The diagnostic yield of a standardized approach to idiopathic sensory-predominant neuropathy
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Peripheral neuropathy is a common problem that often prompts a lengthy and expensive diagnostic evaluation. A rational, evidence-based diagnostic approach to peripheral neuropathy is desirable. Prior studies have focused on all patients presenting to a tertiary referral center with a diagnosis of unclassified neuropathy. However, most patients with peripheral neuropathy have primarily sensory symptoms. This study focuses on patients with sensory-predominant neuropathy. The goal was to develop a focused diagnostic algorithm that can be easily applied in a general medical setting. METHODS: Patients referred with predominantly sensory symptoms and no previously defined cause were included and evaluated using a standard diagnostic approach. RESULTS: Among 138 patients, 25% had at least 1 first-degree relative with symptoms suggestive of neuropathy. Among laboratory studies, a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test had the highest diagnostic yield (61%) and was more sensitive than other measures of glucose metabolism. Vitamin B(12) deficiency was identified in 2 patients. Results of serum protein electrophoresis, immunofixation, and antinuclear antibody testing were abnormal in less than 5% of patients, and these rates are similar to those found in the general population. Using this approach, only 31% of patients completing the recommended evaluation were found to have an idiopathic neuropathy. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with sensory-predominant neuropathy should be tested for glucose tolerance and vitamin B(12) concentration. The significance of abnormalities of serum protein electrophoresis and antinuclear antibodies is uncertain. Other tests should be performed only when the clinical scenario is suggestive. Patients with atypical features may benefit from referral to a peripheral neuropathy center.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Evidence is accumulating on increased prevalence of idiopathic polyneuropathy among prediabetic individuals, with IGT being more strongly related to painful than non-painful neuropathy.
“Finally, evidence is accumulating on increased prevalence of idiopathic polyneuropathy (eg, idiopathic sensory/painful neuropathy,73–78 and sensory/small fibre only neuropathy)73,75,78 among prediabetic individuals with IGT being more strongly related to painful than non-painful neuropathy.73,75,78”
From Prediabetes: a high-risk state for diabetes development (2012) · cites this paper as [74]
Cites
Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin
(2002) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa012512 · Cited by 19,011 · see citing works
Tuomilehto, J., Lindström, J., Eriksson, J. G., Valle, T. T., Hämäläinen, H., Ilanne-Parikka, P., Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, S., Laakso, M., Louheranta, A., Rastas, M., et al. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200105033441801 · Cited by 10,873 · see citing works
Report of the Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus
The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus* (2002) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.25.2007.s5 · Cited by 10,320 · see citing works
Follow-up report on the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus
The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus* (2003) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.26.11.3160 · Cited by 3,784 · see citing works
Harris, M. I., Flegal, K. M., Cowie, C. C., Eberhardt, M. S., Goldstein, D. E., Little, R. R., Wiedmeyer, H.-M., & Byrd-Holt, D. D. (1998) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.21.4.518 · Cited by 2,703 · see citing works
Tominaga, M., Eguchi, H., Manaka, H., Igarashi, K., Kato, T., & Sekikawa, A. (1999) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.22.6.920 · Cited by 1,165 · see citing works
Sensory Neuropathy from Pyridoxine Abuse
Schaumburg, H. H., Kaplan, J. G., Windebank, A. J., Vick, N. A., Rasmus, S. C., Pleasure, D., & Brown, M. J. (1983) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198308253090801 · Cited by 705 · see citing works
Epidemiology of peripheral neuropathy.
Martyn, C. N., & Hughes, R. A. (1997) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.62.4.310 · Cited by 600 · see citing works
Epidermal Nerve Fiber Density: Normative Reference Range and Diagnostic Efficiency
McArthur, J. C., Stocks, E. A., Hauer, P., Cornblath, D. R., & Griffin, J. W. (1998) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.55.12.1513 · Cited by 560 · see citing works
Periquet, M. I., Novak, V., Collins, M. P., Nagaraja, H. N., Erdem‐Özdamar, S., Nash, S. M., Freimer, M. L., Sahenk, Z., Kissel, J. T., & Mendell, J. R. (1999) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.53.8.1641 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Increased Prevalence of Impaired Glucose Tolerance in Patients With Painful Sensory Neuropathy
Singleton, J. R., Smith, A. G., & Bromberg, M. B. (2001) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.24.8.1448 · Cited by 364 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Other data support this association.(8,11,12) Patients with IGT carry many of the macrovascular risks of frank diabetes, and diet modification and exercise have been shown to reduce their risk of developing diabetes.”
