Oral Zinc in Macular Degeneration
Abstract
Macular degeneration associated with age and drusen, an important cause of severe visual loss in older persons, is of unknown cause. The sensory retina and retinal pigment epithelium, which are cell layers in zinc, appear to be prominently involved in the disease process. Because zinc plays a role in the metabolic function of several important enzymes in the chorioretinal complex, we undertook a prospective, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled investigation of the effects of oral zinc administration on the visual acuity outcome in 151 subjects with drusen or macular degeneration. Although some eyes in the zinc-treated group lost vision, this group had significantly less visual loss than the placebo group after a follow-up of 12 to 24 months. This is the first controlled oral intervention study to show a positive, if limited, treatment effect in macular degeneration, a major public health problem. Because of the pilot nature of the study and the possible toxic effects and complications of oral zinc administration, widespread use of zinc in macular degeneration is not now warranted.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
One small, randomized, 2-year, placebo-controlled clinical trial of zinc supplementation found a statistically significant reduction in visual acuity loss in the zinc-treated group.
“One small, randomized, 2-year, placebo-controlled clinical trial of zinc supplementation found a statistically significant reduction in visual acuity loss in the zinc-treated group and recommended a more definitive trial before a general recommendation could be made for zinc supplementation in those at risk of vision loss from advanced AMD. 27”
A small randomized trial, completed before AREDS began, suggested a benefit of large doses of zinc on visual acuity in persons with AMD.
“A small randomized trial, completed before AREDS began, suggested a benefit of large doses of zinc on visual acuity in persons with AMD.27”
Cites
Senile macular degeneration: a case-control study
HYMAN, L. G., LILIENFELD, A. M., FERRIS, F. L., & FINE, S. L. (1983) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a113629 · Cited by 587 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
(2001) · Archives of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/archopht.119.10.1417 · Cited by 3,285 · see citing works
“A small randomized trial, completed before AREDS began, suggested a benefit of large doses of zinc on visual acuity in persons with AMD.(27) For zinc alone, AREDS did not find a statistically significant reduction in the odds of a 15-letter visual acuity loss.”
Background(2013) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2013.4997 · Cited by 1,355 · see citing works
“A zinc dose of 80 mg was used in the original AREDS formulation because it was the dose used in an earlier trial suggesting efficacy.(17) We tested the AREDS formulation with a lower dose of zinc (25 mg) because data suggested that this may be the maximal level absorbed.”
MethodDietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and advanced age-related macular degeneration
Seddon, J. M. (1994) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1994.03520180037032 · Cited by 993 · see citing works
Age-related macular degeneration: etiology, pathogenesis, and therapeutic strategies
Ambati, J., Ambati, B. K., Yoo, S. H., Ianchulev, S., & Adamis, A. P. (2003) · Survey of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0039-6257(03)00030-4 · Cited by 959 · see citing works
Zinc as a Gatekeeper of Immune Function
Wessels, I., Maywald, M., & Rink, L. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9121286 · Cited by 711 · see citing works
“In the elderly population, age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is of frequent occurrence and AMD progress, which can result in blindness, can be treated successfully by zinc supplementation [58,59].”
BackgroundRICHER, S. P., Stiles, W. R., Statkute, L., Pulido, J. S., Frankowski, J., Rudy, D., Pei, K. Y., Tsipursky, M. S., & Nyland, J. (2004) · Optometry · doi:10.1016/s1529-1839(04)70049-4 · Cited by 563 · see citing works
The dynamic nature of Bruch's membrane
Booij, J. C., Baas, D. C., Beisekeeva, J., Gorgels, T. G. M. F., & Bergen, A. A. B. (2010) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2009.08.003 · Cited by 581 · see citing works
“Zinc depositions In 1988, Newsome and co-workers[93] found a beneficial effect for oral zinc supplementation in AMD.”
The Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS): design implications. AREDS report no. 1.
