The DOI matches its Crossref record; 88 of the 89 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Controlled Trial
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: To examine the effects of aerobic exercise on cognition and other biomarkers associated with Alzheimer disease pathology for older adults with mild cognitive impairment, and assess the role of sex as a predictor of response. DESIGN: Six-month, randomized, controlled, clinical trial. SETTING: Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System clinical research unit. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-three adults (17 women) with amnestic mild cognitive impairment ranging in age from 55 to 85 years (mean age, 70 years). Intervention Participants were randomized either to a high-intensity aerobic exercise or stretching control group. The aerobic group exercised under the supervision of a fitness trainer at 75% to 85% of heart rate reserve for 45 to 60 min/d, 4 d/wk for 6 months. The control group carried out supervised stretching activities according to the same schedule but maintained their heart rate at or below 50% of their heart rate reserve. Before and after the study, glucometabolic and treadmill tests were performed and fat distribution was assessed using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. At baseline, month 3, and month 6, blood was collected for assay and cognitive tests were administered. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Performance measures on Symbol-Digit Modalities, Verbal Fluency, Stroop, Trails B, Task Switching, Story Recall, and List Learning. Fasting plasma levels of insulin, cortisol, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, insulinlike growth factor-I, and beta-amyloids 40 and 42. RESULTS: Six months of high-intensity aerobic exercise had sex-specific effects on cognition, glucose metabolism, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and trophic activity despite comparable gains in cardiorespiratory fitness and body fat reduction. For women, aerobic exercise improved performance on multiple tests of executive function, increased glucose disposal during the metabolic clamp, and reduced fasting plasma levels of insulin, cortisol, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. For men, aerobic exercise increased plasma levels of insulinlike growth factor I and had a favorable effect only on Trails B performance. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides support, using rigorous controlled methodology, for a potent nonpharmacologic intervention that improves executive control processes for older women at high risk of cognitive decline. Moreover, our results suggest that a sex bias in cognitive response may relate to sex-based differences in glucometabolic and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responses to aerobic exercise.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“However, in another study from The Netherlands, supplementation with 800 μg daily of oral folic acid for 3 years in 818 participants significantly improved domains of cognitive function that tend to decline with age.477”
From Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association (2011) · cites this paper as [477]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Matthews, D. R., Hosker, J. P., Rudenski, A. S., Naylor, B. A., Treacher, D. F., & Turner, R. C. (1985) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf00280883 · Cited by 31,502
Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity
Petersen, R. C. (2004) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2796.2004.01388.x · Cited by 7,864
Glucose clamp technique: a method for quantifying insulin secretion and resistance.
DeFronzo, R. A., Tobin, J. D., & Andres, R. (1979) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.1979.237.3.e214 · Cited by 7,425
Protective and Damaging Effects of Stress Mediators
McEwen, B. S. (1998) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199801153380307 · Cited by 6,733
Fitness Effects on the Cognitive Function of Older Adults: A Meta-Analytic Study
Colcombe, S., & Kramer, A. F. (2003) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.t01-1-01430 · Cited by 3,782
Exercise builds brain health: key roles of growth factor cascades and inflammation
Cotman, C. W., Berchtold, N. C., & Christie, L.-A. (2007) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2007.06.011 · Cited by 2,268
Aerobic Exercise Training Increases Brain Volume in Aging Humans
Colcombe, S. J., Erickson, K. I., Scalf, P. E., Kim, J. S., Prakash, R., McAuley, E., Elavsky, S., Marquez, D. X., Hu, L., & Kramer, A. F. (2006) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/61.11.1166 · Cited by 2,134
Exercise enhances learning and hippocampal neurogenesis in aged mice
van Praag, H., Shubert, T., Zhao, C., & Gage, F. H. (2005) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1731-05.2005 · Cited by 2,078 · cited 1×
“on memory have been reported in a few clinical trials,(20,21) although most support for a memory benefit comes from animal research.(8,11,22,23) In humans, results of crosssectional(24) and prospective(25) brain imaging studies suggest that increased aerobic fitness in cognitively healthy older adults is associated wi…”
Lautenschlager, N. T., Cox, K. L., Flicker, L., Foster, J. K., van Bockxmeer, F. M., Xiao, J., Greenop, K. R., & Almeida, O. P. (2008) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.300.9.1027 · Cited by 1,637 · cited 1×
“In a recent exercise trial for older memory-impaired adults, Lautenschlager et al found benefits for memory and language but not executive function.(20) However, in their study subjects were not sedentary at study entry and sexspecific effects were not examined.”