ResultSelf-citationIntensive evaluation of referred unclassified neuropathies yields improved diagnosis
Dyck, P. J. B., Oviatt, K. F., & Lambert, E. H. (1981) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410100304 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Novella, S. P., Inzucchi, S. E., & Goldstein, J. (2001) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.1137 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Painful sensory polyneuropathy associated with impaired glucose tolerance
Singleton, J. R., Smith, A. G., & Bromberg, M. B. (2001) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.1136 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Self-citationEpidermal nerve innervation in impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes-associated neuropathy
Smith, A. G., Ramachandran, P., Tripp, S., & Singleton, J. R. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.57.9.1701 · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Self-citationSensory neuropathy with low‐dose pyridoxine
Parry, G. J., & Bredesen, D. E. (1985) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.35.10.1466 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Incidence of Monoclonal Proteins in a Minnesota Community With a Cluster of Multiple Myeloma
Kyle, R. A., Finkelstein, S. D., Elveback, L. R., & Kurland, L. T. (1972) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood.v40.5.719.719 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Chronic Cryptogenic Sensory Polyneuropathy
Wolfe, G. I., Baker, N. S., Amato, A. A., Jackson, C. E., Nations, S., Saperstein, D., Choon, H., Katz, J., Bryan, W. W., & Barohn, R. J. (1999) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.56.5.540 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Simmons, Z., Albers, J. W., Bromberg, M. B., & Feldman, E. L. (1995) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/118.2.359 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Approach to Peripheral Neuropathy and Neuronopathy
Barohn, R. J. (1998) · Seminars in Neurology · doi:10.1055/s-2008-1040857 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Chronic symmetric symptomatic polyneuropathy in the elderly
(1995) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.45.10.1832 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Shevell, M. I., & Rosenblatt, D. S. (1992) · Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques · doi:10.1017/s0317167100041676 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Detection and identification of antinuclear autoantibodies in the serum of normal blood donors.
de Vlam, K., Keyser, F. D., Verbruggen, G., Vandenbossche, M., Vanneuville, B., D’Haese, D., & Veys, E. M. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Ten steps in characterizing and diagnosing patients with peripheral neuropathy
Dyck, P. J. B., Dyck, P. J. B., Grant, I. A., & Fealey, R. D. (1996) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.47.1.10 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Azizah, M. R., Mn, A., Zulkifli, M. N., & Norita, T. Y. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Burning Feet” as the Only Manifestation of Dominantly Inherited Sensory Neuropathy
Dyck, P. J., Low, P. A., & Stevens, J. C. (1983) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/s0025-6196(25)18797-1 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Prevalence of autoantibodies in Saudi population.
Baig, M. M., & Shere, S. J. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 28 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Prediabetes: a high-risk state for diabetes development
Tabák, A. G., Herder, C., Rathmann, W., Brunner, E. J., & Kivimäki, M. (2012) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60283-9 · Cited by 2,958 · see citing works
Lifestyle intervention for pre-diabetic neuropathy
Smith, A. G., Russell, J., Feldman, E. L., Goldstein, J., Peltier, A., Smith, S., Hamwi, J., Pollari, D., Bixby, B., Howard, J., et al. (2006) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-0224 · Cited by 585 · see citing works
Self-citationPrediabetes diagnosis and treatment: A review
Bansal, N. (2015) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v6.i2.296 · Cited by 579 · see citing works
Distal Symmetric Polyneuropathy
Callaghan, B. C., Price, R. S., & Feldman, E. L. (2015) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2015.13611 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Updates in diabetic peripheral neuropathy
Juster-Switlyk, K., & Smith, A. G. (2016) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.7898.1 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Self-citationPeripheral Neuropathy: A Practical Approach to Diagnosis and Symptom Management
Watson, J. C., & Dyck, P. J. (2015) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.05.004 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Epidemiology of polyneuropathy in diabetes and prediabetes
Ziegler, D., Παπάνας, Ν., Vinik, A. I., & Shaw, J. E. (2014) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53480-4.00001-1 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Small fiber neuropathy: A burning problem
Tavee, J. O., & Zhou, L. (2009) · Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine · doi:10.3949/ccjm.76a.08070 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
The Utah Early Neuropathy Scale: a sensitive clinical scale for early sensory predominant neuropathy
Singleton, J. R., Bixby, B. A., Russell, J. W., Feldman, E. L., Peltier, A., Goldstein, J. M., Howard, J., & Smith, A. G. (2008) · Journal of the Peripheral Nervous System · doi:10.1111/j.1529-8027.2008.00180.x · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuropathy in prediabetes: does the clock start ticking early?
