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Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Controlled Trial
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: To examine the effects of aerobic exercise on cognition and other biomarkers associated with Alzheimer disease pathology for older adults with mild cognitive impairment, and assess the role of sex as a predictor of response. DESIGN: Six-month, randomized, controlled, clinical trial. SETTING: Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System clinical research unit. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-three adults (17 women) with amnestic mild cognitive impairment ranging in age from 55 to 85 years (mean age, 70 years). Intervention Participants were randomized either to a high-intensity aerobic exercise or stretching control group. The aerobic group exercised under the supervision of a fitness trainer at 75% to 85% of heart rate reserve for 45 to 60 min/d, 4 d/wk for 6 months. The control group carried out supervised stretching activities according to the same schedule but maintained their heart rate at or below 50% of their heart rate reserve. Before and after the study, glucometabolic and treadmill tests were performed and fat distribution was assessed using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. At baseline, month 3, and month 6, blood was collected for assay and cognitive tests were administered. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Performance measures on Symbol-Digit Modalities, Verbal Fluency, Stroop, Trails B, Task Switching, Story Recall, and List Learning. Fasting plasma levels of insulin, cortisol, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, insulinlike growth factor-I, and beta-amyloids 40 and 42. RESULTS: Six months of high-intensity aerobic exercise had sex-specific effects on cognition, glucose metabolism, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and trophic activity despite comparable gains in cardiorespiratory fitness and body fat reduction. For women, aerobic exercise improved performance on multiple tests of executive function, increased glucose disposal during the metabolic clamp, and reduced fasting plasma levels of insulin, cortisol, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. For men, aerobic exercise increased plasma levels of insulinlike growth factor I and had a favorable effect only on Trails B performance. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides support, using rigorous controlled methodology, for a potent nonpharmacologic intervention that improves executive control processes for older women at high risk of cognitive decline. Moreover, our results suggest that a sex bias in cognitive response may relate to sex-based differences in glucometabolic and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responses to aerobic exercise.
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“However, in another study from The Netherlands, supplementation with 800 μg daily of oral folic acid for 3 years in 818 participants significantly improved domains of cognitive function that tend to decline with age.477”
From Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association (2011) · cites this paper as [477]
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Items 201–300 of 999
Ben-Sadoun, G., Sacco, G., Manera, V., Bourgeois, J., König, A., Foulon, P., Fosty, B., Brémond, F., d’Arripe-Longueville, F., & Robert, P. H. (2016) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-160268 · Cited by 105
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Intermittent hypoxic–hyperoxic training on cognitive performance in geriatric patients
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ResultHow does the skeletal muscle communicate with the brain in health and disease?
Isaac, A. R., Lima‐Filho, R. A. S., & Lourenco, M. V. (2021) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108744 · Cited by 99
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BackgroundVidoni, E. D., Morris, J. K., Watts, A. S., Perry, M., Clutton, J., Sciver, A. R. V., Kamat, A., Mahnken, J. D., Hunt, S. L., Townley, R. A., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0244893 · Cited by 101
“At least three intervention studies have examined the impact of exercise on 361 serum Aβ concentration, with none reporting reliable reductions in Aβ as a consequence of 362 exercise.[60-62] The amyloid tracer we employed (18F-AV45) may lack sufficient 363 sensitivity/specificity to index subtle changes in amyloid ind…”
Gharacholou, S. M., Reid, K. J., Arnold, S. V., Spertus, J. A., Rich, M. W., Pellikka, P. A., Singh, M., Holsinger, T., Krumholz, H. M., Peterson, E. D., et al. (2011) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2011.08.005 · Cited by 94
“Cardiac rehabilitation improves physical function among revascularized patients and promotes positive behavioral and lifestyle changes.31 Beyond improvements in physical function, exercise may be beneficial from a cognitive perspective,32 and there is evidence that cardiac rehabilitation may improve outcomes among pat…”
BackgroundInfluentialTsai, C., Pan, C., Chen, F., & Tseng, Y. (2017) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00294 · Cited by 99
“The participants consisted solely of men because neurocognitive and endocrinological responses to exercise could be genderdependent (Baker et al., 2010).”
