Associations between antioxidant and zinc intake and the 5-year incidence of early age-related maculopathy in the Beaver Dam Eye Study
Abstract
Associations between antioxidants and zinc and the 5-year incidence of early, age-related maculopathy (ARM) were investigated in a population-based cohort of middle-aged and older adults participating in the Beaver Dam Eye Study in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin. A food-frequency questionnaire was administered at baseline (1988-1990) to collect dietary information for that time period and a period of time 10 years earlier (1978-1980) from a 50 percent random sample of persons participating in this study. The incidence of the specific lesions of larger drusen (>125 microns) and pigmentary abnormalities and the incidence of any ARM were assessed by masked grading of stereoscopic color fundus photographs in 1,709 persons who participated in 5-year follow-up eye examinations. Significant, but modest, inverse associations (p < 0.05) were observed between intakes of pro-vitamin A carotenoids and dietary vitamin E and the incidence of large drusen and between zinc and the incidence of pigmentary abnormalities. No significant inverse associations were found between antioxidant or zinc intake and the incidence of overall early ARM. If ARM, which is characterized by a broad spectrum of lesions, involves a number of different underlying pathophysiologic processes, then associations between specific antioxidants and the incidence of distinct macular lesions may be biologically important. However, because there were too few incident late ARM cases in this cohort, the authors were unable to assess whether antioxidant intake is associated with the progression of early ARM to late-stage macular degeneration. Clinical trials and longer-term prospective studies are needed to elucidate further the impact of antioxidants and zinc on the development and progression of ARM.
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Results from observational studies that assessed the effect of dietary antioxidants on risk for age-related macular degeneration have been inconsistent.
“Results from observational studies that assessed the effect of dietary antioxidants on risk for age-related macular degeneration have been inconsistent.90–95”
From Age-related macular degeneration (2008) · cites this paper as [93]
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Evidence for the Use of Nutritional Supplements and Herbal Medicines in Common Eye Diseases
West, A. L., Oren, G. A., & Moroi, S. E. (2005) · American Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2005.07.033 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Iannaccone, A., Mura, M., Gallaher, K. T., et al. (2007) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.06-0438 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
The Antioxidant Vitamins C and E
Packer, L. (2003) · AOCS Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429270710 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
An ideal ocular nutritional supplement?*
Bartlett, H. E., & Eperjesi, F. (2004) · Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics · doi:10.1111/j.1475-1313.2004.00218.x · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Kazi, T. G., Afridi, H. I., Kazi, G. H., et al. (2006) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2006.01.003 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Many physicians suggest that 15 to 30 mg of zinc per day is necessary for a healthy vision [37].”
BackgroundMillen, A. E. (2003) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwg116 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Am J Epidemiol 2003;158:225–233 other studies of diet and age-related eye disease have shown that assessment of past dietary intake, or intake prior to incident disease, may be more influential then recent dietary intake on eye disease development (42, 43).”
BackgroundGenetics of age-related macular degeneration
Ting, A., Lee, T. K. M., & MacDonald, I. M. (2009) · Current Opinion in Ophthalmology · doi:10.1097/icu.0b013e32832f8016 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Nutrition effects on ocular diseases in the aging eye.
Chew, E. (2013) · Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs13-12914 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Alcohol consumption and the 5-year incidence of age-related maculopathy
Moss, S. E., Klein, R., Klein, B. E. K., Jensen, S. C., & Meuer, S. M. (1998) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/s0161-6420(98)95016-3 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Self-citationRisk Factors for Age-Related Maculopathy
Connell, P., Keane, P. A., O’Neill, E. C., Al‐Taie, R., Loane, E., Neelam, K., Nolan, J. M., & Beatty, S. (2009) · Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1155/2009/360764 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Cross-sectional data from the Beaver Dam Eye Study also showed that a high dietary intake of vitamin C was negatively associated with early ARM, but this finding was not statistically significant [229, 237].”
BackgroundInfluentialPrevention of age-related macular degeneration
Wong, I. Y., Koo, S., & Chan, C. W. N. (2010) · International Ophthalmology · doi:10.1007/s10792-010-9397-5 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“These ingredients were thought to exert a protective effect on retinal cells by counteracting oxidative stresses [10–15].”
BackgroundNutritional supplements in age‐related macular degeneration
Schmidl, D., Garhöfer, G., & Schmetterer, L. (2015) · Acta ophthalmologica · doi:10.1111/aos.12650 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Five Heavy Metallic Elements and Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Park, S. J., Lee, J. H., Woo, S. J., et al. (2014) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.07.039 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Serum levels of macular carotenoids in relation to age-related maculopathy
Dasch, B., Fuhs, A., Schmidt, J. G. H., Behrens, T., Meister, A., Wellmann, J., Fobker, M., Pauleikhoff, D., & Hense, H. (2005) · Graefe s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology · doi:10.1007/s00417-005-1176-z · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“However, not all observational studies could confirm these results [13, 18, 28, 29, 43].”
ResultVitamin E and Age-Related Macular Degeneration in a Randomized Trial of Women
Christen, W. G., Glynn, R. J., Chew, E. Y., & Buring, J. E. (2010) · Ophthalmology · doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.10.043 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Mitotropic Compounds for the Treatment of Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Fehér, J., Papale, A., Mannino, G., Gualdi, L., & Gabrieli, C. B. (2003) · Ophthalmologica · doi:10.1159/000071351 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Diminishing Risk for Age-Related Macular Degeneration with Nutrition: A Current View
Schleicher, M. M., Weikel, K., Garber, C., & Taylor, A. (2013) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu5072405 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Similarly, past or present intake of lutein did not affect the five year incidence of pigment abnormalities in the Beaver Dam Eye study [94].”
BackgroundInfluentialDiet and risk factors for age-related maculopathy
O’Connell, E., Nolan, J. M., Stack, J., Greenberg, D. C., Kyle, J., Maddock, L.-A., & Beatty, S. (2008) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/87.3.712 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Simple and objective method for routine detection of the macular pigment xanthophyll
Schweitzer, D., Jentsch, S., Dawczynski, J., Hammer, M., Wolf-Schnurrbusch, U. E., & Wolf, S. (2010) · Journal of Biomedical Optics · doi:10.1117/1.3526358 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
- Authors
- VandenLangenberg, G. M., Mares-Perlman, J. A., Klein, R., Klein, B. E. K., Brady, W. E., & Palta, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mares-Perlman, J. A.
- ORCID
- Palta, M.
- Venue
- American Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1998-07-15
- Volume
- 148
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 204-214
- ISSN
- 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-6256
- OpenAlex
- W2036317458
- Cited by
- 234
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 7.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Eye Institute (EY O6594, EYO8012)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Retinal Diseases and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Retinal Imaging and Analysis
- Keywords
- age-related maculopathy, antioxidants, dietary zinc, vitamin E, carotenoids, drusen, pigmentary abnormalities, macular degeneration, dietary intake, Beaver Dam Eye Study
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Antioxidants, Diet, Female, Humans, Macular Degeneration, Male, Middle Aged, Pigment Epithelium of Eye, Prospective Studies, Wisconsin, Zinc, Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic, Incidence, Logistic Models
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