Παπάνας, Ν., Vinik, A. I., & Ziegler, D. (2011) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2011.113 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Impaired glucose tolerance and neuropathy
Smith, A. G., & Singleton, J. R. (2008) · The Neurologist · doi:10.1097/nrl.0b013e31815a3956 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Self-citationRFC1 expansions are a common cause of idiopathic sensory neuropathy
Curró, R., Salvalaggio, A., Tozza, S., Gemelli, C., Dominik, N., Deforie, V. G., Magrinelli, F., Castellani, F., Vegezzi, E., Businaro, P., et al. (2021) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awab072 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Idiopathic neuropathy, prediabetes and the metabolic syndrome
Smith, A. G., & Singleton, J. R. (2006) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2005.11.020 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Self-citationCauses of neuropathy in patients referred as “idiopathic neuropathy”
Farhad, K., Traub, R., Ruzhansky, K. M., & Brannagan, T. H. (2015) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.24969 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Hoffman-Snyder, C., Smith, B. E., Ross, M. A., Hernandez, J., & Bosch, E. P. (2006) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.63.8.noc50336 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Chronic idiopathic axonal polyneuropathy: a systematic review
Zis, P., Sarrigiannis, P. G., Rao, D. G., Hewamadduma, C., & Hadjivassiliou, M. (2016) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-016-8082-7 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Smith, A. G., & Singleton, J. R. (2012) · CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.con.0000411568.34085.3e · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Early Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes
Pratley, R. E. (2013) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.06.007 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
England, J. D., Gronseth, G., Franklin, G. M., Carter, G. T., Kinsella, L. J., Cohen, J. A., Asbury, A. K., Szigeti, K., Lupski, J. R., Latov, N., et al. (2008) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.21226 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Prediabetic Neuropathy: Does It Exist?
Παπάνας, Ν., & Ziegler, D. (2012) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-012-0278-3 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Polyneuropathy with impaired glucose tolerance: Implications for diagnosis and therapy
Singleton, J. R., Smith, A. G., Russell, J. W., & Feldman, E. L. (2005) · Current Treatment Options in Neurology · doi:10.1007/s11940-005-0004-4 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Self-citationTarget-enrichment sequencing and copy number evaluation in inherited polyneuropathy
Wang, W., Wang, C., Dawson, D. B., Thorland, E. C., Lundquist, P. A., Eckloff, B. W., Wu, Y., Baheti, S., Evans, J. M., Scherer, S. S., et al. (2016) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000002659 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Prediabetes: The Importance of Early Identification and Intervention
Hsueh, W. A., Orloski, L., & Wyne, K. L. (2010) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.3810/pgm.2010.07.2180 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Impaired glucose tolerance and metabolic syndrome in idiopathic neuropathy
Smith, A. G. (2012) · Journal of the Peripheral Nervous System · doi:10.1111/j.1529-8027.2012.00390.x · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationHealth risks and interventions in prediabetes: A review
Mahat, R. K., Singh, N., Arora, M., & Rathore, V. (2019) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2019.07.041 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Glucose intolerance, metabolic syndrome, and neuropathy
Cortez, M. M., Singleton, J. R., & Smith, A. G. (2014) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53480-4.00009-6 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Self-citationDiagnostic value of blood tests for occult causes of initially idiopathic small-fiber polyneuropathy
Lang, M., Treister, R., & Oaklander, A. L. (2016) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-016-8270-5 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Idiopathic polyneuropathy and impaired glucose metabolism in a Norwegian patient series
Nebuchennykh, M., Løseth, S., Jorde, R., & Mellgren, S. I. (2008) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02197.x · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Bell’s palsy: a manifestation of prediabetes?
Bosco, D., Plastino, M., Bosco, F., Consoli, A., Labate, A., Pirritano, D., Consoli, D., & Fava, A. (2010) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2010.01365.x · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Leishear, K., Ferrucci, L., Lauretani, F., Boudreau, R. M., Studenski, S. A., Rosano, C., Abbate, R., Gori, A. M., Corsi, A., Iorio, A. D., et al. (2011) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glr202 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The Neurologic Manifestations of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Greenberg, B. M. (2009) · The Neurologist · doi:10.1097/nrl.0b013e31818ff9aa · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Tests and Expenditures in the Initial Evaluation of Peripheral Neuropathy
Callaghan, B. C. (2012) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2011.1032 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Neuropathy associated with prediabetes: What is new in 2007?