BackgroundExercise Improves Vascular Function, but does this Translate to the Brain?
Barnes, J. N., & Corkery, A. T. (2018) · Brain Plasticity · doi:10.3233/bpl-180075 · Cited by 105
Hopkins, R. O., Suchyta, M. R., Farrer, T. J., & Needham, D. M. (2012) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201206-1022cp · Cited by 97
Cardiorespiratory fitness and cognitive function in middle age
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“Specifically, one study conducted among 33 elderly participants with mild cognitive function impairment after 6 months of a controlled exercise intervention showed that increasing V̇O2peak, a measure of CRF, was associated with improved performance in DSST specifically in the 17 female participants.(28) While the cogn…”
An Evidence Map of the Women Veterans’ Health Research Literature (2008–2015)
Danan, E. R., Krebs, E. E., Ensrud, K. E., Koeller, E., MacDonald, R. H., Velasquez, T. L., Greer, N. L., & Wilt, T. J. (2017) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-017-4152-5 · Cited by 92
Relationship of Gait and Cognition in the Elderly
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“Patients who meet MCI criteria in clinical practice are at higher risk of transitioning to dementia [28].”
BackgroundInfluentialPhysical exercise, IGF-1 and cognition A systematic review of experimental studies in the elderly
Stein, A. M., da Silva, T. M. V., Coelho, F. G. D. M., Arantes, F. J., Costa, J. L. R., Teodoro, E. F., & Galduróz, J. C. F. (2018) · Dementia & Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1590/1980-57642018dn12-020003 · Cited by 102
Physical activity improves cognition: possible explanations
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“However, the decline can be reduced (Baker et al. 2010; Doi et al. 2015) or the brain can be stimulated to form new cells (Mohorko 2014) by PA (Scherder et al. 2005; Erickson et al. 2011; Chang et al. 2014), therefore for a quality life of elderly people it is important to consider what kind of and…”
BackgroundLipardo, D., Aseron, A. M. C., Kwan, M. M. S., & Tsang, W. W. N. (2017) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2017.04.021 · Cited by 91
Exercise Training in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment: A One-Year Randomized Controlled Trial
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“Future studies would benefit from more frequent rehabilitation, including a high-intensity aerobic component [10] to maximize cognitive improvements.”
BackgroundExercise is medicine, for the body and the brain
Nagamatsu, L. S., Flicker, L. A., Kramer, A. F., Voss, M. W., Erickson, K. I., Hsu, C. L., & Liu-Ambrose, T. Y. L. (2014) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2013-093224 · Cited by 94
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Leisure-time physical activity associates with cognitive decline
Willey, J. Z., Gardener, H. E., Caunca, M. R., Moon, Y. P., Dong, C., Cheung, Y. K., Sacco, R. L., Elkind, M. S. V., & Wright, C. B. (2016) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000002582 · Cited by 96
“An exploratory factor analysis as well as a review of findings reported in previous studies informed the selection of tests for each cognitive domain and Gc.(14,15) The z scores for processing speed, executive function, semantic memory, episodic memory, and Gc were calculated by averaging z-transformed neuropsychologi…”
MethodPhysical Activity Reduces the Risk of Dementia in Mild Cognitive Impairment Subjects: A Cohort Study
Grande, G., Vanacore, N., Maggiore, L., Cucumo, V., Ghiretti, R., Galimberti, D., Scarpini, E. A., Mariani, C. B., & Clerici, F. (2014) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-131808 · Cited by 91
“By contrast, two 6-months randomized controlled trials [10, 11] have demonstrated that physical exercise has positive effects on cognition, without providing results on the risk of progression to dementia.”
Barha, C. K., Hsiung, G. R., Best, J. R., Davis, J. C., Eng, J. J., Jacova, C., Lee, P. E., Munkacsy, M., Cheung, W., & Liu-Ambrose, T. Y. L. (2017) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-170221 · Cited by 94
“Our findings are in line with previous work suggesting that older females, both cognitively healthy and with MCI, garner greater benefits from AT than males [4, 16, 17, 46], and we further extend this to a population with SIVCI.”