Lindblad, A., Kassoff, A., Kieval, S., Mehu, M., Buehler, J., Eglow, M., Kaufman, F., Margherio, R., Cox, M., Garretson, B., et al. (1999) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/s0197-2456(99)00031-8 · Cited by 555 · see citing works
Retinal age pigments generated by self-assembling lysosomotropic detergents
Eldred, G., & Lasky, M. R. (1993) · Nature · doi:10.1038/361724a0 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Lee, P., Wang, C. C., & Adamis, A. P. (1998) · Survey of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0039-6257(98)00035-6 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
Chew, E., Clemons, T., Sangiovanni, J., Danis, R., Domalpally, A., Mcbee, W., Sperduto, R., & Ferris, F. (2012) · Ophthalmology (Rochester, Minn.) · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.05.027 · Cited by 432 · see citing works
Chew, E. Y., Clemons, T. E., SanGiovanni, J. P., Danis, R. P., Ferris, F. L., Elman, M. J., Antoszyk, A. N., Ruby, A. J., Orth, D., Bressler, S. B., et al. (2014) · JAMA Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.7376 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Dietary Antioxidants and the Long-term Incidence of Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Tan, J. S. L., Wang, J. J., Flood, V., Rochtchina, E., Smith, W., & Mitchell, P. (2008) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2007.03.083 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
Familial Occurrence of KienbockÂ’s Disease
Lesner, A. (2011) · doi:10.4172/2161- · Cited by 364
“Zinc supplementation alone significantly reduced the risk of developing advanced AMD in subjects at higher risk but not in the total study population [201,202].”
BackgroundRisks of copper and iron toxicity during aging in humans.
Brewer, G. (2010) · Chemical Research in Toxicology · doi:10.1021/tx900338d · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Evans, J. R., & Lawrenson, J. G. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000254.pub4 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
Treatment of age-related macular degeneration
Stokkermans, T. J. (2000) · Clinical Eye and Vision Care · doi:10.1016/s0953-4431(99)00043-0 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Bocci, V. (2011) · Digital Access to Libraries (Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), l'Université de Namur (UNamur) and the Université Saint-Louis (USL-B)) · doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9234-2 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
“…role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of the disease, the protective effect of several food supplements such as the already mentioned zinc (Newsome et al., 1988), antioxidants like vitamins A, C and E (Sperduto et al., 1990a, b; Seddon et al., 1994; West et al., 1994), the today popular…”
BackgroundThe function of metallothionein.
Vallee, B. (1995) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/0197-0186(94)00165-q · Cited by 303 · see citing works
Do age-related macular degeneration and cardiovascular disease share common antecedents?
Snow, K. K., & Seddon, J. M. (1999) · Ophthalmic Epidemiology · doi:10.1076/opep.6.2.125.1558 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Current understanding on the role of retinal pigment epithelium and its pigmentation.
Schraermeyer, U., & Heimann, K. (1999) · Pigment Cell Research · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0749.1999.tb00755.x · Cited by 268 · see citing works
A hemodynamic model of the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration.
Friedman, E. (1997) · American journal of ophthalmology-glaucoma · doi:10.1016/s0002-9394(14)70906-7 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
VandenLangenberg, G. M., Mares-Perlman, J. A., Klein, R., Klein, B. E. K., Brady, W. E., & Palta, M. (1998) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009625 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
“A recent randomized clinical trial raised interest in the potential role of zinc supplementation when it demonstrated that large quantities of supplemental zinc sulfate (200 mg/day) taken over a 2-year period reduced the loss of visual acuity in patients with macular degeneration (54).”
BackgroundDietary supplements and disease prevention — a global overview
Rautiainen, S., Manson, J., Lichtenstein, A., & Sesso, H. (2016) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2016.54 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Copper and Zinc, Biological Role and Significance of Copper/Zinc Imbalance
Osredkar, J. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Toxicology · doi:10.4172/2161-0495.s3-001 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
“Zinc supplementation alone significantly reduced the risk of developing advanced AMD in subjects at higher risk but not in the total study population [201,202].”
BackgroundThe role of the atherosclerotic process in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration.
Friedman, E. (2000) · American journal of ophthalmology-glaucoma · doi:10.1016/s0002-9394(00)00643-7 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Recent developments in age-related macular degeneration: a review
Al-Zamil, W. M., & Yassin, S. A. (2017) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s143508 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
“97 The AREDS study was designed to determine whether anti-oxidant supplementation could have protective effects against AMD.”
Epidemiology of Age-Related Maculopathy: A Review
Klaver, C. C. W., van Leeuwen, R., Vingerling, J. R., & de Jong, P. T. V. M. (2004) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-05199-3_1 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“In a small, randomized, placebo-controlled trial among 151 subjects in 1988, a beneficial effect of zinc on the natural course of ARM was suggested [115], but this result could not be confirmed by others [116, 117].”