Singleton, J. R., & Smith, A. G. (2007) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-007-0070-y · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Self-citationZiegler, D., Herder, C., & Παπάνας, Ν. (2023) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.3693 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Diabetes and Peripheral Nerve Disease
Zilliox, L. A. (2021) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2020.12.001 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Approach to Peripheral Neuropathy for the Primary Care Clinician
Doughty, C. T., & Sadjadi, R. (2018) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.12.042 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Therapy Insight: neurological complications of prediabetes
Singleton, J. R., & Smith, A. G. (2006) · Nature Clinical Practice Neurology · doi:10.1038/ncpneuro0172 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationCheng, J., Daftari, A. P., & Zhou, L. (2012) · Case Reports in Anesthesiology · doi:10.1155/2012/285328 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Vegezzi, E., Ishiura, H., Bragg, D. C., Pellerin, D., Magrinelli, F., Curró, R., Facchini, S., Tucci, A., Hardy, J., Sharma, N., et al. (2024) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(24)00167-4 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Metabolic Syndrome in Small Fiber Sensory Neuropathy
Zhou, L., Li, J., Ontaneda, D., & Sperling, J. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Neuromuscular Disease · doi:10.1097/cnd.0b013e3182196e3c · Cited by 24 · see citing works
SFN-SIQ, SFNSL and skin biopsy of 55 cases with small fibre involvement
Sun, B., Li, Y., Liu, L., Chen, Z., Ling, L., Yang, F., Liu, J., Liu, H., & Huang, X. (2017) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/00207454.2017.1398152 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Bosco, D., Costa, R., Plastino, M., Branca, D., Cotronei, P., Sperlì, T., Santacroce, N., Siniscalchi, A., Consoli, D., Ceccotti, C., et al. (2009) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2009.03.017 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Gwathmey, K. G. (2017) · CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology · doi:10.1212/con.0000000000000518 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Microangiopathy—A Potential Contributing Factor to Idiopathic Polyneuropathy: A Mini Review
Samuelsson, K., & Press, R. (2018) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.00043 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Hube, L., Dohrn, M. F., Karsai, G., Hirshman, S., Damme, P. V., Schulz, J. B., Weis, J., Hornemann, T., & Claeys, K. G. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170583 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
İnce, H., Taşdemir, H. A., Aydın, M., Özyürek, H., & Tilki, H. E. (2014) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/0883073814550188 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Nienov, O. H., Matte, L., Dias, L. S., & Schmid, H. (2017) · Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira · doi:10.1590/1806-9282.63.04.324 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Capturing cases of distal symmetric polyneuropathy in a community
Callaghan, B. C., Kerber, K. A., Longoria, R., Feldman, E. L., & Lisabeth, L. D. (2012) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.23449 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Chan, T. Y. (2006) · Therapeutic Drug Monitoring · doi:10.1097/01.ftd.0000179419.40584.15 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Value of thyroid and rheumatologic studies in the evaluation of peripheral neuropathy
Gallagher, G., Rabquer, A., Kerber, K. A., Calabek, B., & Callaghan, B. C. (2013) · Neurology Clinical Practice · doi:10.1212/cpj.0b013e31828d9f2c · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Advances in the pathophysiology and treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy
Fridman, V., Elafros, M. A., Eid, S., Reynolds, E. L., McCray, B. A., & Callaghan, B. C. (2026) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2024-081217 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Samuelsson, K., Osman, A. A. M., Angéria, M., Risling, M., Mohseni, S., & Press, R. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0163427 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Design and evaluation of a portable smart-phone based peripheral neuropathy test platform
Jacobs, P. G., Hanaway, P., LEITSCHUH, J. A., Condon, J., Rajhbeharrysingh, U., MOSQUERA-LOPEZ, C. M., Guidarelli, C., & Winters‐Stone, K. M. (2018) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2018.8513100 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Metformina: más allá del control glucémico
de Colombia, U. N., Morantes-Caballero, J. A., Londoño-Zapata, G. A., de Colombia, U. N., Rivera, M. R., de Colombia, U. N., Pinilla-Roa, A. E., & de Colombia, U. N. (2017) · Revista Médicas UIS · doi:10.18273/revmed.v30n1-2017005 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Increased Oxidative Stress as a Risk Factor in Chronic Idiopathic Axonal Polyneuropathy