Landry, G. J., & Liu-Ambrose, T. (2014) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2014.00325 · Cited by 84
“Exercise and social engagement—is anytime a good time? Exercise is an effective intervention that promotes cognitive function and neural plasticity in MCI populations (Lautenschlager et al., 2008; Baker et al., 2010; Nagamatsu et al., 2012, 2013); however, the mechanisms involved have yet to be explained.”
BackgroundDhahbi, W., Briki, W., Heißel, A., Schega, L., Dergaa, I., Guelmami, N., Omri, A. E., & Chaabène, H. (2025) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-025-00857-2 · Cited by 106
“Such moderate aerobic activities have also been found to improve cognition in older adults with mild cognitive impairment [79].”
de Assis, G. G., & de Almondes, K. M. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00584 · Cited by 91
Physical Activity and Brain Function in Older Adults at Increased Risk for Alzheimer’s Disease
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“[73] conducted a six-month randomized clinical trial in 33 adults diagnosed with amnestic MCI.”
MethodThe Central Mechanisms of Resistance Training and Its Effects on Cognitive Function
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Endurance Exercise as an “Endogenous” Neuro-enhancement Strategy to Facilitate Motor Learning
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“…studies examining BDNF levels in the resting state after a long-term exercise intervention report just small increases of circulating BDNF levels (Rojas Vega et al., 2012a; Szuhany et al., 2015), whereas higher exercise intensities might elicit a more pronounced BDNF increase (Baker et al., 2010).”
BackgroundExercise-Related Changes of Networks in Aging and Mild Cognitive Impairment Brain
Huang, P., Fang, R., Li, B., & Chen, S. (2016) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2016.00047 · Cited by 89
“…cognitive performance and revealed exercise-related changes in neuroimaging biomarkers in normal aging, MCI and early stages of AD (Kramer and Erickson, 2007; Hillman et al., 2008; Lautenschlager et al., 2008; van Uffelen et al., 2008; Baker et al., 2010; Suzuki et al., 2012; Bherer et al., 2013).”
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“Several studies have noted reductions in cognitive decline associated with exercise, including mild cognitive impairment (Baker et al., 2010), Alzheimer's disease and dementia (Buchman et al.”
BackgroundPhysical Activity, Air Pollution and the Brain
Bos, I., Boever, P. D., Panis, L. I., & MEEUSEN, R. R. (2014) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0222-6 · Cited by 89
Physical Activity Among Persons Aging with Mobility Disabilities: Shaping a Research Agenda
Rosenberg, D. E., Bombardier, C. H., Hoffman, J. M., & Belza, B. L. (2011) · Journal of Aging Research · doi:10.4061/2011/708510 · Cited by 88
“Research shows that exercise interventions can improve cognitive functioning among people with existing mild cognitive impairment [56].”
BackgroundThe neurobiological mechanisms of physical exercise in methamphetamine addiction
Morais, A., Pita, I. R., Ribeiro, C., & Pereira, F. C. (2017) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.12788 · Cited by 78
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“and cognitive function in aging women [34,2,38,35,6], we”
Hüttenrauch, M., Brauß, A., Kurdakova, A., Borgers, H., Klinker, F., Liebetanz, D., Salinas-Riester, G., Wiltfang, J., Klafki, H. W., & Wirths, O. (2016) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2016.65 · Cited by 78
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“A report has shown that forced aerobic exercise for 45–60 min a day, four days a week for six months significantly improved the results of executive function tests in elderly people with MCI (Baker et al., 2010).”
