Cited by 1,171Dementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchPhysical Activity and HealthAlzheimer's disease research and treatments

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Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Controlled Trial

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Baker, Laura D., Frank, Laura L., Foster-Schubert, Karen, Green, Pattie S., Wilkinson, Charles W., McTiernan, Anne, Plymate, Stephen R., Fishel, Mark A., Watson, G. Stennis, Cholerton, Brenna A., Duncan, Glen E., Mehta, Pankaj D., Craft, Suzanne·2010·Archives of Neurology

DOI 10.1001/archneurol.2009.307PMC PMC3056436

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Abstract

OBJECTIVES: To examine the effects of aerobic exercise on cognition and other biomarkers associated with Alzheimer disease pathology for older adults with mild cognitive impairment, and assess the role of sex as a predictor of response. DESIGN: Six-month, randomized, controlled, clinical trial. SETTING: Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System clinical research unit. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-three adults (17 women) with amnestic mild cognitive impairment ranging in age from 55 to 85 years (mean age, 70 years). Intervention Participants were randomized either to a high-intensity aerobic exercise or stretching control group. The aerobic group exercised under the supervision of a fitness trainer at 75% to 85% of heart rate reserve for 45 to 60 min/d, 4 d/wk for 6 months. The control group carried out supervised stretching activities according to the same schedule but maintained their heart rate at or below 50% of their heart rate reserve. Before and after the study, glucometabolic and treadmill tests were performed and fat distribution was assessed using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. At baseline, month 3, and month 6, blood was collected for assay and cognitive tests were administered. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Performance measures on Symbol-Digit Modalities, Verbal Fluency, Stroop, Trails B, Task Switching, Story Recall, and List Learning. Fasting plasma levels of insulin, cortisol, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, insulinlike growth factor-I, and beta-amyloids 40 and 42. RESULTS: Six months of high-intensity aerobic exercise had sex-specific effects on cognition, glucose metabolism, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and trophic activity despite comparable gains in cardiorespiratory fitness and body fat reduction. For women, aerobic exercise improved performance on multiple tests of executive function, increased glucose disposal during the metabolic clamp, and reduced fasting plasma levels of insulin, cortisol, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. For men, aerobic exercise increased plasma levels of insulinlike growth factor I and had a favorable effect only on Trails B performance. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides support, using rigorous controlled methodology, for a potent nonpharmacologic intervention that improves executive control processes for older women at high risk of cognitive decline. Moreover, our results suggest that a sex bias in cognitive response may relate to sex-based differences in glucometabolic and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responses to aerobic exercise.

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“Other modifiable lifestyle factors such as regular physical activities (Baker et al., 2010; Sungkarat, 1 Sau Po Centre on Ageing, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.”
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Reshaping the path of mild cognitive impairment by refining exercise prescription: a study protocol of a randomized controlled trial to understand the “what,” “for whom,” and “how” of exercise to promote cognitive function
Barha, C. K., Falck, R. S., Best, J. R., Nagamatsu, L. S., Hsiung, G. R., Sheel, A. W., Hsu, C. L., Kramer, A. F., Voss, M. W., Erickson, K. I., et al. (2022) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-022-06699-7 · Cited by 16
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“In MCI patients, six months of aerobic exercise enhanced cognitive function, metabolic function, and reduced cortisol in females but not males (Baker et al., 2010).”
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Self-citation
Resistance training protects the hippocampus and precuneus against atrophy and benefits white matter integrity in older adults with mild cognitive impairment
Ribeiro, I. C., Teixeira, C. V. L., de Rezende, T. J. R., de Campos, B. M., Silva, G. B., Uchida, M. C., Magalhães, T. N. C., Pimentel‐Silva, L. R., Aventurato, Í. K., Gonçalves, B. M. V., et al. (2025) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-024-01483-8 · Cited by 16
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The Post Ischaemic Stroke Cardiovascular Exercise Study: Protocol for a randomised controlled trial of fitness training for brain health
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BackgroundResult
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Method
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Effect of Baduanjin exercise intervention on cognitive function and quality of life in women with breast cancer receiving chemotherapy: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial
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Cognitive Dysphagia and Effectively Managing The Five Systems
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“…here, combined with environmental enrichment, dietary changes, and aerobic physical activity (Ahlskog, Geda, Graff-Radford, & Petersen, 2011; Baker et al., 2010; Colcombe & Kramer, 2002; Colcombe, Kramer, McAuley, Erickson, & Scalf, 2004; Colcombe, et al., 2006; Cotman, Berchtold, &…”
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Is There an Association of Physical Activity with Brain Volume, Behavior, and Day-to-day Functioning? A Cross Sectional Design in Prodromal and Early Huntington Disease
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Physical activity and aerobic fitness show different associations with brain processes underlying anticipatory selective visuospatial attention in adolescents
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Challenges moving forward with economic evaluations of exercise intervention strategies aimed at combating cognitive impairment and dementia
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Authors: Baker, L. D., Frank, L. L., Foster-Schubert, K., Green, P. S., Wilkinson, C. W., McTiernan, A., Plymate, S. R., Fishel, M. A., Watson, G. S., Cholerton, B. A., Duncan, G. E., Mehta, P. D., & Craft, S.
Affiliations: University of Washington (US)
Washington State University Spokane (US)
ORCID: Baker, Laura D.
Wilkinson, Charles W.
McTiernan, Anne
Plymate, Stephen R.
Cholerton, Brenna A.
Duncan, Glen E.
Mehta, Pankaj D.
Craft, Suzanne
Venue: Archives of Neurology
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 2010-01-01
Volume: 67
Issue: 1
Pages: 71-9
ISSN: 0003-9942 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1001/archneurol.2009.307
PMC: PMC3056436
OpenAlex: W2005355670
Cited by: 1,171
References: 89
Citations by year: 2026: 37 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 57 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 75 · 2020: 75 · 2019: 94 · 2018: 70 · 2017: 96 · 2016: 70 · 2015: 80 · 2014: 75 · 2013: 89 · 2012: 70
FWCI: 53.93
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Archives of Neurology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
ResearchWorks at the University of Washington (University of Washington) (submittedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
Alzheimer's Association
National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000423, 5kl2rr025015-02)
National Center for Research Resources (KL2-RR025015)
National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
Keywords: aerobic exercise, mild cognitive impairment, amnestic mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, sex differences, executive function, glucose metabolism, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, cortisol, insulin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, insulin-like growth factor I, amyloid-beta, older adults, non-pharmacological treatment, cognitive decline
MeSH terms: Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer Disease, Cognition Disorders, Energy Metabolism, Exercise Test, Exercise Therapy, Female, Glucose, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Physical Fitness, Exercise, Absorptiometry, Photon, Treatment Outcome, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Exercise Tolerance, Body Fat Distribution

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Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Controlled Trial

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