BackgroundNutritional antioxidants and age-related cataract and maculopathy
Chiu, C., & Taylor, A. (2006) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2006.05.015 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Lysne, P., & Cruz-Almeida, Y. (2003) · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-58719-1_68 · Cited by 209
Haase, H., Overbeck, S., & Rink, L. (2008) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2007.12.002 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
“For age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a few smaller studies exist, some of which found significant effects of zinc supplementation (Newsome et al., 1988), while others did not (Stur et al.”
BackgroundAssociation of Zinc and Antioxidant Nutrients With Age-Related Maculopathy
Mares‐Perlman, J. A. (1996) · Archives of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/archopht.1996.01100140199014 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Grahn, B., Paterson, P. G., Gottschall-Pass, K., & Zhang, Z. (2001) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2001.10719022 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
“These unusually high concentrations and conflicting reports of zinc status and vision loss in macular degeneration [17,18] have lead to a wealth of recent research.”
BackgroundBlue Light Exposure: Ocular Hazards and Prevention—A Narrative Review
Cougnard-Grégoire, A., Merle, B., Aslam, T., Seddon, J., Aknin, I., Klaver, C., Garhöfer, G., Layana, A., Minnella, A., Silva, R., et al. (2023) · Ophthalmology and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40123-023-00675-3 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Browning, A., Amoaku, W., & Dua, H. (2004) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/014107680409700403 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
The age-related eye disease study (AREDS).
Hammond, B., & Johnson, M. (2002) · Nutrition reviews · doi:10.1301/002966402320387215 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Ha, K.-N., Chen, Y., Cai, J.-Y., & Sternberg, P. (2006) · Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.05-1322 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
“A prior clinical trial enrolling a smaller number of patients over a shorter period showed that oral zinc supplementation resulted in significant reduction in the risk of visual acuity loss in patients with AMD.(2) Of note, zinc and zinc with antioxidant supplementation had much greater efficacy than intake of the thr…”
InfluentialIron, zinc, and copper in retinal physiology and disease.
Ugarte, M., Osborne, N., Brown, L., & Bishop, P. (2013) · Survey of ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.survophthal.2012.12.002 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Ugarte, M., & Osborne, N. (2001) · Progress in neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0301-0082(00)00057-5 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Tokarz, P., Kaarniranta, K., & Błasiak, J. (2013) · Biogerontology · doi:10.1007/s10522-013-9463-2 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
“The zinc supplementation at 80 mg/day for 2 years protected AMD patients from loss of visual acuity (Newsome et al. 1988).”
BackgroundGROSS, N. E., Aizman, A., BRUCKER, A. J., Klancnik, J. M., & Yannuzzi, L. A. (2005) · Retina · doi:10.1097/00006982-200509000-00005 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Risk Factors for Age-related Macular Degeneration
Evans, J. R. (2001) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/s1350-9462(00)00023-9 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
High concentration of zinc in sub-retinal pigment epithelial deposits.
Lengyel, I., Flinn, J. M., Peto, T., Linkous, D., Cano, K., Bird, A., Lanzirotti, A., Frederickson, C., & van Kuijk, F. V. (2007) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2006.12.015 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Subclinical Zinc Deficiency in Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease
Brewer, G., Kanzer, S., Zimmerman, E., Molho, E., Celmins, D. F., Heckman, S. M., & Dick, R. (2010) · American Journal of Alzheimers Disease & Other Dementias · doi:10.1177/1533317510382283 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
“The diagnosis for probable AD was made according to the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke/Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Association criteria for AD.8 The severity of the disease was determined using the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR),9 which ranged from 0.5 to 2 (mil…”
BackgroundInfluentialEvans, J. R., & Lawrenson, J. (2023) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000254.pub5 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Advances in Management and Diagnosis
Yonekawa, Y., Miller, J. W., & Kim, I. K. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm4020343 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Evans, J. (2008) · Eye · doi:10.1038/eye.2008.100 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Zinc, human diseases and aging
Fabris, N., & Mocchegiani, E. (1995) · Aging · doi:10.1007/bf03324297 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
The Age-Related Eye Disease 2 Study: Micronutrients in the Treatment of Macular Degeneration.
