Cited by 1,171Dementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchPhysical Activity and HealthAlzheimer's disease research and treatments

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Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Controlled Trial

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Baker, Laura D., Frank, Laura L., Foster-Schubert, Karen, Green, Pattie S., Wilkinson, Charles W., McTiernan, Anne, Plymate, Stephen R., Fishel, Mark A., Watson, G. Stennis, Cholerton, Brenna A., Duncan, Glen E., Mehta, Pankaj D., Craft, Suzanne·2010·Archives of Neurology

DOI 10.1001/archneurol.2009.307PMC PMC3056436

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Abstract

OBJECTIVES: To examine the effects of aerobic exercise on cognition and other biomarkers associated with Alzheimer disease pathology for older adults with mild cognitive impairment, and assess the role of sex as a predictor of response. DESIGN: Six-month, randomized, controlled, clinical trial. SETTING: Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System clinical research unit. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty-three adults (17 women) with amnestic mild cognitive impairment ranging in age from 55 to 85 years (mean age, 70 years). Intervention Participants were randomized either to a high-intensity aerobic exercise or stretching control group. The aerobic group exercised under the supervision of a fitness trainer at 75% to 85% of heart rate reserve for 45 to 60 min/d, 4 d/wk for 6 months. The control group carried out supervised stretching activities according to the same schedule but maintained their heart rate at or below 50% of their heart rate reserve. Before and after the study, glucometabolic and treadmill tests were performed and fat distribution was assessed using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. At baseline, month 3, and month 6, blood was collected for assay and cognitive tests were administered. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Performance measures on Symbol-Digit Modalities, Verbal Fluency, Stroop, Trails B, Task Switching, Story Recall, and List Learning. Fasting plasma levels of insulin, cortisol, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, insulinlike growth factor-I, and beta-amyloids 40 and 42. RESULTS: Six months of high-intensity aerobic exercise had sex-specific effects on cognition, glucose metabolism, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and trophic activity despite comparable gains in cardiorespiratory fitness and body fat reduction. For women, aerobic exercise improved performance on multiple tests of executive function, increased glucose disposal during the metabolic clamp, and reduced fasting plasma levels of insulin, cortisol, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. For men, aerobic exercise increased plasma levels of insulinlike growth factor I and had a favorable effect only on Trails B performance. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides support, using rigorous controlled methodology, for a potent nonpharmacologic intervention that improves executive control processes for older women at high risk of cognitive decline. Moreover, our results suggest that a sex bias in cognitive response may relate to sex-based differences in glucometabolic and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responses to aerobic exercise.

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“In one recent randomized controlled trial (RCT) for individuals with MCI, aerobic exercise improved executive cognitive function, especially in women [55].”
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“Alteration in IGF-I levels, in response to exercise training has inconsistent results in old adults, with or without mild cognitive impairment (Baker et al., 2010; Anderson-Hanley et al., 2017; Tsai C.-L. et al., 2018; Liu et al., 2020; Arazi et al., 2021).”
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Cerebrospinal Fluid Amyloid Beta and Tau Concentrations Are Not Modulated by 16 Weeks of Moderate- to High-Intensity Physical Exercise in Patients with Alzheimer Disease
Jensen, C. S., Portelius, E., Siersma, V., Høgh, P., Wermuth, L., Blennow, K., Zetterberg, H., Waldemar, G., Hasselbalch, S. G., & Simonsen, A. H. (2016) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000449408 · Cited by 59
“In a study by Baker et al., 2010 [30], there was a trend that physical exercise could alter the levels of A in plasma in mild cognitive impaired (MCI) subjects, although this finding was not significant.”
Background
Improving fitness increases dentate gyrus/CA3 volume in the hippocampal head and enhances memory in young adults
Nauer, R. K., Dunne, M. F., Stern, C. E., Storer, T. W., & Schön, K. (2019) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.23166 · Cited by 58
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“(5) also found that older adults with MCI had significantly better executive functioning (i.”