BackgroundBisbe, M., Fuente-Vidal, A., López, E., Moreno, M., Naya, M., de Benetti, C., Milà, R., Bruna, O., Boada, M., & Alegret, M. (2019) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-190552 · Cited by 90
Biological Sex: A Potential Moderator of Physical Activity Efficacy on Brain Health
Barha, C. K., Hsu, C. L., ten Brinke, L., & Liu-Ambrose, T. Y. L. (2019) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2019.00329 · Cited by 80
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“It has already been demonstrated that an active lifestyle, involving enhanced social, physical and mental components, protects against dementia and Alzheimer's disease in human patients (Fratiglioni et al., 2004; Baker et al., 2010; Lee et al., 2010).”
BackgroundAcute and regular exercise distinctly modulate serum, plasma and skeletal muscle BDNF in the elderly
Máderová, D., Krumpolec, P., Slobodová, L., Schön, M., Tirpáková, V., Kovaničová, Z., Klepochová, R., Vajda, M., Šutovský, S., Cvečka, J., et al. (2019) · Neuropeptides · doi:10.1016/j.npep.2019.101961 · Cited by 79
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Brain metabolism in Alzheimer’s disease: biological mechanisms of exercise
Xu, L., Liu, R., Qin, Y., & Wang, T. (2023) · Translational Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s40035-023-00364-y · Cited by 78
“Chronic treadmill running for 6 months improves cognitive and executive function and provides many benefits for AD patients by increasing brain glucose disposal [170], and there is growing evidence to support their protective effect against AD [33, 72].”
BackgroundSobol, N. A., Dall, C. H., Høgh, P., Hoffmann, K., Frederiksen, K. S., Vogel, A., Siersma, V., Waldemar, G., Hasselbalch, S. G., & Beyer, N. (2018) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-180253 · Cited by 75
“However, an association between VO2peak, memory composite score and hippocampal volume in patients with MCI and AD has been reported [28].”
BackgroundPhysical activity for brain health in older adults
Liu-Ambrose, T. Y. L., Barha, C. K., & Best, J. R. (2018) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2018-0260 · Cited by 77
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“exercise Protocol Four studies implemented an aerobic training program with low-to-high intensity (34, 35, 37, 39), three studies investigated the effect of a single bout of high-intensity aerobic or resistance training exercise (38, 41, 42) and one study investigated the effect of light resistance training and stretc…”
BackgroundInfluentialBarha, C. K., Falck, R. S., Davis, J. C., Nagamatsu, L. S., & Liu-Ambrose, T. Y. L. (2017) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.06.001 · Cited by 82
Forti, L. N., Roie, E. V., Njemini, R., Coudyzer, W., Beyer, I., Delecluse, C., & Bautmans, I. (2015) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2015.08.004 · Cited by 74
“Furthermore, depression and neurodegenerative diseases have been linked with a decrease in BDNF levels in older persons (Pereira et al., 2013; Frazzitta et al., 2014; Baker et al., 2010; Laske et al., 2010) and in frailty (Coelho et al., 2012).”
Psychosocial interventions for dementia: from evidence to practice
Patel, B., Perera, M., Pendleton, J., Richman, A. V., & Majumdar, B. (2014) · Advances in Psychiatric Treatment · doi:10.1192/apt.bp.113.011957 · Cited by 76
Therapeutic non-invasive brain treatments in Alzheimer’s disease: recent advances and challenges
Wu, C., Yang, L., Feng, S., Zhu, L., Yang, L., Liu, T. C., & Duan, R. (2022) · Inflammation and Regeneration · doi:10.1186/s41232-022-00216-8 · Cited by 71
“Exercise • No agreement on the optimal dosages, the best types of exercise, and the optimal timing of initiation of physical exercise for prevention or slowing down AD • The effects of exercise in different types of memory tasks are variable [9, 44, 282, 342] • The gender difference is one of the major factors that ne…”
BackgroundDavis, J. C., Bryan, S., Marra, C. A., Sharma, D., Chan, A., Beattie, B. L., Graf, P., & Liu-Ambrose, T. Y. L. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063031 · Cited by 76
“Thus, we estimated the incremental cost-effectiveness of resistance training or aerobic training compared with balance and tone exercises in terms of changes in executive cognitive function among senior women with probable MCI.”