Gorusupudi, A., Nelson, K., & Bernstein, P. (2017) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.116.013177 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“(49) 151 P (2 y), double-blind Ophthalmic examinations, photographic grading, oral supplementation, serum zinc concentrations Supplementation with zinc sulfate was associated with a retardation of vision loss (P , 0.”
BackgroundOral zinc and the second eye in age-related macular degeneration
Tittl, M., Reitner, A., Meisinger, V., & Stur, M. (1996) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9394(14)72098-7 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Zinc protects against oxidative damage in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cells.
Tate, D. J., Miceli, M., & Newsome, D. A. (1999) · Free Radical Biology & Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0891-5849(98)00253-6 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-citationPrasad, A. (1993) · Biochemistry of the Elements · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-9444-1 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Dietary antioxidants and age-related maculopathy The blue mountains eye study
Smith, W. (1999) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(99)90164-1 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Review of Genetics in Age Related Macular Degeneration
Montezuma, S. R., Sobrin, L., & Seddon, J. M. (2007) · Seminars in Ophthalmology · doi:10.1080/08820530701745140 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Effects of Melatonin in Age‐Related Macular Degeneration
Yi, C., Pan, X.-Y., Yan, H., Guo, M.-X., & Pierpaoli, W. (2005) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1356.029 · Cited by 112
Koh, J. (2001) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1385/mn:24:1-3:099 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“Another disease possibly related to zinc-depletion injury, although not that of the brain, is age-related macular degeneration (52).”
BackgroundREVIEW: Epidemiology of age-related maculopathy: a review
van Leeuwen, R., Klaver, C. C. W., Vingerling, J. R., Albert Hofman, D., & de Jong, P. T. V. M. (2003) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1023/a:1025643303914 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
“In a small, randomized, placebo-controlled trial among 151 subjects in 1988, a beneficial effect of zinc on the natural course of ARM was suggested [115], but this result could not be confirmed by others [116, 117].”
BackgroundBird, A. (1991) · Eye · doi:10.1038/eye.1991.2 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Nutritional supplementation for type 2 diabetes: a systematic review
Bartlett, H., & Eperjesi, F. (2008) · Ophthalmic & physiological optics · doi:10.1111/j.1475-1313.2008.00595.x · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“Evidence for (Newsome et al., 1988) and against (Stur et al.”
BackgroundErie, J., Good, J. A., Butz, J., & Pulido, J. (2009) · American journal of ophthalmology-glaucoma · doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2008.08.014 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Review of nutrient actions on age-related macular degeneration
Zampatti, S., Ricci, F., Cusumano, A., Marsella, L., Novelli, G., & Giardina, E. (2013) · Nutrition Research · doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2013.10.011 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“The involvement of copper in AMD was first proposed by Newsome but was never definitively confirmed [57,65].”
BackgroundResultGenetic susceptibility to age related macular degeneration
Yates, J., & Moore, A. (2000) · Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1136/jmg.37.2.83 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Nutritional supplements in age‐related macular degeneration
Schmidl, D., Garhöfer, G., & Schmetterer, L. (2015) · Acta ophthalmologica · doi:10.1111/aos.12650 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“In contrast to this study, data from an interventional study with approximately the same sample size showed that patients who received placebo were more likely to develop significant vision loss compared to patients taking 200 mg zinc per day (Newsome et al. 1988).”
MethodResultNutrients for Prevention of Macular Degeneration and Eye-Related Diseases
Khoo, H. E., Ng, H. S., Yap, W.-S., Goh, H. J. H., & Yim, H. S. (2019) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox8040085 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“Dietary self-administration of zinc (200 mg) daily for up to 24 months had also proven to significantly reduce the visual loss compared to the placebo group [59].”
BackgroundTOZAL Study: An open case control study of an oral antioxidant and omega-3 supplement for dry AMD
Cangemi, F. (2007) · BMC Ophthalmology · doi:10.1186/1471-2415-7-3 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Ahn, Y.-H., Kim, Y.-H., Hong, S., & Koh, J. (1998) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1006/exnr.1998.6931 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“retinal diseases, including macular degeneration (34) and retinitis pigmentosa (21).”