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Physical Activity and Cognition in Women With Vascular Conditions
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The effects of an extensive exercise programme on the progression of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
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“stretching and toning) as a control intervention have noted some improvement in cognitive performance [8, 29] while others have not demonstrated significant change in cognitive performance [9, 10].”
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Hippocampal gene expression patterns linked to late-life physical activity oppose age and AD-related transcriptional decline
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“Clinical studies have shown that aerobic physical activity can improve cognitive function in aging individuals as well as in patients with mild cognitive impairment or AD although no reports on amyloid deposition or other biomarkers of AD were provided [143,144].”
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High-Intensity Physical Activity Modulates Diet Effects on Cerebrospinal Amyloid-β Levels in Normal Aging and Mild Cognitive Impairment
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Is there a role for physical activity in preventing cognitive decline in people with mild cognitive impairment?
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“Subgroup analyses were planned in male subjects due to possible differential effects in males and females (Baker et al., 2010; Komulainen et al., 2008; Li et al., 2009), and in non-depressed subjects who were also free of any antidepressant medication due to an association between depression and…”
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Effects of aerobic exercise on cognition and hippocampal volume in Alzheimer’s disease: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial (The FIT-AD trial)
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“Similar cognitive improvements were found from aerobic exercise in persons with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia [13-16].”
Background
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Vedovelli, K., Giacobbo, B. L., Corrêa, M. S., Wieck, A., Argimon, I. I. D. L., & Bromberg, E. (2017) · GeroScience · doi:10.1007/s11357-017-9987-5 · Cited by 58
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Background
Decreased Plasma Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Concentrations during Military Training
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Background
Being occupied: supporting ‘meaningful activity’ in care homes for older people in England
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Background
Brain Tumors and Metastases
Vargo, M. M. (2016) · Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.pmr.2016.08.005 · Cited by 53
Association of long-term dietary fat intake, exercise, and weight with later cognitive function in the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study
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“Short-term clinical trials (6 months) have shown some benefits among those with mild cognitive impairment (30, 31) and also among participants with glucose intolerance (32).”
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Gaitán, J. M., Boots, E. A., Dougherty, R. J., Oh, J. M., Ma, Y., Edwards, D. F., Christian, B. T., Cook, D. B., & Okonkwo, O. C. (2019) · Brain Plasticity · doi:10.3233/bpl-190093 · Cited by 49
“Furthermore, episodic memory and executive function are cognitive domains relevant to AD [19, 20] that can be improved with aerobic exercise [6, 8].”
Background
Patients with Alzheimer's disease who carry the APOE ε4 allele benefit more from physical exercise
Jensen, C. S., Simonsen, A. H., Siersma, V., Beyer, N., Frederiksen, K. S., Gottrup, H., Hoffman, K., Høgh, P., Frikke‐Schmidt, R., Sobol, N. A., et al. (2019) · Alzheimer's & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.trci.2019.02.007 · Cited by 55
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“Briefly, with CAD, aerobic fitness is associated with a significant decrease in relative risk of mortality, improved ventricular function, and improved vascular dynamics (Baker et al., 2010).”
Background
Promoting Walking Among Older Adults Living in Retirement Communities
Rosenberg, D. E., Kerr, J., Sallis, J. F., Norman, G. J., Calfas, K. J., & Patrick, K. (2012) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.20.3.379 · Cited by 48
“There were improvements among the sample for one of the cognitive-functioning indicators, Trails B, which has been demonstrated in other studies examining the impact of physical activity on cognitive function (e.g.,: Baker et al., 2010).”
Result
Effectiveness of exercise on cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease
Nascimento, D. D. C., dos Santos‐Neto, L. L., Prestes, J., Balsamo, D. O. C., Nóbrega, O. D. T., Balsamo, Santana, & Willardson (2013) · International Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.2147/ijgm.s35315 · Cited by 53
The Healthy Mind, Healthy Mobility Trial
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“J Alzheimers Dis 544 2013;37(1):197-215.”