BackgroundInfluentialGill, S. J., Friedenreich, C. M., Sajobi, T. T., Longman, R. S., Drogos, L. L., Davenport, M. H., Tyndall, A. V., Eskes, G. A., Hogan, D. B., Hill, M. D., et al. (2015) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617715000880 · Cited by 74
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Lifestyle Choices and Brain Health
Mintzer, J. E., Donovan, K. A., Kindy, A. Z., Lock, S. L., Chura, L. R., & Barracca, N. (2019) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2019.00204 · Cited by 81
“conducted a randomized trial comparing both high-intensity aerobic exercise and stretching to stretching alone over 6 months (14).”
BackgroundFrederiksen, K. S., Verdelho, A., Madureira, S., Bäzner, H., O'Brien, J. T., Fazekas, F., Scheltens, P., Schmidt, R., Wallin, A., Wahlund, L., et al. (2014) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.4220 · Cited by 77
“Results:Two-hundred-eighty-two subjects (age, y (mean (SD)): 73.1 (±5.1); gender (f/m): 164/118); MMSE (mean (SD)): 28.3 (±1.7)) who had not progressed to MCI or dementia, were included.”
BackgroundInfluentialRelationships Between Diabetes and Cognitive Impairment
de la Monte, S. M. (2013) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ecl.2013.09.006 · Cited by 73
The Impact of Physical Exercise on the Circulating Levels of BDNF and NT 4/5: A Review
Ribeiro, D., Petrigna, L., Pereira, F. C., Muscella, A., Bianco, A., & Tavares, P. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22168814 · Cited by 83
Physical activity for people with dementia: a scoping study
Bowes, A. M., Dawson, A. S. F., Jepson, R. G., & McCabe, L. (2013) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/1471-2318-13-129 · Cited by 70
Flodin, P., Jonasson, L. S., Riklund, K., Nyberg, L. H., & Boraxbekk, C. (2017) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00267 · Cited by 73
“Given the increasing disease burden of age related cognitive problems that comes with an aging world population (Christensen et al., 2009), physical exercise could provide a widely available and cost-effective approach to reduce age related cognitive decline at a large scale (Baker et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMitophagy: A promising therapeutic target for neuroprotection during ageing and age‐related diseases
Mishra, E., & Thakur, M. K. (2023) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.16062 · Cited by 73
“inflammatory mechanism of neurodegeneration (Baker et al., 2010; Ingold et al., 2020).”
BackgroundDougherty, R. J., Schultz, S. A., Boots, E. A., Ellingson, L. D., Meyer, J. D., Riper, S. M. V., Stegner, A. J., Edwards, D. F., Oh, J. M., Einerson, J. A., et al. (2017) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.625 · Cited by 72
“…Mechelen, & Hopman- Rock,2008; Vaughan, Morris, Shum, O’Dwyer, & Polit, 2012), with data suggesting the superior cognitive response in women may be the result of gender differences in exercise- induced hormonal glucometabolic and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis responses (Baker et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialSilveira, C. R. A., Roy, É., Intzandt, B., & Almeida, Q. J. (2018) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2018.01.002 · Cited by 69
Stigger, F. S., Zago Marcolino, M. A., Portela, K. M., & Plentz, R. D. M. (2019) · The Journals of Gerontology: Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/gly173 · Cited by 68
Forti, L. N., Njemini, R., Beyer, I., Eelbode, E., Meeusen, R., Mets, T., & Bautmans, I. (2014) · AGE · doi:10.1007/s11357-014-9704-6 · Cited by 67
Nocera, J. R., Crosson, B., Mammino, K., & McGregor, K. (2017) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2017/6340302 · Cited by 68
“While Baker et al. (2010) did not use neuroimaging, numerous studies investigating the effects of aerobic exercise on executive functions have.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGallou‐Guyot, M., Mandigout, S., Combourieu, L., Bherer, L., & Perrochon, A. (2020) · Neurophysiologie Clinique · doi:10.1016/j.neucli.2020.10.010 · Cited by 70
The Impact of Physical and Mental Activity on Cognitive Aging
Jak, A. J. (2011) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2011_141 · Cited by 77
A review of the Social Impacts of Culture and Sport
Taylor, P., Davies, L. E., Wells, P., Gilbertson, J., & Tayleur, W. (2015) · SHURA (Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive) (Sheffield Hallam University) · Cited by 68
Venturelli, M., Sollima, A., Cè, E., Limonta, E., Bisconti, A. V., Brasioli, A., Muti, E., & Esposito, F. (2016) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-160392 · Cited by 68
Horr, T., Messinger-Rapport, B., & Pillai, J. A. (2015) · The Journal of nutrition, health and aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-014-0565-6 · Cited by 67
“Among cognitive domains most effected, prominent executive function benefits but not memory was noted in one (23) while small benefits related to memory but not executive function were noted in others (22, 27).”