Physical activity and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in elderly persons
Laurin, D., Verreault, R., Lindsay, J., MacPherson, K., & Rockwood, K. (2001) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.58.3.498 · Cited by 1,561 · cited 4×
“80 Interventions such as aerobic exercise that can markedly alter HPA axis activity 61,81 may have the potential to confer clinically meaningful cognitive benefits, particularly for older women at elevated risk of AD.”
InfluentialHippocampal BDNF mediates the efficacy of exercise on synaptic plasticity and cognition
Vaynman, S., Ying, Z., & Gomez‐Pinilla, F. (2004) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03720.x · Cited by 1,460 · cited 1×
“on memory have been reported in a few clinical trials,(20,21) although most support for a memory benefit comes from animal research.(8,11,22,23) In humans, results of crosssectional(24) and prospective(25) brain imaging studies suggest that increased aerobic fitness in cognitively healthy older adults is associated wi…”
Heyn, P., Abreu, B. C., & Ottenbacher, K. J. (2004) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2004.03.019 · Cited by 1,223 · cited 1×
“Studies examining the beneficial effect of aerobic exercise on memory-impaired older adults are limited and primarily rely on retrospective measures of physical activity, unstructured (eg, home-based) programs, or general measures of cognitive function, but nonetheless suggest promising effects.(19,29) In this study,…”
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
Szczepkowski, K. V., & Demakis, G. J. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_1034 · Cited by 1,085
Nagahara, A. H., Merrill, D. A., Coppola, G., Tsukada, S., Schroeder, B. E., Shaked, G. M., Wang, L., Blesch, A., Kim, A., Conner, J. M., et al. (2009) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.1912 · Cited by 1,034
Aerobic fitness reduces brain tissue loss in aging humans.
Colcombe, S. J., Erickson, K. I., Raz, N., Webb, A. G., Cohen, N. J., McAuley, E., & Kramer, A. F. (2003) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/58.2.m176 · Cited by 1,017
Aerobic fitness is associated with hippocampal volume in elderly humans
Erickson, K. I., Prakash, R. S., Voss, M. W., Chaddock, L., Hu, L., Morris, K. S., White, S. M., Wójcicki, T. R., McAuley, E., & Kramer, A. F. (2009) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20547 · Cited by 1,007
The impact of age, weight and gender on BDNF levels in human platelets and plasma
Lommatzsch, M., Zingler, D., Schuhbaeck, K., Schloetcke, K., Zingler, C., Schuff‐Werner, P., & Virchow, J. C., Jr. (2004) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2004.03.002 · Cited by 849
Verbal fluency performance in dementia of the Alzheimer’s type: a meta-analysis
Henry, J. D., Crawford, J. R., & Phillips, L. H. (2004) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.02.001 · Cited by 847 · cited 4×
“80 Interventions such as aerobic exercise that can markedly alter HPA axis activity 61,81 may have the potential to confer clinically meaningful cognitive benefits, particularly for older women at elevated risk of AD.”
InfluentialVoluntary Exercise Decreases Amyloid Load in a Transgenic Model of Alzheimer's Disease
Adlard, P. A., Perreau, V. M., Pop, V., & Cotman, C. W. (2005) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0496-05.2005 · Cited by 829
Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor Is Stored in Human Platelets and Released by Agonist Stimulation
Fujimura, H., Chen, R., Nakamura, T., Nakahashi, T., Kambayashi, J.-I., Sun, B., Altar, C., & Tandon, N. (2002) · Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1055/s-0037-1613072 · Cited by 777 · cited 1×
“Although BDNF is highly concentrated in the central nervous system, it is also stored and released by activated blood platelets.(47) Thus, we assayed platelet factor 4 to estimate platelet activity and adjusted total BDNF levels by these values.”