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Physical activity and amyloid beta in middle-aged and older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Rodríguez‐Ayllón, M., Solis‐Urra, P., Arroyo‐Avila, C., Álvarez-Ortega, M., Molina‐García, P., Molina‐Hidalgo, C., Gómez-Río, M., Brown, B. M., Erickson, K. I., & Esteban‐Cornejo, I. (2023) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2023.08.001 · Cited by 50
“13,15,31,32,34,36 Most interventions (6 of 11 studies) included aerobic exercise, 13 (cid:2) 15,31,33,36 while 3 studies included a combination of aerobic and resistance exercises, 16,17,34 another included resistance exercise using bands, 32 and another Taek-wondo.”
BackgroundMethod
Impact of aerobic exercise on neurobehavioral outcomes
Smith, P. J., Potter, G. G., McLaren, M. E., & Blumenthal, J. A. (2013) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2013.06.008 · Cited by 52
“Two more recent, smaller trials have since replicated these findings, demonstrating that aerobic exercise (Baker et al., 2010) or resistance training (Nagamatsu et al., 2013) interventions improve cognitive function among individuals with MCI.”
Background
Prevention of Dementia
Savica, R., & Petersen, R. C. (2011) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2010.11.006 · Cited by 51
Six-Minute Walking Distance Correlated with Memory and Brain Volume in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Voxel-Based Morphometry Study
Makizako, H., Shimada, H., Doi, T., Park, H., Yoshida, D., & Suzuki, T. (2013) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra · doi:10.1159/000354189 · Cited by 49
Effects of exercise and horticultural intervention on the brain and mental health in older adults with depressive symptoms and memory problems: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial [UMIN000018547]
Makizako, H., Tsutsumimoto, K., Doi, T., Hotta, R., Nakakubo, S., Liu-Ambrose, T. Y. L., & Shimada, H. (2015) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-015-1032-3 · Cited by 49
“Abbreviations AD: Alzheimer’s disease; BDNF: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; EI: Exercise intervention; GDS-15: Geriatric Depression Scale-15; HI: Horticultural intervention; LSA: Life-Space Assessment; LSNS-6: Lubben Social Network Scale; MCI: Mild cognitive impairment; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; QOL: health…”
Influential
Mechanisms of Risk Reduction in the Clinical Practice of Alzheimer’s Disease Prevention
Schelke, M. W., Attia, P., Palenchar, D. J., Kaplan, B., Mureb, M., Ganzer, C. A., Scheyer, O., Rahman, A., Kachko, R., Krikorian, R., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2018.00096 · Cited by 52
“Exercise increases expression of IGF-I, with some data indicating resistance exercise is more effective for women (de Souza Vale et al., 2009; Baker et al., 2010).”
Background
Does a multicomponent exercise program improve dual-task performance in amnestic mild cognitive impairment? A randomized controlled trial
Makizako, H., Doi, T., Shimada, H., Yoshida, D., Tsutsumimoto, K., Uemura, K., & Suzuki, T. (2012) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/bf03654853 · Cited by 47
Repeated cognitive stimulation alleviates memory impairments in an Alzheimer’s disease mouse model
Yeung, S. T., Martínez‐Coria, H., Ager, R. R., Rodríguez‐Ortiz, C. J., Baglietto‐Vargas, D., & LaFerla, F. M. (2015) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2015.07.001 · Cited by 50
“Epidemiological and clinicalevidence suggests that education, occupation, and anactive lifestyle, involving enhanced social, physical, and mental components, can improve cognitive function in healthy older people, andare protective against ageneral reduction rate of memory decline and the development of AD,in partby a…”
Exercise effects in Huntington disease
Frese, S., Petersen, J. A., Ligon-Auer, M., Mueller, S. M., Mihaylova, V., Gehrig, S. M., Kana, V., Rushing, E. J., Unterburger, E., Kägi, G., et al. (2017) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-016-8310-1 · Cited by 46
Exercise interventions do not impact brain volume change in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Gogniat, M. A., Robinson, T. L., & Miller, L. S. (2021) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.01.025 · Cited by 50
Protocol for a randomized controlled trial evaluating the effect of physical activity on delaying the progression of white matter changes on MRI in older adults with memory complaints and mild cognitive impairment: The AIBL Active trial