Chong, T. W. H., Doyle, C., Cyarto, E., Cox, K. L., Ellis, K. A., Ames, D. J., & Lautenschlager, N. T. (2012) · Asia-Pacific Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/appy.12015 · Cited by 67
“Baker et al. (2010) showed some improvement in executive function with physical activity in people with MCI, especially women, and also reported that sedentary older adults with MCI can be motivated to exercise.”
Yoon, J. E., Lee, S. M., Lim, H.-S., Kim, T., Jeon, J. K., & Mun, M. H. (2013) · Journal of Physical Therapy Science · doi:10.1589/jpts.25.1601 · Cited by 67
Effect of handball training on cognitive ability in elderly with mild cognitive impairment
Wei, X., & Ji, L. (2014) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2014.02.035 · Cited by 68
Pharmacological and Non-pharmacological Therapies of Cognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis
Miller, E. D., Morel, A., Redlicka, J., Miller, I., & Saluk, J. (2018) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x15666171109132650 · Cited by 71
“Positive effect of AT on physiological processes such as glucoregulation and cardiovascular health is well known [56].”
BackgroundCircadian dysfunction and Alzheimer's disease – An updated review
Ahmad, F., Sachdeva, P., Sarkar, J., & Izhaar, R. (2022) · Aging Medicine · doi:10.1002/agm2.12221 · Cited by 70
An endothelial link between the benefits of physical exercise in dementia
Trigiani, L. J., & Hamel, É. (2017) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x17714655 · Cited by 69
“The authors reported improvements on a battery of executive function tasks that was accompanied by improved glucose metabolism as measured by an increase in insulin sensitivity.(136) A recent study reported that even a brief amount of PE (18 h) is sufficient to upregulate the number of endothelial GLUT1 transporters i…”
BackgroundThe Acute Effects of Exercise Intensity on Inhibitory Cognitive Control in Adolescents
Peruyero, F., Zapata, J., Pastor, D., & Cervelló, E. M. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00921 · Cited by 75
“…memory (Griffin et al., 2011; Weinberg et al., 2014), and executive and inhibitory function (Sibley et al., 2006; Ferris et al., 2007; van Uffelen et al., 2008; Baker et al., 2010; Liu-Ambrose et al., 2010; Griffin et al., 2011; Chang et al., 2015; Weng et al., 2015; Sandroff et al., 2016).”
BackgroundAllard, J. S., Ntekim, O. E., Johnson, S. P., Ngwa, J. S., Bond, V., Pinder, D., Gillum, R. F., Fungwe, T. V., Kwagyan, J., & Obisesan, T. O. (2016) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2016.11.001 · Cited by 69
“In particular, aerobic exercise has been shown to improve cognitive function, in both young and elderly populations (Baker et al., 2010; Colcombe et al., 2006; Hillman et al., 2008).”
