning higher-order cognitive functions.
“The ECN, which overlaps with the frontostriatal and frontoparietal networks, is a fundamental neural substrate underpinning higher-order cognitive functions.”
From Cognitive Inflexibility Shares Across Schizophrenia and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Task-Based Functional MRI Study (2025) · cites this paper as [39]
The cognitive control network (CCN) plays a pivotal role in regulating top-down cognitive processes.
“The cognitive control network (CCN),7 mainly comprising the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, postparietal cortex, and frontal eye fields, plays a pivotal role in regulating top-down cognitive processes.8”
From Can Intermittent Theta-Burst Stimulation of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Relieve Executive Dysfunction in Patients With Late-Life Depression? (2024) · cites this paper as [7]
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is a key node within the cognitive control network, which is thought to subserve executive functions such as response inhibition, set-shifting, and planning.
“The DLPFC is a key node within the cognitive control network, 13 which is thought to subserve executive functions, such as response inhibition, set-shifting, and planning.”
The Go system could drive craving and engage habits via the basal ganglia.
“The Go system could drive craving and engage habits via the basal ganglia.105,127”
From Neurobiology of addiction: a neurocircuitry analysis (2016) · cites this paper as [127]
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports caudate and putamen activation in executive-function tasks, but does not connect those regions to a Go system, craving, or habits. Searches for those terms and for basal-ganglia, striatal, reward, and motivational mechanisms found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe frontoparietal control network has an important role in executive control of attention.
“It is now widely established that the frontoparietal control network (FPCN) plays an important role in executive control of attention.156–159”
From The default network and self-generated thought: component processes, dynamic control, and clinical relevance (2014) · cites this paper as [158]
Performance of executive tasks is associated with activation in a large set of brain regions, involving prefrontal and parietal areas, motor regions, as well as subcortical structures.
“Although the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is thought to play a key role in mediating executive control, neuroimaging and lesion studies demonstrated that the performance of executive tasks is associated with activation in a large set of brain regions, involving prefrontal and parietal areas, motor regions, as well as subcortical structures, such as basal ganglia and thalamus (Duncan and Owen, 2000; D”
From Executive control training from middle childhood to adolescence (2014) · cites this paper as Niendam et al., 2012
Decades of functional neuroimaging work have delineated the executive control/lateral frontoparietal and salience/midcingulo-insular networks as brain networks underlying executive functions that contribute to cognitive flexibility.
“Decades of functional neuroimaging work has delineated brain networks underlying EFs that contribute to cognitive flexibility (21,22), namely the executive control/lateral frontoparietal (L-FPN) and salience/midcingulo-insular networks (M-CIN) (23–25).”
From Brain Mechanisms Supporting Flexible Cognition and Behavior in Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder (2021) · cites this paper as [22]
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Glahn, D. C., Ragland, J., Abramoff, A., Barrett, J., Laird, A. R., Bearden, C., & Velligan, D. (2005) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20138 · Cited by 660 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Activation likelihood estimation has been has been used to address similar research questions in both healthy and patient samples (Binder, Desai, Graves, & Conant, 2009; Caspers, Zilles, Laird, & Eickhoff, 2010; Chouinard & Goodale, 2010; Dickstein, Bannon, Castellanos, & Milham, 2006; Fusar-Poli et al., 2009; Glahn e…”
Self-citationAnterior cingulate cortex, conflict monitoring, and levels of processing
van Veen, V., Cohen, J. D., Botvinick, M. M., Stenger, V. A., & Carter, C. S. (2001) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2001.0923 · Cited by 656 · see citing works
Self-citationRubia, K., Smith, A. B., Woolley, J., Nosarti, C., Heyman, I., Taylor, E., & Brammer, M. (2006) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20237 · Cited by 632 · see citing works
The Contribution of the Anterior Cingulate Cortex to Executive Processes in Cognition
Carter, C. S., Botvinick, M., & Cohen, J. D. (1999) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro.1999.10.1.49 · Cited by 624 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…functions are indeed associated with increased activity in this common cognitive control network (Bellebaum & Daum, 2007; Botvinick et al., 2001; Carter et al., 1999; Cohen et al., 2000; D'Esposito & Postle, 2002; Yarkoni et al., 2005), which includes the DLPFC (BAs 9, 46), frontopolar cortex…”
BackgroundSelf-citationSelective Deficits in Prefrontal Cortex Function in Medication-Naive Patients With Schizophrenia
Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S., Braver, T. S., Sabb, F. W., MacDonald, A. W., Noll, D. C., & Cohen, J. D. (2001) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.3.280 · Cited by 615 · see citing works
Self-citationResponse inhibition and impulsivity: An fMRI study
Horn, N. R., Dolan, M., Elliott, R., Deakin, J. F. W., & Woodruff, P. W. R. (2003) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(03)00077-0 · Cited by 604 · see citing works
Activation of the prefrontal cortex in a nonspatial working memory task with functional MRI
Cohen, J. D., Forman, S. D., Braver, T. S., Casey, B. J., Servan‐Schreiber, D., & Noll, D. C. (1994) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.460010407 · Cited by 576 · see citing works
Positron emission tomography study of voluntary saccadic eye movements and spatial working memory
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The role of prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex in task switching
Sohn, M.-H., Ursu, S., Anderson, J. R., Stenger, V. A., & Carter, C. S. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.240460497 · Cited by 552 · see citing works
Self-citationAttentional Control in the Aging Brain: Insights from an fMRI Study of the Stroop Task