Stranahan, A. M., Norman, E. D., Lee, K. M., Cutler, R. G., Telljohann, R. S., Egan, J. M., & Mattson, M. P. (2008) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.20470 · Cited by 766
Exercise, cognition, and the aging brain
Kramer, A. F., Erickson, K. I., & Colcombe, S. J. (2006) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00500.2006 · Cited by 719 · cited 1×
“In particular, positive effects were observed for executive control abilities such as selective attention, search efficiency, processing speed, and cognitive flexibility, benefits that have been previously described for cognitively intact adults.(2) In a recent exercise trial for older memory-impaired adults, Lautensc…”
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and type 2 diabetes
Krabbe, K. S., Nielsen, A. R., Krogh‐Madsen, R., Plomgaard, P., Rasmussen, P., Erikstrup, C., Fischer, C. P., Lindegaard, B., Petersen, A. M. W., Taudorf, S., et al. (2006) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-006-0537-4 · Cited by 718
Spieler, D. H., Balota, D. A., & Faust, M. E. (1996) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.22.2.461 · Cited by 687
Glucocorticoids increase amyloid-β and tau pathology in a mouse model of alzheimer’s disease
Green, K. N., Billings, L. M., Roozendaal, B., McGaugh, J. L., & LaFerla, F. M. (2006) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2797-06.2006 · Cited by 623
Carro, E., Trejo, J. L., Busiguina, S., & Torres-Aleman, I. (2001) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-15-05678.2001 · Cited by 601
Plasma and Cerebrospinal Fluid Levels of Amyloid β Proteins 1-40 and 1-42 in Alzheimer Disease
Mehta, P. D., Pirttilä, T., Mehta, S. P., Sersen, E. A., Aisen, P. S., & Wisniewski, H. M. (2000) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.57.1.100 · Cited by 582
Self-citationAerobic exercise effects on cognitive and neural plasticity in older adults
Erickson, K. I., & Kramer, A. F. (2008) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.2008.052498 · Cited by 482
Golden, C. J., Freshwater, S. M., & Golden, Z. L. (2002) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t06065-000 · Cited by 449
A meta-analysis of cortisol response to challenge in human aging: importance of gender
Otte, C., Hart, S. L., Neylan, T. C., Marmar, C. R., Yaffe, K. S., & Mohr, D. C. (2004) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2004.06.002 · Cited by 438
Plasma Cortisol and Progression of Dementia in Subjects With Alzheimer-Type Dementia
Csernansky, J. G., Dong, H., Fagan, A. M., Wang, L., Xiong, C., Holtzman, D. M., & Morris, J. C. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.12.2164 · Cited by 433 · cited 1×
“For patients in the early stages of AD, cortisol levels are markedly elevated relative to agematched nondemented adults,(66-70) and higher levels among patients predict more rapid disease progression.(71) Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis overactivity may ultimately compromise brain resilience to stress, increasing…”
Kuusisto, J., Koivisto, K. J., Mykkänen, L. M., Helkala, E.-L., Vanhanen, M., Hänninen, T., Kervinen, K., Kesäniemi, Y. A., Riekkinen, P. J., & Laakso, M. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7115.1045 · Cited by 426
Plasma Cortisol and Progression of Dementia in Subjects With Alzheimer-Type Dementia
Csernansky, J. G., Dong, H., Fagan, A. M., Wang, L., Xiong, C., Holtzman, D. M., & Morris, J. C. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.163.12.2164 · Cited by 426
Spieler, D. H., Balota, D. A., & Faust, M. E. (1996) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/0096-1523.22.2.461 · Cited by 414
Isaacs, K. R., Anderson, B. J., Alcantara, A. A., Black, J. E., & Greenough, W. T. (1992) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1038/jcbfm.1992.14 · Cited by 405
Increase in Urinary Cortisol Excretion and Memory Declines: MacArthur Studies of Successful Aging
Seeman, T. E., McEwen, B. S., Singer, B. H., Albert, M., & Rowe, J. W. (1997) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.82.8.4173 · Cited by 383 · cited 1×
“5-year period, while for men, cognitive performance was unrelated to fluctuations in cortisol.(65) For patients in the early stages of AD, cortisol levels are markedly elevated relative to agematched nondemented adults,(66-70) and higher levels among patients predict more rapid disease progression.”
Regular exercise improves cognitive function and decreases oxidative damage in rat brain
Radak, Z. O., Kaneko, T., Tahara, S., Nakamoto, H., Pucsok, J. M., Sasvári, M., Nyakas, C. J., & Goto, S. (2001) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/s0197-0186(00)00063-2 · Cited by 373 · cited 1×
“on memory have been reported in a few clinical trials,(20,21) although most support for a memory benefit comes from animal research.(8,11,22,23) In humans, results of crosssectional(24) and prospective(25) brain imaging studies suggest that increased aerobic fitness in cognitively healthy older adults is associated wi…”
Cardiorespiratory fitness and brain atrophy in early Alzheimer disease.