Cyarto, E., Lautenschlager, N. T., Desmond, P. M., Ames, D. J., Szoeke, C. E. I., Salvado, O., Sharman, M. J., Ellis, K. A., Phal, P. M., Masters, C. L., et al. (2012) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-12-167 · Cited by 47
“Compared with the control group, there was a trend towards increased circulating BDNF concentrations in men but reduced levels in women [22].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Diabetes and neurodegeneration in the brain
Toth, C. C. (2014) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53480-4.00035-7 · Cited by 47
A 16-Week Aerobic Exercise Intervention Does Not Affect Hippocampal Volume and Cortical Thickness in Mild to Moderate Alzheimer’s Disease
Frederiksen, K. S., Larsen, C. T., Hasselbalch, S. G., Christensen, A. N., Høgh, P., Wermuth, L., Andersen, B. B., Siebner, H. R., & Garde, E. (2018) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2018.00293 · Cited by 48
Cardiac rehabilitation for older adults: current evidence and future potential
Alfaraidhy, M., Regan, C., & Forman, D. E. (2022) · Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy · doi:10.1080/14779072.2022.2035722 · Cited by 52
“Additional studies have demonstrated the significant impact structured aerobic exercise programs can have on the improvement of executive functioning in older adults in the inpatient and outpatient settings [136,137].”
Background
Mechanisms of Mitochondrial Malfunction in Alzheimer’s Disease: New Therapeutic Hope
Nabi, S. U., Khan, A., Siddiqui, E. M., Rehman, M. U., Alshahrani, S., Arafah, A. M., Mehan, S., Alsaffar, R. M., Alexiou, A. T., & Shen, B. (2022) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2022/4759963 · Cited by 51
Brain function effects of exercise interventions for cognitive decline: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Karamacoska, D., Butt, A., Leung, I. H. K., Childs, R., Metri, N., Uruthiran, V., Tan, T., Sabag, A., & Steiner-Lim, G. Z. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1127065 · Cited by 53
“No studies involving people with SCD met eligibility criteria.”
ResultInfluential
Alzheimer disease: are we intervening too late?
Emery, V. O. B. (2011) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-011-0663-0 · Cited by 48
Dance your stress away: comparing the effect of dance/movement training to aerobic exercise training on the cortisol awakening response in healthy older adults
Vrinceanu, T., Esmail, A., Berryman, N., Predovan, D., Vu, T. T. M., Villalpando, J. M., Pruessner, J. C., & Bherer, L. (2019) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2019.1617690 · Cited by 46
“Nevertheless, support for the beneficial effects of AT on the cortisol response is mixed (Baker et al., 2010; Hayes et al., 2013; Lucertini et al., 2015).”
Background
Effects of multicomponent exercise on spatial–temporal gait parameters among the elderly with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI): Preliminary results from a randomized controlled trial (RCT)
Doi, T., Makizako, H., Shimada, H., Yoshida, D., Tsutsumimoto, K., Sawa, R., Misu, S., & Suzuki, T. (2012) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2012.09.003 · Cited by 44
Environmental enrichment has antidepressant-like action without improving learning and memory deficits in olfactory bulbectomized rats.
Hendriksen, H., Meulendijks, D., Douma, T. N., Bink, D. I., Breuer, M. E., Westphal, K. G. C., Olivier, B., & Oosting, R. S. (2011) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.07.018 · Cited by 45
Marital Status, Lifestyle and Dementia: A Nationwide Survey in Taiwan
Fan, L., Sun, Y., Lee, H.-J., Yang, S.-C., Chen, T., Lin, K.-N., Lin, C.-C., Wang, P., Tang, L.-Y., & Chiu, M. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0139154 · Cited by 46
“First, we did not further separate various types of exercise and quantified the intensity and amount of exercise in this study, which may have had different strengths of association or causal relations with cognition.[31] Second, although various social activities were included in “social engagement”, we did not furth…”
Background
Mindfulness and Cognitive Training Interventions in Mild Cognitive Impairment: Impact on Cognition and Mood
Reynolds, G., Willment, K., & Gale, S. A. (2020) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.10.041 · Cited by 50
Effects of 5 years aerobic exercise on cognition in older adults: the Generation 100 Study: a randomized controlled trial
Zotcheva, E., Håberg, A. K., Wisløff, U., Salvesen, Ø., Selbæk, G., Stensvold, D., & Ernstsen, L. (2022) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-021-01608-5 · Cited by 43
“Our findings are contradictory to previous studies, which found greater cognitive benefits of exercise in women than in men [6, 43].”