Milham, M. P., Erickson, K. I., Banich, M. T., Kramer, A. F., WEBB, A. G., Wszalek, T., & Cohen, N. J. (2002) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1006/brcg.2001.1501 · Cited by 546 · see citing works
Load-Dependent Roles of Frontal Brain Regions in the Maintenance of Working Memory
Rypma, B., Prabhakaran, V., Desmond, J. E., Glover, G. H., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (1999) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1998.0404 · Cited by 545 · see citing works
Cognitive control and brain resources in major depression: An fMRI study using the n-back task
Harvey, P.-O., Fossati, P., Pochon, J.-B., Levy, R., LeBastard, G., Lehéricy, S., Allilaire, J.-F., & Dubois, B. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.02.048 · Cited by 534 · see citing works
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Prefrontal regions involved in keeping information in and out of mind
Bunge, S. A. (2001) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/124.10.2074 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
Task-Specific Neural Activity in the Primate Prefrontal Cortex
Asaad, W. F., Rainer, G., & Miller, E. K. (2000) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.2000.84.1.451 · Cited by 524 · see citing works
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Mapping context and content: the BrainMap model
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“A search of the BrainMap database (Fox & Lancaster, 2002; Laird, Fox, et al., 2005) was performed to identify all English-language, peer-reviewed studies that investigated executive function tasks in multiple healthy individuals, ages 18–60 years, using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)…”
MethodRole of the Human Medial Frontal Cortex in Task Switching: A Combined fMRI and TMS Study
Rushworth, M. F. S., Hadland, K. A., Paus, T., & Sipilä, P. (2002) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.2002.87.5.2577 · Cited by 516 · see citing works
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Functional abnormalities in the dyslexic brain: A quantitative meta‐analysis of neuroimaging studies
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Self-citationDissociable contributions of prefrontal and parietal cortices to response selection
Bunge, S. A., Hazeltine, E., Scanlon, M. D., Rosen, A. C., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1252 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
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The neural substrates underlying word generation: A bilingual functional-imaging study
Klein, D., Milner, B., Zatorre, R. J., Meyer, E., & Evans, A. C. (1995) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.92.7.2899 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
An Event-related Functional MRI Study of the Stroop Color Word Interference Task
Leung, H. (2000) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/10.6.552 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
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Anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortex: who's in control?
Cohen, J. D., Botvinick, M., & Carter, C. S. (2000) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/74783 · Cited by 436 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…associated with increased activity in this common cognitive control network (Bellebaum & Daum, 2007; Botvinick et al., 2001; Carter et al., 1999; Cohen et al., 2000; D'Esposito & Postle, 2002; Yarkoni et al., 2005), which includes the DLPFC (BAs 9, 46), frontopolar cortex (BA 10), orbitofrontal…”
BackgroundSelf-citationSome cognitive effects of frontal-lobe lesions in man
Milner, B. A. (1982) · Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1982.0083 · Cited by 427 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Prefrontal damage in humans also impairs various executive functions, including planning (Owen, Downes, Sahakian, Polkey, & Robbins, 1990; Shallice, 1982, 1988), flexibility (Milner, 1982), response inhibition (Leimkuhler & Mesulam, 1985), and working memory (Milner, 1982).”
BackgroundFrontal amnesia and the dysexecutive syndrome
Baddeley, A., & Wilson, B. A. (1988) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/0278-2626(88)90031-0 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Frontal-striatal dysfunction during planning in obsessive-compulsive disorder
van den Heuvel, O. A., Veltman, D. J., Groenewegen, H. J., Cath, D. C., van Balkom, A. J. L. M., van Hartskamp, J., Barkhof, F., & van Dyck, R. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.3.301 · Cited by 417 · see citing works
Learning complex arithmetic—an fMRI study
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Neural Correlates of Simple and Complex Mental Calculation
Zago, L., Pesenti, M., Mellet, E., Crivello, F., Mazoyer, B. M., & Tzourio‐Mazoyer, N. (2001) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2000.0697 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
The Functional Organization of the Brain
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“Finally, our definition of executive functions was based on a traditional view that is often used in cognitive or neuropsychological research (Lezak, 1995; Luria, 1970; Shallice, 1988), and the use of other definitions might have altered the domains examined.”
BackgroundMethodTransient activation of inferior prefrontal cortex during cognitive set shifting
Konishi, S., Nakajima, K., Uchida, I., Kameyama, M., Nakahara, K., Sekihara, K., & Miyashita, Y. (1998) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/283 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
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Color-Word Matching Stroop Task: Separating Interference and Response Conflict
Zysset, S., Müller, K., Lohmann, G., & von Cramon, D. Y. (2001) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2000.0665 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
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Error-related hyperactivity of the anterior cingulate cortex in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Fitzgerald, K. D., Welsh, R. C., Gehring, W. J., Abelson, J. L., Himle, J. A., Liberzon, I., & Taylor, S. F. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.10.038 · Cited by 378 · see citing works
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“Further filtering and meta-analysis of the experiments was carried out using BrainMap's software applications (Laird et al., 2009), as described below.”