Burns, J. M., Cronk, B. B., Anderson, H. S., Donnelly, J. E., Thomas, G. P., Harsha, A., Brooks, W. M., & Swerdlow, R. H. (2008) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000317094.86209.cb · Cited by 363
Craft, S. (2005) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.08.021 · Cited by 347
Self-citationContribution of Vascular Risk Factors to the Progression in Alzheimer Disease
Helzner, E., Luchsinger, J. A., Scarmeas, N., Cosentino, S., Brickman, A. M., Glymour, M. M., & Stern, Y. (2009) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.66.3.343 · Cited by 338
Rogers, R. (1998) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/121.5.815 · Cited by 312
Achieving and Maintaining Cognitive Vitality With Aging
Fillit, H. M., Butler, R. N., O’Connell, A. W., Albert, M., Birren, J. E., Cotman, C. W., Greenough, W. T., Gold, P. E., Kramer, A. F., Kuller, L. H., et al. (2002) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.4065/77.7.681 · Cited by 304
van Uffelen, J. G. Z., Chinapaw, M. J. M., van Mechelen, W., & Hopman-Rock, M. (2008) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.2007.044735 · Cited by 279 · cited 1×
“Similarly, in a recent 12month randomized controlled trial of moderate-intensity walking for adults with MCI, attention and memory improved for women in the study, whereas for men, only the most compliant showed improved memory, and attention was unchanged.(54) Conceivably, sex differences may have been overlooked in…”
Potential roles of insulin and IGF-1 in Alzheimer's disease
Gasparini, L., & Xu, H. (2003) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(03)00163-2 · Cited by 275
Neuropsychological Measures in Normal Individuals That Predict Subsequent Cognitive Decline
Blacker, D., Lee, H., Muzikansky, A., Martin, E. C., Tanzi, R. E., McArdle, J. J., Moss, M. B., & Albert, M. (2007) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.64.6.862 · Cited by 269
Insulin increases CSF Aβ42 levels in normal older adults
Watson, G. S., Peskind, E. R., Asthana, S., Purganan, K., Wait, C., Chapman, D., Schwartz, M. W., Plymate, S. R., & Craft, S. (2003) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000065916.25128.25 · Cited by 265
Self-citationGender differences in age-related changes in HPA axis reactivity
Seeman, T. E., Singer, B. H., Wilkinson, C. W., & McEwen, B. S. (2001) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(00)00043-3 · Cited by 259
Self-citationEffects of Stress on Neurotrophic Factor Expression in the Rat Brain
SMITH, M. A., Makino, S., Květňanský, R., & Post, R. M. (1995) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1995.tb44684.x · Cited by 258 · cited 1×
“Brainderived neurotrophic factor is linked to glucoregulation and insulin sensitivity(76-79) and is highly regulated by HPA axis activity.(80) Interventions such as aerobic exercise that can markedly alter HPA axis activity(61,81) may have the potential to confer clinically meaningful cognitive benefits, particularly…”
Craft, S., Asthana, S., Cook, D. G., Baker, L. D., Cherrier, M. M., Purganan, K., Wait, C., Petrova, A., Latendresse, S. J., Watson, G. S., et al. (2003) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(02)00087-2 · Cited by 254
Self-citationNichol, K. E., Poon, W. W., Parachikova, A. I., Cribbs, D. H., Glabe, C. G., & Cotman, C. W. (2008) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-5-13 · Cited by 250
Cortisol and Alzheimer's disease, I: Basal studies
Davis, K. L., Davis, B. J., GREENWALD, B. S., Mohs, R. C., Mathé, A. A., Johns, C. A., & Horvath, T. (1986) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.143.3.300 · Cited by 246 · cited 1×
“Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis overactivity may ultimately compromise brain resilience to stress, increasing vulnerability to neurodegeneration.(57,66,72-74) Neurodegenerative disease has been linked to changes in growth factors such as BDNF.”