Zis, P., McHugh, P., Manca, M., Sarrigiannis, P. G., Rao, D. G., & Hadjivassiliou, M. (2018) · Journal of Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s12031-018-1200-5 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Karagöz, T., Bayır, Ö., Tatar, E. Ç., Çakal, E., Özdek, A., Keseroğlu, K., Şahi̇n, M., & Korkmaz, M. H. (2020) · TURKISH JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES · doi:10.3906/sag-1901-151 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Test Utilization and Value in the Evaluation of Peripheral Neuropathies
Callaghan, B. C. (2020) · CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology · doi:10.1212/con.0000000000000910 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Understanding Small Fiber Neuropathy
Kissel, J. T., & Smith, A. G. (2016) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.0256 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationAzam, M. E., Marwood, L., Ismail, K., Evans, T., Sivaprasad, S., Winkley, K., & Amiel, S. A. (2015) · Journal of Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2015/587673 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Tiftikçioğlu, B. İ., Duksal, T., Bilgin, Ş., Köse, Ş., & Zorlu, Y. (2016) · European Neurology · doi:10.1159/000444661 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Chronic axonal idiopathic polyneuropathy: is it really benign
Samuelsson, K., & Press, R. (2020) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/wco.0000000000000847 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Knowledge gaps in diagnosing chronic polyneuropathy: Review of national guidelines
Wiersma, M., van der Star, G. M., Notermans, N. C., van Doorn, P. A., & Vrancken, A. F. J. E. (2024) · Journal of the Peripheral Nervous System · doi:10.1111/jns.12667 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INVOLVEMENT IN LYMPHOPROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS
Sabatelli, M., Laurenti, L., & Luigetti, M. (2018) · Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases · doi:10.4084/mjhid.2018.057 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Zis, P., Sarrigiannis, P. G., Artemiadis, A., Skarlatou, V., & Hadjivassiliou, M. (2021) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.27164 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Nerve biopsies in patients with peripheral neuropathy: A prospective evaluation
Agrawal, A., Garg, R. K., Malhotra, K., Malhotra, H., Rizvi, I., Kumar, N., Suvirya, S., Sharma, P. K., Verma, R. K., Uniyal, R., et al. (2022) · Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care · doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_2480_21 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Laboratory Tests for Neuropathies: What to do and to Avoid
Horlings, C. G. C., Rath, J., Finsterer, J., Wanschitz, J., & Löscher, W. N. (2020) · Journal of Neuromuscular Diseases · doi:10.3233/jnd-200488 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Smith, A. G. (2012) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2011.1718 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuropathy in Prediabetes and the Metabolic Syndrome
Vinik, A. I., & Névoret, M.-L. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3314-9_8 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Sun, B., Liu, L.-Z., Li, Y., Chen, Z.-H., Li, L., Yang, F., Cui, F., & Huang, X. (2017) · Chinese Medical Journal · doi:10.4103/0366-6999.209897 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Benatar, M. G. (2006) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-106-2_8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Assessment and Diagnosis of Sensory Disturbance
Douglass, C., & McDermott, C. J. (2009) · InnovAiT Education and inspiration for general practice · doi:10.1093/innovait/inp099 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Evaluation of Peripheral Neuropathy of Unknown Origin in an Outpatient Foot and Ankle Practice
Klein, S. E., Chu, J., McCormick, J. J., & Johnson, J. E. (2015) · Foot & Ankle International · doi:10.1177/1071100715583352 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Patterns and Correlates of Physical Symptoms among People with Peripheral Neuropathy.
Kim, M. T., Murry, N., Hecht, J. P., Hutson, T. S., Nnaka, T., Ewere, T., Heitkemper, E., Hébert, E. T., Radhakrishnan, K., & Stuifbergen, A. M. (2022) · PubMed · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Efficacy of Electrical Stimulation on Nerve Fiber Growth in Small Fiber Neuropathy
Burakgazi, A. Z. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Neuromuscular Disease · doi:10.1097/cnd.0000000000000280 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
김동휘, 김창환, 김우경, 권희규, & 권기한 (2012) · Jouranl of Korean Association of EMG Electrodiagnostic Medicine · doi:10.18214/jkaem.2012.14.2.47 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Crum, B. A., Rubin, D. I., Dimberg, E. L., & Goodman, B. P. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-88555-1_9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Prediabetes: A Benign Intermediate Stage or a Risk Factor in Itself?