MethodSelf-citationOwen, A. M., Stern, C. E., Look, R. B., Tracey, I., Rosen, B. R., & Petrides, M. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.13.7721 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Functional abnormalities in symptomatic concussed athletes: an fMRI study
Chen, J.-K., Johnston, K. M., Frey, S., Petrides, M., Worsley, K. J., & Ptito, A. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.12.032 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Neural Circuits Subserving the Retrieval and Maintenance of Abstract Rules
Bunge, S. A., Kahn, I., Wallis, J. D., Miller, E. K., & Wagner, A. D. (2003) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00910.2002 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
An event-related functional MRI study comparing interference effects in the Simon and Stroop tasks
Peterson, B. S., Kane, M. J., Alexander, G. M., Lacadie, C., Skudlarski, P., Leung, H., May, J. G., & Gore, J. C. (2002) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0926-6410(02)00054-x · Cited by 357 · see citing works
Enhanced visual functioning in autism: An ALE meta-analysis
Samson, F., Mottron, L., Soulières, I., & Zeffiro, T. A. (2012) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.21307 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
A comparison of label‐based review and ALE meta‐analysis in the Stroop task
Laird, A. R., McMillan, K. M., Lancaster, J. L., Kochunov, P. V., Turkeltaub, P. E., Pardo, J. V., & Fox, P. T. (2005) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20129 · Cited by 345 · see citing works
Self-citationLaird, A. R., Robinson, J. L., McMillan, K. M., Tordesillas‐Gutiérrez, D., Moran, S. T., Gonzales, S. M., Ray, K. L., Franklin, C. G., Glahn, D. C., Fox, P. T., et al. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.02.048 · Cited by 344 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Coordinates originally published in MNI space were converted to Talairach space using the Lancaster (icbm2tal) transformation (Laird et al., 2010; Lancaster et al., 2007).”
MethodSelf-citationKerns, J. G., Cohen, J. D., MacDonald, A. W., Johnson, M. K., Stenger, V. A., Aizenstein, H., & Carter, C. S. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.10.1833 · Cited by 336 · cited 12× · see citing works
“2 and Table 6), including the DLPFC (BAs 9, 46), cingulate (BAs 32, 24), and parietal lobe (BAs 7, 40).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationLinden, D. E. J., Bittner, R. A., Muckli, L. F., Waltz, J. A., Kriegeskorte, N., Goebel, R., Singer, W., & Munk, M. H. J. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.07.021 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Maltby, N., Tolin, D. F., Worhunsky, P., O'Keefe, T. M., & Kiehl, K. A. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.08.041 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Facial emotion processing in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging data.
Li, H., Chan, R., McAlonan, G., & Gong, Q. (2010) · Schizophrenia bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbn190 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Working memory for complex figures: An fMRI comparison of letter and fractal n-back tasks
Ragland, J. D., Turetsky, B. I., Gur, R. C., Gunning-Dixon, F., Turner, T., Schroeder, L., Chan, R., & Gur, R. E. (2002) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.16.3.370 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Prefrontal regions play a predominant role in imposing an attentional ‘set’: evidence from fMRI
Banich, M. T., Milham, M. P., Atchley, R. A., Cohen, N. J., WEBB, A. G., Wszalek, T., Kramer, A. F., Liang, Z., Barad, V., Gullett, D., et al. (2000) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0926-6410(00)00015-x · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Maintenance versus manipulation in verbal working memory revisited: an fMRI study
Veltman, D. J., Rombouts, S. A. R. B., & Dolan, R. J. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(02)00049-6 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
fMRI evidence that the neural basis of response inhibition is task-dependent
Mostofsky, S. H., Schafer, J. G. B., Abrams, M. T., Goldberg, M. C., Flower, A. A., Boyce, A., Courtney, S. M., Calhoun, V. D., Kraut, M. A., Denckla, M. B., et al. (2003) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0926-6410(03)00144-7 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
MacDonald, A. W., Carter, C. S., Kerns, J. G., Ursu, S., Barch, D. M., Holmes, A. J., Stenger, V. A., & Cohen, J. D. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.3.475 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
Self-citationYoon, J. H., Minzenberg, M., Ursu, S., Walters, R., Wendelken, C., Ragland, J. D., & Carter, C. S. (2008) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07060945 · Cited by 315 · cited 3× · see citing works
“…directly examine the functional connectivity of these brain regions during each task, previous studies of cognitive control (Fornito et al., 2011; Yoon et al., 2008) have consistently shown task-related increases in functional connectivity between the DLPFC and the network of brain regions shown…”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationLeung, H.-C., Gore, J. C., & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (2002) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/08989290260045882 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Yarkoni, T., Barch, D. M., Gray, J. R., Conturo, T. E., & Braver, T. S. (2009) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004257 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Kerns, J. G. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.06.012 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Watanabe, J., Sugiura, M., Sato, K., Sato, Y., Maeda, Y., Matsue, Y., Fukuda, H., & Kawashima, R. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1198 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Decomposing components of task preparation with functional magnetic resonance imaging.
Brass, M., & Cramon, D. Y. V. (2004) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892904323057335 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
A midline dissociation between error-processing and response-conflict monitoring
Garavan, H., Ross, T. J., Kaufman, J. N., & Stein, E. A. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00334-3 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Fassbender, C., Murphy, K., Foxe, J. J., Wylie, G. R., Javitt, D. C., Robertson, I. H., & Garavan, H. (2004) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.02.007 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
The Role of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex in the Preparation of Forthcoming Actions: an fMRI Study
Pochon, J.-B. (2001) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/11.3.260 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Is the mirror neuron system involved in imitation? A short review and meta-analysis
Molenberghs, P., Cunnington, R., & Mattingley, J. B. (2009) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.03.010 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
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Self-citationActivation of Right Inferior Frontal Gyrus during Response Inhibition across Response Modalities
Chikazoe, J., Konishi, S., Asari, T., Jimura, K., & Miyashita, Y. (2007) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2007.19.1.69 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Neural Processes Associated With Antisaccade Task Performance Investigated With Event-Related fMRI
Ford, K. A., Goltz, H. C., Brown, M., & Everling, S. (2005) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00471.2004 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Owen, A. M., Herrod, N. J., Menon, D. K., Clark, J. C., Downey, S. P. M. J., Carpenter, T. A., Minhas, P. S., Turkheimer, F., Williams, E., Robbins, T. W., et al. (1999) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00449.x · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Isolation of Specific Interference Processing in the Stroop Task: PET Activation Studies
Taylor, S. F., Kornblum, S., Lauber, E. J., Minoshima, S., & Koeppe, R. A. (1997) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1997.0285 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Fornito, A., Yoon, J. H., Zalesky, A., Bullmore, E. T., & Carter, C. S. (2011) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.02.019 · Cited by 276 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…analysis did not directly examine the functional connectivity of these brain regions during each task, previous studies of cognitive control (Fornito et al., 2011; Yoon et al., 2008) have consistently shown task-related increases in functional connectivity between the DLPFC and the network…”
ResultSelf-citationFunctional neuroanatomy of antisaccade eye movements investigated with positron emission tomography.