BackgroundMcCusker, M., Durrani, K., Payette, M., & Suchecki, J. (2016) · Clinical Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2015.11.009 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
A systematic review on zinc for the prevention and treatment of age-related macular degeneration.
Vishwanathan, R., Chung, M., & Johnson, E. J. (2013) · Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.12-11552 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Nutritional modulation of age-related macular degeneration
Weikel, K., Chiu, C., & Taylor, A. (2012) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2012.03.005 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“In a study of 90 subjects, Newsome and coworkers found that 100 mg zinc twice a day for 2 years reduced vision loss (one-tailed p = 0.001) (Newsome et al., 1988).”
BackgroundInfluentialLow glutathione reductase and peroxidase activity in age-related macular degeneration.
Cohen, S. M., Olin, K. L., Feuer, W. J., Hjelmeland, L. M., Keen, C. L., & Morse, L. S. (1994) · British Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bjo.78.10.791 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Molecular genetics of age-related macular degeneration
Stone, E. M. (2001) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/10.20.2285 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Common Eye Diseases of Elderly People: Identifying and Treating Causes of Vision Loss
Harvey, P. (2002) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000066507 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Bressler, N. M., & Bressler, S. B. (1995) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(95)30889-5 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Seddon, J. (2007) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/85.1.304s · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“…1 Relations between supplement use and age-related macular degeneration (AMD)1 Subjects and study design Nutrients Results Randomized trials Newsome et al, 1988 (12) 151 subjects (early AMD): 95 women, 56 men; duration: 12–24 mo Zinc sulfate, 100 mg Delay in visual loss Stur et al, 1996…”
BackgroundPrevention of age-related macular degeneration
Wong, I. Y., Koo, S., & Chan, C. W. N. (2010) · International Ophthalmology · doi:10.1007/s10792-010-9397-5 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“These ingredients were thought to exert a protective effect on retinal cells by counteracting oxidative stresses [10–15].”
BackgroundProspective study of zinc intake and the risk of age-related macular degeneration.
Cho, E., Stampfer, M., Seddon, J. M., Hung, S., Spiegelman, D., Rimm, E., Willett, W., & Hankinson, S. (2001) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s1047-2797(01)00217-4 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Age‐related macular degeneration. Macular changes, prevalence and sex ratio
Vinding, T. (1989) · Acta Ophthalmologica · doi:10.1111/j.1755-3768.1989.tb04392.x · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Leung, K., Liu, M.-G., Xu, X., Seiler, M., Barnstable, C., & Tombran-Tink, J. (2008) · Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.07-0781 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Newsome et al.(20) were the first to report that replenishing Zn(2) by oral administration has a positive effect on AMD.”
BackgroundBartlett, H., & Eperjesi, F. (2003) · Ophthalmic & physiological optics · doi:10.1046/j.1475-1313.2003.00130.x · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“The investigators determined that the decrease in mean visual acuity in the zinc treated group was less than that of the placebo group (Newsome et al., 1988), in other words, zinc reduced progression of AMD (see Figure 1).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialHenderson, L., Brewer, G., Dressman, J., Swidan, S., Duross, D., Adair, C., Barnett, J., & Berardi, R. (1995) · JPEN - Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1177/0148607195019005393 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Heat Shock Proteins In The Retina: Focus On Hsp70 and Alpha Crystallins In Ganglion Cell Survival
Piri, N., Kwong, J. M. K., Gu, L., & Caprioli, J. (2016) · Progress in retinal and eye research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.03.001 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“In a human clinical study, patients with macular degeneration were treated with an oral dose of 200 mg of zinc sulfate daily for 2 years with no significant adverse effects (Newsome et al., 1988).”
BackgroundZinc Nutrition and Inflammation in the Aging Retina.
Gilbert, R., Peto, T., Lengyel, I., & Emri, E. (2019) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201801049 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“A single centre study of a randomized controlled trial of daily dose of zinc sulphate (100mg) versus placebo, showed a significantly positive treatment effect on visual acuity change compared to baseline, with a decreased likelihood of final visual acuity deterioration [57].”
BackgroundFree Radicals and Ocular Disease
Anderson, R. E., Kretzer, F. L., & Rapp, L. M. (1994) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1833-4_6 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Nutrition supplements and the eye
Brown, N. A., Bron, A. J., Harding, J. J., & Dewar, H. M. (1998) · Eye · doi:10.1038/eye.1998.21 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Qian, H., Li, L.-H., Chappell, R., & Ripps, H. (1997) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1997.78.5.2402 · Cited by 68
A primate model for age related macular drusen.
