Cited by 1,183Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderNeural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesAutism Spectrum Disorder Research

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Quantitative Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Castellanos, F. Xavier·1996·Archives of General Psychiatry

DOI 10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830070053009

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Anatomic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been limited by small samples or measurement of single brain regions. Since the neuropsychological deficits in ADHD implicate a network linking basal ganglia and frontal regions, 12 subcortical and cortical regions and their symmetries were measured to determine if these structures best distinguished ADHD. METHODS: Anatomic brain MRIs for 57 boys with ADHD and 55 healthy matched controls, aged 5 to 18 years, were obtained using a 1.5-T scanner with contiguous 2-mm sections. Volumetric measures of the cerebrum, caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, amygdala, hippocampus, temporal lobe, cerebellum; a measure of prefrontal cortex; and related right-left asymmetries were examined along with midsagittal area measures of the cerebellum and corpus callosum. Interrater reliabilities were .82 or greater for all MRI measures. RESULTS: Subjects with ADHD had a 4.7% smaller total cerebral volume (P = .02). Analysis of covariance for total cerebral volume demonstrated a significant loss of normal right > left asymmetry in the caudate (P = .006), smaller right globus pallidus (P = .005), smaller right anterior frontal region (P = .02), smaller cerebellum (P = .05), and reversal of normal lateral ventricular asymmetry (P = .03) in the ADHD group. The normal age-related decrease in caudate volume was not seen, and increases in lateral ventricular volumes were significantly diminished in ADHD. CONCLUSION: This first comprehensive morphometric analysis is consistent with hypothesized dysfunction of right-sided prefrontal-striatal systems in ADHD.

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“…have also found that children of both sex with ADHD have smaller posterior-inferior lobules of the cerebellar vermis than healthy children (Castellanos et al. 1996; Berquin et al. 1998; Mostofsky et al. 1998; Castellanos et al. 2001; Anderson et al. 2002; Glaser et al. 2006; Krain and…”
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“…reductions in the prefrontal cortex, globus pallidus, and caudate nucleus, as well as right greater than left caudate asymmetry (Aylward et al., 1996; Castellanos et al., 2001; Castellanos et al., 1996; Filipek et al., 1997; Hynd et al., 1993; Schrimsher, Billingsley, Jackson, & Moore, 2001).”
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Inhibition of Return in children with Tourette's syndrome and comorbid forms: A Preliminary Study
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“Furthermore, ADHD neuroimaging and neuropsychological research, which has consistently found a right frontostriatal deficit in ADHD (Barkley, 1997; Barkley, Grodzinsky, & DuPaul, 1992; Carter, Krener, Chaderjian, Northcutt, Wolfe, 1995; Castellanos et al., 1996; Castellanos et al., 1994; Hynd et al., 1993), would pred…”
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“De nombreux rapports d’IRM soulignent le volume réduit du cervelet, soit environ 6 % (Castellanos et al., 1996; 2002; Durston et al., 2004) et il est possible que le volume vermien soit plus particulièrement en cause.”
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Junior temperament character inventory together with quantitative EEG discriminate children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder combined subtype from children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder combined subtype plus oppositional defiant disorder
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Authors: Castellanos, F. X.
Affiliations: National Institute of Mental Health (US)
Corresponding author: Castellanos, F. Xavier
ORCID: Castellanos, F. Xavier
Venue: Archives of General Psychiatry
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 1996-07-01
Volume: 53
Issue: 7
Pages: 607
ISSN: 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.1996.01830070053009
OpenAlex: W2097559385
Cited by: 1,183
References: 102
Citations by year: 2026: 7 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 52
FWCI: 25.66
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Keywords: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, brain volumetry, brain volume, caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, cerebellum, corpus callosum, lateral ventricle, hemispheric lateralization, basal ganglia, children, brain structure
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Age Factors, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Basal Ganglia, Body Height, Body Weight, Brain, Caudate Nucleus, Cerebellum, Cerebral Ventricles, Child, Child, Preschool, Frontal Lobe, Globus Pallidus, Humans, Intelligence Tests, Functional Laterality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Discriminant Analysis, Prefrontal Cortex

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Quantitative Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

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