O’Driscoll, G. A., Alpert, N. M., Matthysse, S., Levy, D. L., Rauch, S. L., & Holzman, P. S. (1995) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.92.3.925 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Sustained activity in the medial wall during working memory delays
Petit, L., Courtney, S. M., Ungerleider, L. G., & Haxby, J. V. (1998) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.18-22-09429.1998 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Cerebellar involvement in executive control
Bellebaum, C., & Daum, I. (2007) · The Cerebellum · doi:10.1080/14734220601169707 · Cited by 267 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…analysis across domains showed that executive functions are indeed associated with increased activity in this common cognitive control network (Bellebaum & Daum, 2007; Botvinick et al., 2001; Carter et al., 1999; Cohen et al., 2000; D'Esposito & Postle, 2002; Yarkoni et al., 2005), which…”
BackgroundPET Evidence for an Amodal Verbal Working Memory System
Schumacher, E. H., Lauber, E. J., Awh, E., Jonides, J. J., Smith, E. E., & Koeppe, R. A. (1996) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1996.0009 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Functional and Biochemical Alterations of the Medial Frontal Cortex in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Yücel, M., Harrison, B. J., Wood, S. J., Fornito, A., Wellard, R. M., Pujol, J., Clarke, K., Phillips, M. L., Kyrios, M., Velakoulis, D., et al. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.8.946 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
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George, M. S., Ketter, T. A., Parekh, P. I., Rosinsky, N., RING, H. A., Casey, B. J., Trimble, M., Horwitz, B., Herscovitch, P., & Post, R. M. (1994) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.460010305 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
How specifically do we learn? Imaging the learning of multiplication and subtraction
Ischebeck, A. K., Zamarian, L., Siedentopf, C., Koppelstätter, F., Benke, T., Felber, S., & Delazer, M. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.11.016 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Matsuo, K., Glahn, D. C., Peluso, M. A. M., Hatch, J. P., Monkul, E. S., Najt, P., Sanches, M., Zamarripa, F., Li, J., Lancaster, J. L., et al. (2007) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001894 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Self-citationPrefrontal Activation Deficits During Episodic Memory in Schizophrenia
Ragland, J. D., Laird, A. R., Charan Ranganath, A., Blumenfeld, R. S., Gonzales, S. M., & Glahn, D. C. (2009) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08091307 · Cited by 251 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Activation likelihood estimation has been has been used to address similar research questions in both healthy and patient samples (Binder, Desai, Graves, & Conant, 2009; Caspers, Zilles, Laird, & Eickhoff, 2010; Chouinard & Goodale, 2010; Dickstein, Bannon, Castellanos, & Milham, 2006; Fusar-Poli et al., 2009; Glahn e…”
Self-citationNeural mechanisms of planning: A computational analysis using event-related fMRI
Fincham, J. M., Carter, C. S., van Veen, V., Stenger, V. A., & Anderson, J. R. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.052703399 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
Self-citationLocalization of sublexical speech perception components
Turkeltaub, P. E., & Coslett, H. B. (2010) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2010.03.008 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Common neural substrates for visual working memory and attention
Mayer, J. S., Bittner, R., Nikolić, D., Bledowski, C., Goebel, R., & Linden, D. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.03.007 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Cools, R., Clark, L., & Robbins, T. W. (2004) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4312-03.2004 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Prefrontal‐subcortical dissociations underlying inhibitory control revealed by event‐related fMRI
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Dissociable Mechanisms of Attentional Control within the Human Prefrontal Cortex
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Working Memory of Auditory Localization
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A functional MRI study of the influence of practice on component processes of working memory
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Prefrontal unit activity during associative learning in the monkey
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“Its connectivity with sensory and motor regions, including the cerebellum, allows the DLPFC to play a central role in the maintenance of the rules for action, as well as response selection and inhibition (Asaad, Rainer, & Miller, 2000; Bellebaum & Daum, 2007; Watanabe, 1990, 1992).”
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Frontoparietal activation with preparation for antisaccades
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Neurobiology of addiction: a neurocircuitry analysis
Koob, G. F., & Volkow, N. D. (2016) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(16)00104-8 · Cited by 3,698 · see citing works
The expected value of control: an integrative theory of anterior cingulate cortex function
Shenhav, A., Botvinick, M. M., & Cohen, J. D. (2013) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.07.007 · Cited by 2,321 · see citing works
“Numerous meta-analyses of the neuroimaging literature have confirmed the dACC’s involvement in controldemanding tasks (Nee et al., 2007; Niendam et al., 2012; Ridderinkhof et al., 2004; Shackman et al., 2011), and these have been supplemented by evidence of a causal relationship between dACC and…”
Andrews‐Hanna, J. R., Smallwood, J., & Spreng, R. N. (2014) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.12360 · Cited by 2,102 · see citing works
Friedman, N. P., & Miyake, A. (2017) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2016.04.023 · Cited by 1,834 · see citing works
Multi-task connectivity reveals flexible hubs for adaptive task control
Cole, M. W., Reynolds, J. R., Power, J. D., Repovs, G., Anticevic, A., & Braver, T. S. (2013) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3470 · Cited by 1,704 · see citing works
The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function
Friedman, N. P., & Robbins, T. W. (2022) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-021-01132-0 · Cited by 1,737 · see citing works
“‘s [137] meta-analytic study of 193 neuroimaging fMRI studies of EF showed broad patterns of activation across the lateral and medial PFC, including regions BA-9 and BA-46 (dlPFC) and BA-32 (rostral ACC), as well as both superior and inferior regions of the parietal lobes for tasks with predominantly working memory, f…”
BackgroundMethodResultNigg, J. T. (2017) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12675 · Cited by 1,518 · see citing works
“Thus, despite a close relation to EF, cognitive control is narrower than EF with a particular emphasis on resource allocation, information maintenance (working memory), and executive attention, rather than complex cognition (Botvinick & Cohen, 2014; Niendam et al., 2012).”