Result
Inter-individual differences in the responses to aerobic exercise in Alzheimer’s disease: Findings from the FIT-AD trial
Yu, F., Salisbury, D., & Mathiason, M. A. (2021) · Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2020.05.007 · Cited by 40
Leisure activities and depressive symptoms in older adults with cognitive complaints
Poelke, G., Ventura, M. I., Byers, A. L., Yaffe, K. S., Sudore, R. L., & Barnes, D. E. (2015) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610215001246 · Cited by 46
Effects of combined training vs aerobic training on cognitive functions in COPD: a randomized controlled trial
Aquino, G., Iuliano, E., di Cagno, A., Vardaro, A., Fiorilli, G., Costanzo, A. D., Calcagno, G., Simone, G. D., & Moffa, S. (2016) · International Journal of COPD · doi:10.2147/copd.s96663 · Cited by 43
“Strategies to improve neurocognitive functioning have important health implications to contrast neural degeneration in COPD.”
Influential
A Concerted Action Of Estradiol And Insulin Like Growth Factor I Underlies Sex Differences In Mood Regulation By Exercise
Munive, V., Santi, A., & Torres‐Alemán, I. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep25969 · Cited by 44
Combined Dual-Task Gait Training and Aerobic Exercise to Improve Cognition, Mobility, and Vascular Health in Community-Dwelling Older Adults at Risk for Future Cognitive Decline
Gregory, M. A., Silva, N. C. B. S., Gill, D. P., McGowan, C. L. M., Liu-Ambrose, T. Y. L., Shoemaker, J. K., Hachinski, V., Holmes, J., & Petrella, R. J. (2017) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-161240 · Cited by 44
“…study to date has observed the impact of laboratory-based DT gait and AE on EF in older adults; however, following reviews of studies using AE [10, 35] and other cycle-based exercise [36] aiming to improve cognition [i.e., EF measured via the Trail Making Test Part B (TMT-B)] in older adults…”
The interactive Physical and Cognitive Exercise System (iPACES™): effects of a 3-month in-home pilot clinical trial for mild cognitive impairment and caregivers
Anderson‐Hanley, C., Stark, J. H., Wall, K. M., VanBrakle, M. L., Michel, M., Maloney, M., Barcelos, N. M., Striegnitz, K., Cohen, B. D., & Kramer, A. F. (2018) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s160756 · Cited by 44
“9–11 Beyond physical activity alone Despite the well-documented and varied benefits of exercise, 6 only a small percentage of older adults engage in the recommended dose of exercise, 12 and efforts to increase participation have been explored, including the potential of exergaming, wherein virtual…”
Cognitive and structural cerebral changes in amnestic mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease after multicomponent training
Teixeira, C. V. L., de Rezende, T. J. R., Weiler, M., Magalhães, T. N. C., Carletti‐Cassani, A. F. M. K., Quinaglia, T., Joaquim, H. P. G., Talib, L. L., Forlenza, O. V., Franco, M. P., et al. (2018) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.trci.2018.02.003 · Cited by 43
“Indeed, literature has shown the protective role of physical exercise against proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin 6 [39,49], which seem to be higher in MCI subjects [50–52].”