Liu, Y., Liu, Z., Wei, M., Hu, M., Yue, K., Bi, R., Zhai, S., Pi, Z., Song, F., & Liu, Z. (2018) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/c8fo02067a · Cited by 68
Yamasaki, T. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13030521 · Cited by 75
Chang, J., Zhu, W., Zhang, J., Yong, L., Yang, M., Wang, J., & Yan, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.711079 · Cited by 64
Mychasiuk, R., Hehar, H., Ma, I., Candy, S., & Esser, M. J. (2016) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.13360 · Cited by 63
“wise healthy older adults, research has consistently found that aerobic exercise is more beneficial for women, improving executive function, visuospatial processes, and BDNF levels significantly above gains identified in males (Cotman & Engesser-Cesar, 2002; Colcombe & Kramer, 2003; Baker et al., 2010).”
BackgroundPrevention and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease: Biological Mechanisms of Exercise
McGurran, H., Glenn, J. M., Madero, E. N., & Bott, N. T. (2019) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-180958 · Cited by 63
“The longest trials (6 months) are from Baker et al. using MCI patients and cognitively normal adults (55–85 years) [285], or glucose intolerant adults (57-83 years) [286].”
Gregory, S. M., Parker, B. A., & Thompson, P. D. (2012) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci2040684 · Cited by 72
“Previously sedentary older adults with mild amnestic cognitive impairment at baseline improved performance on a series of tasks related to executive processing, but not short-term memory, after 6 months of aerobic training (4 days per week at 75% to 85% heart rate reserve) [48].”
BackgroundInfluentialExercise–Linked Irisin: Consequences on Mental and Cardiovascular Health in Type 2 Diabetes
Sousa, R. A. L. D., Caria, A. C. I., & Souza, B. S. D. F. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22042199 · Cited by 66
“The effects of physical exercise training on insulin resistance are also associated with the prevention of cognitive decline and memory loss in both humans [63] and animal models [64].”
BackgroundMovement-Based Priming: Clinical Applications and Neural Mechanisms
Stoykov, M. E., Corcos, D. M., & Madhavan, S. (2017) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.1080/00222895.2016.1250716 · Cited by 64
“…very robust in long-term exercise training studies, with some studies reporting increases in basal BDNF values following several weeks of exercise (Baker et al., 2010; Rasmussen et al., 2009; Zoladz et al., 2008) and with others not supporting this result (Schiffer, Schulte, Hollmann, Bloch, &…”
ResultMcCabe, L., & Innes, A. (2013) · Gerontechnology · doi:10.4017/gt.2013.12.1.006.00 · Cited by 61
Affecting Cognition and Quality of Life via Aerobic Exercise in Alzheimer’s Disease
Yu, F., Nelson, N. W., Savik, K., Wyman, J. F., Dysken, M. W., & Bronas, U. G. (2011) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0193945911420174 · Cited by 64
“Significant improvement in executive function was also demonstrated in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (Baker et al., 2010; van Uffelen et al., 2008).”
BackgroundBarha, C. K., Best, J. R., Rosano, C., Yaffe, K. S., Catov, J. M., & Liu-Ambrose, T. Y. L. (2019) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glz093 · Cited by 70
“Further support for a female advantage in aerobic training effects on executive functions is found in two older RCTs of participants with mild cognitive impairment that stratified analyses by sex (17,18).”
BackgroundVidoni, E. D., Perales, J., Alshehri, M., Giles, A.-M., Siengsukon, C. F., & Burns, J. M. (2019) · Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy · doi:10.1519/jpt.0000000000000172 · Cited by 61
Fernandes, Â., Rocha, N., Santos, R. S., & Tavares, J. M. R. S. (2015) · Somatosensory & Motor Research · doi:10.3109/08990220.2014.1002605 · Cited by 60
“The TUG test was used to assess the time the participant took to get up from a chair, walk 3 m, and return to the same chair (the total distance walked was 6 m) and sit down again.”