Mind-wandering as spontaneous thought: a dynamic framework
Christoff, K., Irving, Z. C., Fox, K. C. R., Spreng, R. N., & Andrews-Hanna, J. R. (2016) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn.2016.113 · Cited by 1,376 · see citing works
The future of memory: remembering, imagining, and the brain
Schacter, D. L., Addis, D. R., Hassabis, D., Martin, V. C., Spreng, R. N., & Szpunar, K. K. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.11.001 · Cited by 1,398 · see citing works
The neural bases of emotion regulation
Etkin, A., Büchel, C., & Gross, J. J. (2015) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn4044 · Cited by 1,244 · see citing works
Broad domain generality in focal regions of frontal and parietal cortex
Fedorenko, E., Duncan, J., & Kanwisher, N. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1315235110 · Cited by 952 · see citing works
“Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107(25):11163–11170.”
Demystifying cognitive flexibility: Implications for clinical and developmental neuroscience
Dajani, D. R., & Uddin, L. Q. (2015) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2015.07.003 · Cited by 1,046 · see citing works
Motivation and cognitive control: from behavior to neural mechanism
Botvinick, M., & Braver, T. (2015) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010814-015044 · Cited by 909 · see citing works
“…in reward and motivation, effortbased decision making, and cognitive control function dorsal anterior cingulate and presupplementary cortices, dorsal premotor cortex, the anterior insula, and the intraparietal cortex (Cole & Schneider 2007, Duncan 2010, Niendam et al. 2012, Power & Petersen 2013).”
BackgroundFox, K. C. R., Spreng, R. N., Ellamil, M., Andrews-Hanna, J. R., & Christoff, K. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.02.039 · Cited by 690 · see citing works
“The frontoparietal control network plays a central role in goal-directed cognition (Niendam et al., 2012).”
Spreng, R. N., Sepulcre, J., Turner, G. R., Stevens, W. D., & Schacter, D. L. (2013) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00281 · Cited by 668 · see citing works
“We have demonstrated that a third, spatially interposed, “frontoparietal control” network (Niendam et al., 2012; Vincent, Kahn, Snyder, Raichle, & Buckner, 2008) plays a role in goal-directed cognition by flexibly coupling with either the default or dorsal attention network (Spreng & Schacter,…”
BackgroundTowards a universal taxonomy of macro-scale functional human brain networks
Uddin, L. Q., Yeo, B. T. T., & Spreng, R. N. (2019) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-019-00744-6 · Cited by 683 · see citing works
“…increased demands on moment-to-moment adjustments are associated with phasic activity in midcingulate and anterior insula (Wilk et al. 2012) is (Niendam et al. 2012). d Fronto-parietal network (yellow) (Gordon et al. 2017c) consistent with the conceptualization of the midcingulo-insular…”
Precision psychiatry: a neural circuit taxonomy for depression and anxiety
Williams, L. M. (2016) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00579-9 · Cited by 641 · see citing works
McTeague, L. M., Huemer, J., Carreon, D. M., Jiang, Y., Eickhoff, S. B., & Etkin, A. (2017) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16040400 · Cited by 635 · see citing works
Is bilingualism associated with enhanced executive functioning in adults? A meta-analytic review.
Lehtonen, M., Soveri, A., Laine, A., Järvenpää, J., de Bruin, A., & Antfolk, J. (2018) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000142 · Cited by 646 · see citing works
Karr, J. E., Areshenkoff, C. N., Rast, P., Hofer, S. M., Iverson, G. L., & Garcia-Barrera, M. A. (2018) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000160 · Cited by 637 · see citing works
“…a scaffold for the many reviews on executive function literature (e.g., Bardikoff & Sabbagh, 2017; Best & Miller, 2010; Best et al., 2009; Collette et al., 2006; Garon et al., 2008; Müller & Kerns, 2015; Niendam et al., 2012), where these three factors are often those most extensively discussed.”
The changing opioid crisis: development, challenges and opportunities
Volkow, N. D., & Blanco, C. (2020) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-020-0661-4 · Cited by 564 · see citing works
The Frontoparietal Control System: A Central Role in Mental Health
Cole, M. W., Repovš, G., & Anticevic, A. (2014) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858414525995 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
Context Processing and the Neurobiology of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Liberzon, I., & Abelson, J. (2016) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.09.039 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Making sense of all the conflict: A theoretical review and critique of conflict-related ERPs
Larson, M. J., Clayson, P. E., & Clawson, A. (2014) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.06.007 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
“Third, evidence from ERPs and a corpus of additional findings from fMRI studies (Banich, 2009; Niendam et al., 2012; Shackman et al., 2011; Shenhav et al., 2013; Silton et al., 2011; Silton et al., 2010) show that ACC is involved in conflictmonitoring and that ACC-mediatedmonitoring, and…”
BackgroundInfluentialFunctional Specialization and Flexibility in Human Association Cortex
Yeo, B. T. T., Krienen, F. M., Eickhoff, S. B., Yaakub, S. N., Fox, P. T., Buckner, R. L., Asplund, C. L., & Chee, M. W. L. (2014) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhu217 · Cited by 437 · see citing works
“Related Neuroimaging Meta-Analyses The present work builds on prior meta-analyses that have investigated functional specialization (e.g., Rottschy et al. 2012; Clos et al. 2013) and flexibility (e.g., Binder et al. 2009; Shackman et al. 2011; Niendam et al. 2012) in the human brain.”