Background
Aerobic exercise increases cortisol awakening response in older adults
Drogos, L. L., Wynne‐Edwards, K. E., Zhou, R., Hall, S. E., Tyndall, A. V., Longman, R. S., Eskes, G. A., & Poulin, M. J. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.01.012 · Cited by 46
From Disease to Health: Physical Therapy Health Promotion Practices for Secondary Prevention in Adult and Pediatric Neurologic Populations
Quinn, L., & Morgan, D. W. (2017) · Neurology Report · doi:10.1097/npt.0000000000000166 · Cited by 46
Multi-Component Intervention Program on Habitual Physical Activity Parameters and Cognitive Function in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Jeong, M.-K., Park, K. W., Ryu, J.-K., Kim, G.-M., Jung, H.-H., & Park, H. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18126240 · Cited by 46
“Randomized controlled trials of the effects of exercise on MCI elderly people and cognitive function effect [8,9] reported that aerobic exercise increased brain volume in domains associated with cognitive function decline by aging [10,11].”
Background
Mind-Body Exercise Modulates Locus Coeruleus and Ventral Tegmental Area Functional Connectivity in Individuals With Mild Cognitive Impairment
Liu, J., Tao, J., Xia, R., Li, M., Huang, M., Li, S., Chen, X., Wilson, G., Park, J., Zheng, G., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.646807 · Cited by 44
Ketones: potential to achieve brain energy rescue and sustain cognitive health during ageing
Myette‐Côté, É., Soto-Mota, A., & Cunnane, S. C. (2021) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114521003883 · Cited by 44
“Exercise also reduces brain amyloid in transgenic AD mice(197,198), but so far interventional studies assessing cerebrospinal fluid A β1–42 have failed to see similar results in AD(199), though some interesting trends were observed in older adults at risk of AD(200,201).”
Result
Cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with cognitive function in late adulthood: baseline findings from the IGNITE study
Oberlin, L. E., Wan, L., Kang, C., Romano, A., Aghjayan, S. L., Lesnovskaya, A., Ripperger, H. S., Drake, J. A., Harrison, R., Collins, A. M., et al. (2024) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2024-108257 · Cited by 54
The relationship between physical activity and social network site addiction among adolescents: the chain mediating role of anxiety and ego-depletion
Wang, J., Xiao, T., Liu, Y., Guo, Z., & Yi, Z. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02785-y · Cited by 48
The Effects of a Brief, Water-Based Exercise Intervention on Cognitive Function in Older Adults
Fedor, A., Garcia, S., & Gunstad, J. (2015) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acv001 · Cited by 44
Effectiveness of a primary care based multifactorial intervention to improve frailty parameters in the elderly: a randomised clinical trial: rationale and study design
Liébana, L. R., Orfila, F., Segura, J. M., Ramirez, A., Möller, M., Fabra, M. L., Lancho, S. L., Bastús, N. B., Foz, G., Fabregat, M. A., et al. (2014) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/1471-2318-14-125 · Cited by 42
“Aerobic exercise has shown effects on some measures of cognitive function, without consistency for all values [44].”
Background
Emerging treatments for Alzheimer’s disease for non-amyloid and non-tau targets
Khan, A., Corbett, A., & Ballard, C. G. (2017) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2017.1326818 · Cited by 42
Fitness, independent of physical activity is associated with cerebral blood flow in adults at risk for Alzheimer’s disease
Dougherty, R. J., Boots, E. A., Lindheimer, J. B., Stegner, A. J., Riper, S. M. V., Edwards, D. F., Gallagher, C. L., Carlsson, C. M., Rowley, H. A., Bendlin, B. B., et al. (2019) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-019-00068-w · Cited by 45
“…for gender specific effects on cognition (Colcombe and Kramer 2003; Barha et al. 2017), with data suggesting that superior cognitive response in females may be the result of differences in exercise induced hormonal glucometabolic and hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis responses (Baker et al. 2010).”
Sex differences in exercise efficacy: Is midlife a critical window for promoting healthy cognitive aging?