Verbal fluency performance in amnestic MCI and older adults with cognitive complaints
NUTTERUPHAM, K., SAYKIN, A., RABIN, L., ROTH, R., WISHART, H., PARE, N., & FLASHMAN, L. (2008) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1016/j.acn.2008.01.005 · Cited by 238
Unger, J. B., Johnson, C. A., & Marks, G. N. (1997) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf02883332 · Cited by 211 · cited 1×
“The use of a stretching control provided subjects with comparable opportunities for social interaction (with staff and exercise facility personnel) and increased physical mobility, factors that could conceivably affect mood and HPA axis activity with implications for cognition.(82,83) Aerobic exercise is a cost-effect…”
Cho, Y. (1998) · International Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.3892/ijmm_00000052 · Cited by 198
Short-term exercise in aged Tg2576 mice alters neuroinflammation and improves cognition
Parachikova, A., Nichol, K. E., & Cotman, C. W. (2008) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2007.12.008 · Cited by 193 · cited 1×
“on memory have been reported in a few clinical trials,(20,21) although most support for a memory benefit comes from animal research.(8,11,22,23) In humans, results of crosssectional(24) and prospective(25) brain imaging studies suggest that increased aerobic fitness in cognitively healthy older adults is associated wi…”
Executive Functions Deficit in Mild Cognitive Impairment
Traykov, L. D., Raoux, N., Latour, F., Gallo, L., Hanon, O., Baudic, S., Bayle, C., Wenisch, É., Rémy, P., & Rigaud, A. (2007) · Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology · doi:10.1097/wnn.0b013e31815e6254 · Cited by 190 · cited 4×
“80 Interventions such as aerobic exercise that can markedly alter HPA axis activity 61,81 may have the potential to confer clinically meaningful cognitive benefits, particularly for older women at elevated risk of AD.”
InfluentialBegliuomini, S., Lenzi, E., Ninni, F., Casarosa, E., Merlini, S., Pluchino, N., Valentino, V., Luisi, S. V., Luisi, M., & Genazzani, A. R. (2008) · Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1677/joe-07-0376 · Cited by 176 · cited 1×
“In our study, treatment effects on plasma BDNF paralleled those of cortisol, an association that has also been observed by others.(75) Brainderived neurotrophic factor is linked to glucoregulation and insulin sensitivity(76-79) and is highly regulated by HPA axis activity.”
The HPA axis response to stress in women: effects of aging and fitness
Traustadóttir, T., Bosch, P. R., & Matt, K. S. (2005) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2004.11.002 · Cited by 160
Fujinami, A., Ohta, K., Obayashi, H., Fukui, M., Hasegawa, G., Nakamura, N., Kozai, H., Imai, S., & Ohta, M. (2008) · Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.03.003 · Cited by 156
Increased CSF cortisol in AD is a function of APOE genotype
Peskind, E. R., Wilkinson, C. W., Petrie, E. C., Schellenberg, G. D., & Raskind, M. A. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.56.8.1094 · Cited by 153
Self-citationMastorakos, G. P., & Pavlatou, M. G. (2005) · Hormone and Metabolic Research · doi:10.1055/s-2005-870426 · Cited by 151 · cited 1×
“Although cortisol typically rises following an acute bout of exercise, chronic exposure to exercise and consequent improvement in aerobic fitness reduces acute HPA axis reactivity.(55,56) In older adults, cortisol levels are elevated relative to younger adults,(57,58) and this age effect is almost 3 times greater for…”
Fordyce, D. E., & Farrar, R. P. (1991) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(05)80105-6 · Cited by 143
Traustadóttir, T., Bosch, P. R., & Matt, K. S. (2003) · Stress · doi:10.1080/1025389031000111302 · Cited by 139
Swanwick, G., Kirby, M., Bruce, I., Buggy, F., Coen, R. F., Coakley, D., & LAWLOR, B. A. (1998) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.155.2.286 · Cited by 132
Exercise interventions for dementia and cognitive impairment: the Seattle protocols
Teri, L., Logsdon, R. G., & McCurry, S. M. (2008) · The Journal of nutrition, health and aging · doi:10.1007/bf02982672 · Cited by 110 · cited 1×
“The use of a stretching control provided subjects with comparable opportunities for social interaction (with staff and exercise facility personnel) and increased physical mobility, factors that could conceivably affect mood and HPA axis activity with implications for cognition.(82,83) Aerobic exercise is a cost-effect…”
Increased Levels of Adrenocortical and Gonadal Hormones in Mild to Moderate Alzheimer’s Disease