BackgroundMethodTai Ji Quan and global cognitive function in older adults with cognitive impairment: A pilot study
Li, F., Harmer, P., Liu, Y., & Chou, L. (2013) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2013.12.003 · Cited by 60
“The results from this study were in line with emerging research that shows physical activity, such as aerobic exercise (Baker et al., 2010) or general physical effort, including walking (Larson et al., 2006; Lautenschlager, Cox, Flicker et al., 2008; Maki, Ura, Yamaguchi et al., 2012), is…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialKrull, K. R., Annett, R. D., Pan, Z., Ness, K. K., Nathan, P. C., Srivastava, D. K., Stovall, M., Robison, L. L., & Hudson, M. M. (2011) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2011.03.001 · Cited by 60
“Alternatively, regular exercise has been demonstrated to improve neurocognitive functions in elderly adults.(26,27)”
BackgroundPhysical Predictors of Cognitive Performance in Healthy Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis
Blankevoort, C. G., Scherder, E., Wieling, M. B., Hortobágyi, T., Brouwer, W., Geuze, R. H., & van Heuvelen, M. J. G. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070799 · Cited by 63
“It is possible that differences in brain morphology between men and women [11–14] contribute to these gender effects, or that these sex differences are caused by different metabolic and hormonal responses between men and women [64].”
BackgroundCastellano, C., Paquet, N., Dionne, I. J., Imbeault, H., Langlois, F., Croteau, É., Tremblay, S., Fortier, M., Matte, J. J., Lacombe, G., et al. (2017) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-161163 · Cited by 62
“Improved cognition following aerobic training has previously been reported in cognitively normal older persons [5], in frail older adults [6], in patients with MCI [52], and in Parkinson’s disease [53].”
Lee, J. E., Bisht, B., Hall, M. J., Rubenstein, L. M., Louison, R. R., Klein, D. T., & Wahls, T. L. (2017) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2016.1255160 · Cited by 61
“[79] reported that cognitive function improvements in people with mild impairment were not evident until after 6 months of an exercise intervention (no effects at 3 months), and Colcombe and Kramer [80] indicated that 6 months of exercise is necessary for cognitive improvements in older individuals, particularly for e…”
BackgroundReijs, B. L. R., Vos, S. J. B., Soininen, H. S., Lötjönen, J. M. P., Koikkalainen, J. R., Pikkarainen, M., Hall, A., Vanninen, R. L., Liu, Y., Herukka, S., et al. (2017) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-170039 · Cited by 60
“Eventhoughlifestylefactorswerenot associatedwithconversiontoAD-typedementia,a fewinterventionstudiesdidfindbeneficialeffectsof physicalactivityonimprovingcognitiveperformance in individuals with MCI [39, 40].”
Song, R., Fan, X., & Seo, J. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01087-5 · Cited by 70
“While aerobic exercise plus resistance training improved physical function and balance, leading to improved quality of life [18], 6-month aerobic exercise also improved cognitive function in older adults with MCI [19].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Baker, L. D., Frank, L. L., Foster-Schubert, K., Green, P. S., Wilkinson, C. W., McTiernan, A., Plymate, S. R., Fishel, M. A., Watson, G. S., Cholerton, B. A., Duncan, G. E., Mehta, P. D., & Craft, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Washington (US)
- Washington State University Spokane (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Archives of Neurology
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2010-01-01
- Volume
- 67
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 71-9
- ISSN
- 0003-9942 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3056436
- OpenAlex
- W2005355670
- Cited by
- 1,171
- References
- 89
- Citations by year
- 2026: 37 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 57 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 75 · 2020: 75 · 2019: 94 · 2018: 70 · 2017: 96 · 2016: 70 · 2015: 80 · 2014: 75 · 2013: 89 · 2012: 70
- FWCI
- 53.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Archives of Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- ResearchWorks at the University of Washington (University of Washington) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
- Alzheimer's Association
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000423, 5kl2rr025015-02)
- National Center for Research Resources (KL2-RR025015)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Keywords
- aerobic exercise, mild cognitive impairment, amnestic mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, sex differences, executive function, glucose metabolism, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, cortisol, insulin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, insulin-like growth factor I, amyloid-beta, older adults, non-pharmacological treatment, cognitive decline
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer Disease, Cognition Disorders, Energy Metabolism, Exercise Test, Exercise Therapy, Female, Glucose, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Physical Fitness, Exercise, Absorptiometry, Photon, Treatment Outcome, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Exercise Tolerance, Body Fat Distribution
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