BackgroundMethodExecutive Function and Psychopathology: A Neurodevelopmental Perspective
Zelazo, P. D. (2020) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-072319-024242 · Cited by 454 · see citing works
“…roles in EF skills, they play these roles only as parts of more complex networks (and networks of networks) that also involve regions outside the PFC—including the targets of top-down modulation, such as the striatum, the amygdala, and other parts of the limbic system (e.g., Niendam et al. 2012).”
BackgroundProcess Overlap Theory: A Unified Account of the General Factor of Intelligence
Kovacs, K., & Conway, A. R. A. (2016) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1080/1047840x.2016.1153946 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
Transdiagnostic impairment of cognitive control in mental illness
McTeague, L. M., Goodkind, M. S., & Etkin, A. (2016) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.08.001 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
“Importantly, the canonical pattern is observed not only at the single task level, but also the individual level, suggesting that the patterns observed at group (Duncan and Owen, 2000) and meta-analytic levels (Müller et al., 2015; Niendam et al., 2012) are not artifacts of aggregating findings.”
BackgroundMaternal emotion and cognitive control capacities and parenting: A conceptual framework
Crandall, A., Deater-Deckard, K. D., & Riley, A. W. (2015) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2015.01.004 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Hot and cold executive functions in the brain: A prefrontal-cingular network
Salehinejad, M. A., Ghanavati, E., Rashid, M. H. A., & Nitsche, M. A. (2021) · Brain and Neuroscience Advances · doi:10.1177/23982128211007769 · Cited by 344 · see citing works
“…pattern of activation in the lateral PFC, dorsal ACC, and parietal cortex across major cold EF domains (working memory, inhibition, flexibility, and planning) (Niendam et al., 2012), indicating that cold EFs are supported by this cognitive control network with the DLPFC as a key region (Figure 2).”
The fallacy of a “task‐negative” network
Spreng, R. N. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00145 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
A brain network model for depression: From symptom understanding to disease intervention
Baojuan Li, A., Friston, K. J., Mody, M., Wang, H., Lu, H., & Hu, D. (2018) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.12998 · Cited by 338 · see citing works
Social connectedness, mental health and the adolescent brain
Lamblin, M., Murawski, C., Whittle, S., & Fornito, A. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.010 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Zaki, J., & Mitchell, J. P. (2013) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721413492764 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
“When people exert reflective control, they typically engage a system of brain regions that includes lateral prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex (Niendam et al., 2012).”
BackgroundAnxiety and attention to threat: cognitive mechanisms and treatment with attention bias modification
Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.08.001 · Cited by 313 · see citing works
“It thereby plays a key role in supporting goal-directed thought and action (for meta-analytic neuroimaging evidence of a common cognitive control network, see Niendam et al., 2012).”
BackgroundAddiction and Stress: An Allostatic View
Koob, G. F., & Schulkin, J. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.09.008 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Anterior insula as a gatekeeper of executive control
Molnar-Szakacs, I., & Uddin, L. Q. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104736 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Immordino‐Yang, M. H., Darling‐Hammond, L., & Krone, C. R. (2019) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2019.1633924 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
“The Executive Control Network facilitates attention, allowing people to hold information in mind, shift strategies or approaches as necessary, and focus on the completion of goal-directed tasks (Beaty, Benedek, Kaufman, & Silvia, 2015; Niendam et al., 2012; Seeley et al., 2007).”
BackgroundShould a Few Null Findings Falsify Prefrontal Theories of Conscious Perception?
Odegaard, B., Knight, R. T., & Lau, H. (2017) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3217-16.2017 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
“central cognitive functions (Duncan and Owen, 2000; Miller, 2000; Badre and D’Esposito, 2009; Niendam et al., 2012; Passingham and Wise, 2012), the patients may be so generally impaired”
BackgroundBrain correlates of hypnosis: A systematic review and meta-analytic exploration
Landry, M., Lifshitz, M., & Raz, A. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.02.020 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Williams, L. M. (2016) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22556 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
“Large-scale intrinsic and task-evoked circuits identified in the extant literature Abbreviations: ACC, Anterior Cingulate Cortex; AG, Angular Gyrus; aI, Anterior Insula, aIPL, Anterior Inferior Parietal Lobule; amPFC, Anterior Medial Prefrontal Cortex; dACC, Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex; DLPFC*, Dorsolateral Prefr…”
BackgroundInfluentialDynamics of cognitive control: Theoretical bases, paradigms, and a view for the future
Gratton, G., Cooper, P. S., Fabiani, M., Carter, C. S., & Karayanidis, F. (2017) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13016 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
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Why improving and assessing executive functions early in life is critical.
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Executive control training from middle childhood to adolescence
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“…that the performance of executive tasks is associated with activation in a large set of brain regions, involving prefrontal and parietal areas, motor regions, as well as subcortical structures, such as basal ganglia and thalamus (Duncan and Owen, 2000; Dosenbach et al., 2008; Niendam et al., 2012).”
BackgroundIndividual Variation in Functional Topography of Association Networks in Youth
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The hierarchical organization of the lateral prefrontal cortex
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“In particular, the FPN is involved in a wide array of cognitively demanding tasks that require the activemaintenance of task goals, particularly in the presence of interference and distraction (Niendam et al., 2012).”