Mulla, I. G., Anjankar, A. P., Pratinidhi, S. A., Agrawal, S. V., Gundpatil, D., & Lambe, S. D. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.63186 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Polyneuropathy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes: do we need different examinations?
Gdynia, H., & Ludolph, A. C. (2010) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.1067 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Case of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Adolescent Presenting with Bell's Palsy
Kim, T. S., Cho, W. K., Cho, K. S., Park, S. H., Hahn, S. H., Jung, M. H., & Suh, B. (2012) · Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.6065/apem.2012.17.4.258
Which Tests Help in Diagnosing Sensory Neuropathy
Gorson, K. C. (2004) · Journal watch · doi:10.1056/jn200409100000005
Diabetik polinöropati tetkiki için başvuran hastalarda sessiz karpal tünel sendromu gelişimi
Yılmaz, A. (2010) · Trakya University's Institutional Open Access System (Trakya University)
Identifizierung neuropathischer Defizite und Schädigungstypen
Doppler, K., Sommer, C., & Reiners, K. (2014) · NeuroTransmitter · doi:10.1007/s15016-014-0003-3
The Validity of Different F Wave Parameters in The Diagnosis of Diabetic Axonal Polyneuropathy
Yaqoub, Z., Kaddori, H. G., & Hamdan, F. B. (2020) · Iraqi journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.22578/ijms.18.1.5
Zhou, L. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-6567-6_13
Diagnostic Yield for Peripheral Neuropathy
(2005) · Neurological disease and therapy · doi:10.1201/b14157-46
(2005) · Journal of Clinical Neuromuscular Disease · doi:10.1097/01.cnd.0000156266.83921.3a
Avcı, D., & Eyvaz, A. (2022) · kulak burun boğaz ve baş boyun cerrahisi dergisi · doi:10.24179/kbbbbc.2022-89636
Toward a Useful and Cost-Effective Workup in Chronic Polyneuropathy: The EXPRESS Study Protocol
Wiersma, M., van der Star, G. M., Eftimov, F., van Eijk, R. P. A., Frederix, G., van Doorn, P. A., Notermans, N. C., & Vrancken, A. F. J. E. (2024) · Neuroepidemiology · doi:10.1159/000539957
Distribution Patterns of Neurography in Diabetic NeuropathyPreprint
Owolabi, L. F., & Alghamdi, M. A. A. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4582287/v1
Approach to the Diagnosis and Management of Peripheral Neuropathy
Doughty, C. T., & Sadjadi, R. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-12642-0.00019-0
Neurologic Complications of Endocrine Disorders
Mustafa, R. (2026) · CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology · doi:10.1212/cont.0000000000001658
Utility of ANA in hospitalized patients with headache and suspected systemic autoimmune disease
Magiel, E., Roitman, M. S., Pflantzer, B., Loebenstein, R., Sharon, R., Watad, A., Maggio, N., & Anis, S. (2026) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/head.70063
Bi‐ and Mono‐Allelic RFC1 Expansion in a North American Cohort With Idiopathic Axonal Neuropathy
Stino, A. M., Muthukumar, L., Reynolds, E. L., Todd, P. K., Övünç, S. S., Jin, S. C., Tang, Z., Thomas, S., PNRR Study Group, Höke, A., et al. (2026) · Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology · doi:10.1002/acn3.70462
- Authors
- Smith, A. G., & Singleton, J. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Utah (US)
- Corresponding author
- Smith, A. Gordon
- Venue
- Archives of Internal Medicine
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2004-05-10
- Volume
- 164
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1021
- ISSN
- 0003-9926 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2123775795
- Cited by
- 95
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 2.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Peripheral Neuropathies and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Hereditary Neurological Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Peripheral Nerve Disorders
- Keywords
- diagnostic algorithm, oral glucose tolerance test, vitamin B12 deficiency, serum protein electrophoresis, antinuclear antibodies, diagnostic yield
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Algorithms, Antibodies, Antinuclear, Blood Protein Electrophoresis, Female, Glucose Tolerance Test, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neural Conduction, Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, Sural Nerve, Vitamin B 12, Vitamin B 12 Deficiency
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