Rasmuson, S., Näsman, B., Carlström, K., & Olsson, T. (2002) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000048637 · Cited by 105
Shibuya‐Tayoshi, S., Sumitani, S., Kikuchi, K., Tanaka, T., Tayoshi, S., Ueno, S., & Ohmori, T. (2007) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2007.01727.x · Cited by 104
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system function in patients with alzheimer's disease
Hatzinger, M., Z'Brun, A., Hemmeter, U., Seifritz, E., Baumann, F., Holsboer‐Trachsler, E., & Heuser, I. J. E. (1995) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/0197-4580(94)00159-6 · Cited by 103
Human Glucocorticoid Feedback Inhibition Is Reduced in Older Individuals: Evening Study1
Wilkinson, C. W., Petrie, E. C., Murray, S., Colasurdo, E. A., Raskind, M. A., & Peskind, E. R. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.2.7232 · Cited by 99
Self-citationChodosh, J., Reuben, D. B., Albert, M., & Seeman, T. E. (2002) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50260.x · Cited by 96
Elevated urinary free cortisol in patients with dementia
Maeda, K., Tanimoto, K., Terada, T., Shintani, T., & Kakigi, T. (1991) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/0197-4580(91)90055-o · Cited by 94
Prevention of CIND by physical activity: Different impact on VCI-ND compared with MCI
Middleton, L. E., Kirkland, S., & Rockwood, K. J. (2008) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2007.04.054 · Cited by 91
Sasse, S. K., Greenwood, B. N., Masini, C. V., Nyhuis, T. J., Fleshner, M., Day, H. E. W., & Campeau, S. (2008) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890801887453 · Cited by 85
Human Glucocorticoid Feedback Inhibition Is Reduced in Older Individuals: Evening Study
Wilkinson, C. W. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.86.2.545 · Cited by 76
Self-citationThe Aging of Executive Functions
Jeffrey, K. D., & Jacoby, T. L. (2006) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195169539.003.0007 · Cited by 65 · cited 1×
“In humans, results of crosssectional(24) and prospective(25) brain imaging studies suggest that increased aerobic fitness in cognitively healthy older adults is associated with reduced age-related atrophy and increased perfusion in regions that support executive control and memory processes, yet are most vulnerable to…”
Lexical and semantic fluency discrepancy scores in aMCI and early Alzheimer's disease
Lonie, J. A., Herrmann, L. L., Tierney, K. M., Donaghey, C. L., O’Carroll, R. E., Lee, A., & Ebmeier, K. P. (2008) · Journal of Neuropsychology · doi:10.1348/174866408x289935 · Cited by 62 · cited 4×
“80 Interventions such as aerobic exercise that can markedly alter HPA axis activity 61,81 may have the potential to confer clinically meaningful cognitive benefits, particularly for older women at elevated risk of AD.”
InfluentialDeuster, P. A., Petrides, J. S., Singh, A. P., Lucci, E. B., Chrousos, G. P., & Gold, P. W. (1998) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.83.9.5110 · Cited by 54 · cited 1×
“Although cortisol typically rises following an acute bout of exercise, chronic exposure to exercise and consequent improvement in aerobic fitness reduces acute HPA axis reactivity.(55,56) In older adults, cortisol levels are elevated relative to younger adults,(57,58) and this age effect is almost 3 times greater for…”
Traustadóttir, T., Bosch, P. R., Cantu, T., & Matt, K. S. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-031713 · Cited by 54
Mattson, M. P. (2002) · Mechanisms of Ageing and Development · doi:10.1016/s0047-6374(02)00032-5 · Cited by 48
High plasma levels of cortisol in patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type.
Masugi, F., Ogihara, T., Sakaguchi, K., Otsuka, A., Tsuchiya, Y., Morimoto, S., Kumahara, Y., Saeki, S., & Nishide, M. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 48
The impact of age, weight and gender on BDNF levels in human platelets and plasma
Lommatzsch, M. (2004) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(04)00107-1 · Cited by 39
Peskind, E. R., Raskind, M. A., Wingerson, D. K., Pascualy, M., Thal, L. J., Dobie, D. J., & Wilkinson, C. W. (1996) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(95)00318-5 · Cited by 37 · cited 1×
“Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis overactivity may ultimately compromise brain resilience to stress, increasing vulnerability to neurodegeneration.(57,66,72-74) Neurodegenerative disease has been linked to changes in growth factors such as BDNF.”