Barha, C. K., & Liu-Ambrose, T. Y. L. (2020) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202000857r · Cited by 48
Aerobic exercise improves episodic memory in late adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Aghjayan, S. L., Bournias, T., Kang, C., Zhou, X., Stillman, C. M., Donofry, S. D., Kamarck, T. W., Marsland, A. L., Voss, M. W., Fraundorf, S. H., et al. (2022) · Murdoch University Research Portal · Cited by 42
Effects of running on adiponectin, insulin and cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid in healthy young individuals
Schön, M., Kovaničová, Z., Košutzká, Z., Nemec, M., Tomková, M., Jacková, L., Máderová, D., Slobodová, L., Valkovič, P., Ukropec, J., et al. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-38201-2 · Cited by 40
Unlocking the potential of exercise: harnessing myokines to delay musculoskeletal aging and improve cognitive health
Gao, X., Chen, Y., & Cheng, P. (2024) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2024.1338875 · Cited by 41
“In women, high-intensity cardiovascular exercise results in increased insulin sensitivity and reduced circulating levels of cortisol and BDNF, along with cognition-enhancing effects that are most pronounced for executive control tasks (Baker et al., 2010).”
Background
Exercise Improves Cognitive Control: Evidence from the Stop Signal Task
Padilla, C., Perez, L., Andrés, P., & Parmentier, F. B. R. (2013) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.2929 · Cited by 47
“Finally, exercise has also proven beneficial for executive functions in clinical populations such as children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (Chang, Liu, Yu & Lee, 2012), mild cognitive impairment patients (Baker et al., 2010) and overweight children (Davis et al.”
Background
A Comparative Study Evaluating the Impact of Physical Exercise on Disease Progression in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease
Maliszewska‐Cyna, E., Xhima, K., & Aubert, I. (2016) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-150660 · Cited by 41
“and improved cognitive ability in pre-clinical dementia and MCI [15–19].”
Association Between Exercise Capacity and Late Onset of Dementia, Alzheimer Disease, and Cognitive Impairment
Müller, J., Chan, K., & MYERS, J. N. (2017) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.10.020 · Cited by 46
One-single physical exercise session after object recognition learning promotes memory persistence through hippocampal noradrenergic mechanisms
de Vargas, L. D. S., das Neves, B.-H. S., Roehrs, R., Izquierdo, I., & Mello‐Carpes, P. B. (2017) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2017.04.050 · Cited by 41
Physical Activity as a Moderator of Alzheimer Pathology: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies
Frederiksen, K. S., Gjerum, L., Waldemar, G., & Hasselbalch, S. G. (2019) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/1567205016666190315095151 · Cited by 43

Authors: Baker, L. D., Frank, L. L., Foster-Schubert, K., Green, P. S., Wilkinson, C. W., McTiernan, A., Plymate, S. R., Fishel, M. A., Watson, G. S., Cholerton, B. A., Duncan, G. E., Mehta, P. D., & Craft, S.
Affiliations: University of Washington (US)
Washington State University Spokane (US)
ORCID: Baker, Laura D.
Wilkinson, Charles W.
McTiernan, Anne
Plymate, Stephen R.
Cholerton, Brenna A.
Duncan, Glen E.
Mehta, Pankaj D.
Craft, Suzanne
Venue: Archives of Neurology
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 2010-01-01
Volume: 67
Issue: 1
Pages: 71-9
ISSN: 0003-9942 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1001/archneurol.2009.307
PMC: PMC3056436
OpenAlex: W2005355670
Cited by: 1,171
References: 89
Citations by year: 2026: 37 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 57 · 2023: 70 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 75 · 2020: 75 · 2019: 94 · 2018: 70 · 2017: 96 · 2016: 70 · 2015: 80 · 2014: 75 · 2013: 89 · 2012: 70
FWCI: 53.93
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Archives of Neurology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
ResearchWorks at the University of Washington (University of Washington) (submittedVersion)
Funders: U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
Alzheimer's Association
National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000423, 5kl2rr025015-02)
National Center for Research Resources (KL2-RR025015)
National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
Keywords: aerobic exercise, mild cognitive impairment, amnestic mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer's disease, sex differences, executive function, glucose metabolism, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, cortisol, insulin, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, insulin-like growth factor I, amyloid-beta, older adults, non-pharmacological treatment, cognitive decline
MeSH terms: Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer Disease, Cognition Disorders, Energy Metabolism, Exercise Test, Exercise Therapy, Female, Glucose, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Physical Fitness, Exercise, Absorptiometry, Photon, Treatment Outcome, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Exercise Tolerance, Body Fat Distribution

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Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Controlled Trial

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