Backgroundvan Duijvenvoorde, A. C. K., Peters, S., Braams, B. R., & Crone, E. A. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.037 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
“…long-maturing brain regions such as the lateral PFC and parietal cortex, which have been typically related to a series of cognitive control functions (e.g., response inhibition, relational reasoning, working memory, and learning) (Crone 2009; Luna et al., 2010; Niendam et al., 2012; Diamond, 2013).”
BackgroundGet a grip: individual variations in grip strength are a marker of brain health
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A cognitive control framework for understanding emotion regulation flexibility.
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Self-citationChapter 1. Neurocircuitry of Addiction
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Review of thalamocortical resting-state fMRI studies in schizophrenia
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“A recent meta-analysis of over 190 functional neuroimaging studies concluded that the thalamus is part of a superordinate prefrontal-cingulo-parietal “executive control” network that supports WM and executive functions, including cognitive flexibility, initiation, and inhibition (Niendam et al., 2012).”
InfluentialSun, F. W., Stepanovic, M. R., Andreano, J., Barrett, L. F., Touroutoglou, A., & Dickerson, B. C. (2016) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1492-16.2016 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
“, 2010) during the maintenance of set and monitoring of performance (Niendam et al., 2012; Power and Petersen, 2013), with slightly more dorsal frontoparietal regions being more engaged by task set selection and initiation (Power and Petersen, 2013).”
BackgroundSzymkowicz, S. M., Gerlach, A., Homiack, D., & Taylor, W. D. (2023) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02464-9 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
“The CCN is primarily involved in top-down executive functions [48].”
BackgroundOn the existence of a generalized non-specific task-dependent network
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“…mainly in the frontal and parietal lobes that connect during task processing to constitute a network (Fox et al., 2005a, 2009; Vincent et al., 2007; Niendam et al., 2012; Duncan, 2013; Fedorenko et al., 2013; Cole et al., 2014), what is not clear is, however, the nature of the cognitive tasks that…”
BackgroundPrefrontal-Thalamic Anatomical Connectivity and Executive Cognitive Function in Schizophrenia
Giraldo‐Chica, M., Rogers, B. P., Damon, S. M., Landman, B. A., & Woodward, N. D. (2017) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.09.022 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
“N: 0006-3223 Biolo subcortical node in a fronto-cingulo-parietal executive control network that supports working memory, cognitive flexibility, and inhibition (13).”
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“…in keeping with a recent animal study (Cutando et al. 2013) suggesting a role in encoding expectation of reward, the growing understanding of the reciprocal connections between cerebellum and basal ganglia (Niendam et al. 2012) and cerebellar involvement in addiction (Moulton et al. 2014).”
Stawarczyk, D., & D'Argembeau, A. (2015) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22818 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
“As expected, we found larger activity in the middle/superior frontal gyrus, one of the main regions of the fronto-parietal control network [Niendam et al., 2012; Spreng et al., 2013; Vincent et al., 2008], during directed EFT compared to mind-wandering.”
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“We fi rst discuss the literature on brain areasinvolved in inhibition in general and then provide an overview of fMRI studies on language switching in particular.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialResting-State and Task-Based Functional Brain Connectivity in Developmental Dyslexia
Schurz, M., Wimmer, H., Richlan, F., Ludersdorfer, P., Klackl, J., & Kronbichler, M. (2014) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhu184 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
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“…development of abilities specific to each single executive function, possibly because the prefrontal cortex (a region of the brain that is commonly implicated in executive functioning, Niendam et al., 2012) has become functionally organised into fractionated systems by this age (Tsujimoto).”
BackgroundAltered structural networks and executive deficits in traumatic brain injury patients
Caeyenberghs, K., Leemans, A., Leunissen, I., Gooijers, J., Michiels, K., Sunaert, S. G., & Swinnen, S. P. (2012) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-012-0494-2 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
“ported by a superordinate cognitive control network, including parietal regions (Niendam et al. 2012).”
BackgroundHarding, I. H., Yücel, M., Harrison, B. J., Pantelis, C., & Breakspear, M. J. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.11.039 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
“Cognitive control (CC) and working memory (WM) rely on neural processing within a common set of brain regions encompassing dorsomedial prefrontal, lateral prefrontal, and superior parietal regions of the human cortex (Fedorenko et al., 2013; Harding et al., in press; Niendam et al., 2012).”
Adrian Wells, A. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02621 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
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“This network is similar to the fronto-parietal control network [93]: a neural system that is important in engaging controlled processing across a wide range of different external tasks”
BackgroundAssessing and mapping language, attention and executive multidimensional deficits in stroke aphasia
Schumacher, R., Halai, A. D., & Ralph, M. A. L. (2019) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awz258 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
“…fronto-cingulo-parietal network is known to be involved in attention and executive function processes (Miller and Cohen, 2001; Duncan, 2010; Niendam et al. , 2012; Petersen and Posner, 2012; Fedorenko et al. , 2013; Power and Petersen, 2013) but little is known about the structural…”
Cognitive control in alcohol use disorder: deficits and clinical relevance
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“…flexibility, and working memory components in their studies of cognitive control, the authors conflated inhibition and distractor interference control into one domain, combining GNG with Simon, flanker, and Stroop studies, and thus does not completely serve our purposes (Niendam et al., 2012).”
InfluentialSonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Cortese, S., Fairchild, G. F., & Stringaris, A. K. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12496 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
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Definition and characterization of an extended multiple-demand network
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“, 2008), the superordinate cognitive control network (Niendam et al., 2012), the task-positive network (Fox et al.”
Self-citationFunctional Specialization in the Human Brain Estimated By Intrinsic Hemispheric Interaction
Wang, D., Buckner, R. L., & Liu, H. (2014) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0787-14.2014 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
“, the dorsal attention system) or internal channels of information (the default network) (Vincent et al., 2008; Niendam et al., 2012; Spreng et al., 2013).”