Self-citationExercise, Aging, and Cognition: Healthy Body, Healthy Mind?
Rogers, W. A., & Fisk, A. D. (2001) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b12459-12 · Cited by 37
A computer-assisted cognitive test battery for aged monkeys
Buccafusco, J. J., Terry, A. V., & Murdoch, P. B. (2002) · Journal of Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s12031-002-0030-6 · Cited by 29
Petrie, E. C., Wilkinson, C. W., Murray, S., Jensen, C. D. F., Peskind, E. R., & Raskind, M. A. (1999) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(98)00088-2 · Cited by 24
Self-citationExercise assessment of arthritic and elderly individuals
Hagberg, J. M. (1994) · Baillière s Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1016/s0950-3579(05)80223-7 · Cited by 23
Increased CSF cortisol in AD is a function of APOE genotype
Sass, J. O., Heinz‐Erian, P., & Högler, W. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.57.8.1522-a · Cited by 10
Cardiorespiratory fitness and brain atrophy in early Alzheimer disease
Talbott, J. A. (2009) · Yearbook of Psychiatry and Applied Mental Health · doi:10.1016/s0084-3970(08)79065-0 · Cited by 8
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Gorelick, P. B., Scuteri, A., Black, S. E., DeCarli, C., Greenberg, S. M., Iadecola, C., Launer, L. J., Laurent, S., Lopez, O. L., Nyenhuis, D., et al. (2011) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/str.0b013e3182299496 · Cited by 3,811
Exercise as medicine - evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases
Pedersen, B. K., & Saltin, B. (2015) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.12581 · Cited by 3,514
“The effect was twice as strong for women as for men (Baker et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMethodDefeating Alzheimer's disease and other dementias: a priority for European science and society
Winblad, B., Amouyel, P., Andrieu, S., Ballard, C., Brayne, C., Brodaty, H., Cedazo-Minguez, A., Dubois, B., Edvardsson, D., Feldman, H., et al. (2016) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(16)00062-4 · Cited by 1,676
Miranda, M., Morici, J. F., Zanoni, M. B., & Bekinschtein, P. (2019) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2019.00363 · Cited by 1,416
“In the same manner, changes in BDNF levels induced pharmacologically or by aerobic exercise are related to better cognitive function and diminished synaptic dysfunction both in humans at risk of developing AD and in animal models of AD (Baker et al., 2010; Intlekofer and Cotman, 2013).”
BackgroundThe Diagnosis and Management of Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Clinical Review
Langa, K. M., & Levine, D. A. (2014) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2014.13806 · Cited by 1,337
Metadata
- Authors
- Baker, L. D., Frank, L. L., Foster-Schubert, K., Green, P. S., Wilkinson, C. W., McTiernan, A., Plymate, S. R., Fishel, M. A., Watson, G. S., Cholerton, B. A., Duncan, G. E., Mehta, P. D., & Craft, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Washington State University Spokane (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Archives of Neurology
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2010-01-01
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 71-9
- ISSN
- 0003-9942 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3056436
- OpenAlex
- W2005355670
- Cited by
- 1,171
- References
- 89
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 57 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 75 · 2020: 75 · 2019: 94 · 2018: 70 · 2017: 96 · 2016: 70 · 2015: 80 · 2014: 75 · 2013: 89 · 2012: 70
- FWCI
- 53.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Archives of Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- ResearchWorks at the University of Washington (University of Washington) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
- Alzheimer's Association
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000423, 5kl2rr025015-02)
- National Center for Research Resources (KL2-RR025015)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Keywords
- aerobic exercise, mild cognitive impairment, amnestic mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, sex differences, executive function, glucose metabolism, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, cortisol, insulin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, insulin-like growth factor I, amyloid-beta, older adults, non-pharmacological treatment, cognitive decline
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer Disease, Cognition Disorders, Energy Metabolism, Exercise Test, Exercise Therapy, Female, Glucose, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Physical Fitness, Exercise, Absorptiometry, Photon, Treatment Outcome, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Exercise Tolerance, Body Fat Distribution
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