Hope, G., Dawson, W. W., Engel, H., Ulshafer, R., Kessler, M., & Sherwood, M. (1992) · British Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bjo.76.1.11 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Antioxidants and age-related eye disease current and future perspectives
Christen, W. G. (1996) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/1047-2797(95)00094-1 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
AMD and micronutrient antioxidants
Hogg, R. E., & Chakravarthy, U. (2004) · Current Eye Research · doi:10.1080/02713680490517890 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
la Cour, M., Kiilgaard, J. F., & Nissen, M. H. (2002) · Drugs & Aging · doi:10.2165/00002512-200219020-00003 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“[227,228] In a study of 151 patients with ARM with a follow-up of 24 months, Newsome et al.”
BackgroundDo We Have a Nutritional Treatment for Age-Related Cataract or Macular Degeneration?
Sperduto, R. D. (1990) · Archives of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1001/archopht.1990.01070120051026 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Bennis, A., Gorgels, T., ten Brink, J. T., van der Spek, P. J., Bossers, K., Heine, V., & Bergen, A. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141597 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“In 1988 the first clinical trial favoring zinc supplementation in AMD was published [36].”
BackgroundMaurya, M., Bora, K., Blomfield, A. K., Pavlovich, M. C., Huang, S., Liu, C.-H., & Chen, J. (2023) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.369098 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“In 1988, a small randomized clinical trial reported for the first time that oral supplementation with zinc, a trace element and essential micro-nutrient, can reduce AMD progression (Newsome et al., 1988).”
Dietary modification and supplementation for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration.
Broadhead, G., Grigg, J., Chang, A., & McCluskey, P. (2015) · Nutrition reviews · doi:10.1093/nutrit/nuv005 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Treatments for dry age-related macular degeneration and Stargardt disease: a systematic review.
Waugh, N., Loveman, E., Colquitt, J., Royle, P., Yeong, J., Hoad, G. V., & Lois, N. (2018) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta22270 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Treatment of age‐related macular degeneration
Bylsma, G. W., & Guymer, R. (2005) · Clinical and experimental optometry · doi:10.1111/j.1444-0938.2005.tb06716.x · Cited by 59 · see citing works
An ideal ocular nutritional supplement?*
Bartlett, H. E., & Eperjesi, F. (2004) · Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics · doi:10.1111/j.1475-1313.2004.00218.x · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Newsome et al. (1988) reported a positive effect of zinc on VA but it is unlikely that their study had enough statistical power to detect a significant difference between the study and placebo groups (Bartlett and Eperjesi, 2003).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMetabolomics and Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Brown, C. N., Green, B., Thompson, R., den Hollander, A., & Lengyel, I. (2018) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo9010004 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Recent advances in the understanding of the role of zinc in ocular tissues.
Ugarte, M., & Osborne, N. (2014) · Metallomics · doi:10.1039/c3mt00291h · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Newsome, D. (2008) · Current Eye Research · doi:10.1080/02713680802178437 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationAntioxidants in the retinal pigment epithelium
Newsome, D., Miceli, M., Liles, M., Tate, D., & Oliver, P. D. (1994) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/1350-9462(94)90006-x · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Newsome, D. A., Swartz, M., Leone, N. C., Elston, R. C., & Miller, E.
- Affiliations
- Louisiana State University (US)
- University of Utah (US)
- Utah State University (US)
- ORCID
- Elston, R. C.
- Venue
- Archives of Ophthalmology
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 1988-02-01
- Volume
- 106
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 192-198
- ISSN
- 0003-9950 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2007111898
- Cited by
- 349
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 14.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of Ophthalmology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Trace Elements in Health
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Retinal Development and Disorders
- Keywords
- macular degeneration, oral zinc supplementation, drusen, age-related macular degeneration, visual acuity, retinal pigment epithelium, zinc toxicity, blindness prevention
- MeSH terms
- Administration, Oral, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Clinical Trials as Topic, Double-Blind Method, Female, Fluorescein Angiography, Humans, Macular Degeneration, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Random Allocation, Zinc
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