BackgroundGerlach, K. D., Spreng, R. N., Madore, K. P., & Schacter, D. L. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu001 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
“Regions that showed increased activity during process simulations compared with outcome simulations pertained to both the frontoparietal control and the default network (see Table 3 and Figure 3): bilateral aIPL, anterior insula, dlPFC, PCu and MFG make up the frontoparietal control network (Vincent et al., 2008; Spre…”
BackgroundResultBernardi, G., Siclari, F., Yu, X., Zennig, C., Bellesi, M., Ricciardi, E., Cirelli, C., Ghilardi, M. F., Pietrini, P., & Tononi, G. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4567-14.2015 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
“Of note, a recruitment of prefrontal areas, involved in many cognitive functions (Niendam et al., 2012), was inevitable during DS and, in general, during sleep deprivation, which can be regarded as a self-control task per se.”
BackgroundHankin, B. L., Snyder, H. R., Gulley, L. D., Schweizer, T. H., Bijttebier, P., Nelis, S., Toh, G. Y., & Vasey, M. W. (2016) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579416000663 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
“EF relies heavily on the prefrontal cortex (PFC), although EF tasks also recruit broader neural networks, including posterior cortical and subcortical areas, and connectivity between these regions (e.g., for review, see Niendam et al., 2012).”
BackgroundEnriquez‐Geppert, S., Huster, R. J., & Herrmann, C. S. (2013) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.02.001 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Endophenotypes in Psychopathology Research: Where Do We Stand?
Miller, G. A., & Rockstroh, B. S. (2013) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185540 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Resting-state thalamic dysconnectivity in schizophrenia and relationships with symptoms
Ferri, J. M., Ford, J. M., Roach, B. J., Turner, J. A., van Erp, T. G., Voyvodic, J. T., Preda, A., Belger, A., Bustillo, J., OʼLeary, D. S., et al. (2018) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329171800003x · Cited by 147 · see citing works
“…recognized that the thalamus plays a prominent role in cortico-cortical communication (Sherman, 2007, 2016) and higher-order processes such as cognition, emotion, and the coordination of sensory information (Kastner et al. 2006; Nishio et al. 2011; Niendam et al. 2012; Watanabe & Funahashi, 2012).”
Iordan, A. D., Dolcos, S., & Dolcos, F. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00200 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
“Increased activity in these regions during WM tasks is typically associated with increased performance (Smith and Jonides, 1999; D’Esposito et al., 2000; Miller and Cohen, 2001; Nee et al., 2012; Niendam et al., 2012; Rottschy et al., 2012).”
BackgroundZhao, H., Qiao, L., Fan, D., Zhang, S., Turel, O., Li, Y., Li, J., Xue, G., Chen, A., & He, Q. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00685 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
“Given the pivotal role of the DLPFC in mediating a wide range of executive functions (Niendam et al., 2012), this region can be the anodal region of interest.”
BackgroundLangner, R., Leiberg, S., Hoffstaedter, F., & Eickhoff, S. B. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.04.022 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
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“The frontoparietal regions recruited during cognitive reappraisal are broadly involved in cognitive control (51,52) and include multiple prefrontal regions in both dorsal and ventral areas, the dorsal anterior cingulate, as well as posterior association cortex encompassing inferior parietal sulcus (31,34,50,53–57).”
Chronnectomic patterns and neural flexibility underlie executive function
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“These include the attention, salience, and cognitive control networks (Dajani and Uddin, 2015) that are composed of frontal, insular, cingulate, and parietal regions (Niendam et al., 2012) engaged during working memory, interference control, and cognitive flexibility (Diamond, 2013).”
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Stop feeling: inhibition of emotional interference following stop-signal trials
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“…of the anterior cingulate cortex and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Cohen et al., 1990; Botvinick et al., 1999, 2001; Carter et al., 1999; Niendam et al., 2012), while stopping is mainly associated with activation of the rIFG; ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and the presupplementary…”
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The association between executive functioning and psychopathology: general or specific?
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“These functions are not restricted to a particular cognitive domain but serve as a general cognitive control process allocating top-down attentional resources to organize cognitive operations (Fassbender et al., 2006; Cole and Schneider, 2007; Niendam et al., 2012).”
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- Authors
- Niendam, T. A., Laird, A. R., Ray, K. L., Dean, Y. M., Glahn, D. C., & Carter, C. S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Davis (US)
- The University of Texas at San Antonio Health Science Center (US)
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Niendam, Tara A.
- Venue
- Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience
- Published
- 2012-01-27
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 241-268
- ISSN
- 1530-7026 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-135X
- PMC
- PMC3660731
- OpenAlex
- W2019930104
- Semantic Scholar
- 98fddd2e31078947295c667fc52d483f3e530f48
- Cited by
- 1,700
- References
- 266
- Citations by year
- 2026: 119 · 2025: 153 · 2024: 156 · 2023: 143 · 2022: 156 · 2021: 170 · 2020: 117 · 2019: 146 · 2018: 123 · 2017: 125 · 2016: 84 · 2015: 75 · 2014: 77 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 33.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (P60AA007611)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH074457, R01MH078143, R24MH081807, R01MH059883, K23MH087708, R01MH083824)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- executive function, cognitive control, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, parietal cortex, inhibition, working memory, cognitive flexibility, basal ganglia, cerebellum, functional neuroimaging
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Brain, Brain Mapping, Cognition, Female, Humans, Functional Laterality, Male, Middle Aged, Neural Pathways, Neuropsychological Tests, Radionuclide Imaging, Visual Perception, Young Adult, Executive Function, Neuroimaging
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