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Quantitative Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Anatomic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been limited by small samples or measurement of single brain regions. Since the neuropsychological deficits in ADHD implicate a network linking basal ganglia and frontal regions, 12 subcortical and cortical regions and their symmetries were measured to determine if these structures best distinguished ADHD. METHODS: Anatomic brain MRIs for 57 boys with ADHD and 55 healthy matched controls, aged 5 to 18 years, were obtained using a 1.5-T scanner with contiguous 2-mm sections. Volumetric measures of the cerebrum, caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, amygdala, hippocampus, temporal lobe, cerebellum; a measure of prefrontal cortex; and related right-left asymmetries were examined along with midsagittal area measures of the cerebellum and corpus callosum. Interrater reliabilities were .82 or greater for all MRI measures. RESULTS: Subjects with ADHD had a 4.7% smaller total cerebral volume (P = .02). Analysis of covariance for total cerebral volume demonstrated a significant loss of normal right > left asymmetry in the caudate (P = .006), smaller right globus pallidus (P = .005), smaller right anterior frontal region (P = .02), smaller cerebellum (P = .05), and reversal of normal lateral ventricular asymmetry (P = .03) in the ADHD group. The normal age-related decrease in caudate volume was not seen, and increases in lateral ventricular volumes were significantly diminished in ADHD. CONCLUSION: This first comprehensive morphometric analysis is consistent with hypothesized dysfunction of right-sided prefrontal-striatal systems in ADHD.
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“several (Berquin et al., 1998; Castellanos et al., 1996; Castellanos, 2001; Castellanos et al., 2002a; Hill et al., 2003), but not all (Durston et al., 2004; Filipek et al., 1997; Hynd et al., 1990; Mostofsky et al., 2002), studies report reduced whole brain size in children with ADHD.”
From The influences of environmental enrichment, cognitive enhancement, and physical exercise on brain development: Can we alter the developmental trajectory of ADHD? (2011) · cites this paper as Castellanos et al., 1996
In the citing paper
“Studies have noted reduced volume in several parts of the cerebellum in ADHD (Castellanos et al., 2002a; Castellanos et al., 1996; Durston et al., 2004; Posner & Petersen, 1990) as well as posterior cortical anomalies (Durston et al., 2004; Filipek et al., 1997; Sowell et al., 2003).”
From The influences of environmental enrichment, cognitive enhancement, and physical exercise on brain development: Can we alter the developmental trajectory of ADHD? (2011) · cites this paper as Castellanos et al., 1996
In the citing paper
“Numerous structural MRI studies have reported smaller regions in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of youth with ADHD (Castellanos et al., 1996; Castellanos et al., 2002a; Durston et al., 2004; Filipek et al., 1997; Hynd, Semrud-Clikeman, Lorys, Novey, & Eliopulos, 1990; Kates et al., 2002; Mostofsky, Cooper, Kates, Denckla, & Kaufmann, 2002; Sowell et al., 2003).”
From The influences of environmental enrichment, cognitive enhancement, and physical exercise on brain development: Can we alter the developmental trajectory of ADHD? (2011) · cites this paper as Castellanos et al., 1996
In the citing paper
“Earlier mental disorder onset shapes brain development (e.g., (123)) and relates to self-injurious behaviors (1).”
From Neural correlates associated with suicide and nonsuicidal self-injury in youth (2021) · cites this paper as [123]
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BackgroundMethodSpatial awareness, alertness, and ADHD: The re-emergence of unilateral neglect with time-on-task
George, M. S., Dobler, V., Nicholls, E., & Manly, T. (2004) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2004.09.003 · Cited by 34
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“In ADHD, the prefrontal cortex is reduced in size, particularly in the right hemisphere.(30,31) Similar decreased volumes have been described for the basal ganglia, but these results have varied across studies with respect to laterality.”
BackgroundResultNeurobiologie der Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/ Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS)
Banaschewski, T., Roessner, V., Uebel, H., & Rothenberger, A. (2004) · Kindheit und Entwicklung · doi:10.1026/0942-5403.13.3.137 · Cited by 31
Current topic: Neuroimaging in child and adolescent psychiatric disorders
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“As symmetry differences are often key features in discriminating controls from patients with disorders such as ADHD,”
The Psychobiology of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
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“…for the classification of ADHD patients vs. TDCs, given that decreased anatomical volume was one of the most replicated pieces of evidence for ADHD (Castellanos et al., 1996, 2001; Berquin et al., 1998; Castellanos, 2002; Mostofsky et al., 2002; Carmona et al., 2005, 2009; Mackie et al., 2007;…”
BackgroundRoberts, W., Fillmore, M. T., & Milich, R. S. (2010) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021408 · Cited by 35
“Neuroimaging studies have found abnormal functioning in the frontal eye fields of children with ADHD (Castellanos et al., 1996), and it is possible that in adults with ADHD the localization of dysfunction to the pathway regulating controlled saccadic activity limits the inhibitory control deficit…”
BackgroundAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder--a review.
Williams, C. L., Wright, B., & Partridge, I. (1999) · PubMed Central · Cited by 32
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Neurocognitive and cerebellar function in ADHD, autism and spinocerebellar ataxia
Cundari, M., Vestberg, S., Gustafsson, P., Gorcenco, S., & Rasmussen, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2023.1168666 · Cited by 38
“Previous studies using MRI in children with ADHD have observed structural changes in cerebellum and specifically in the vermis (Castellanos et al., 1996; Berquin et al., 1998; Mackie et al., 2007).”
BackgroundManly, T., Cornish, K. M., Grant, C. M., Dobler, V., & Hollis, C. P. (2005) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01432.x · Cited by 31
Neuropharmacology of attention
Burk, J. A., Blumenthal, S. A., & Maness, E. B. (2018) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.08.008 · Cited by 31
“have been reported in individuals with ADHD (Castellanos et al., 1996; Swanson et al., 1998).”
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Burden, M. J., & Mitchell, D. B. (2005) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1207/s15326942dn2803_3 · Cited by 31
“Given that frontal systems dysfunction largely characterizes ADHD (Casey et al., 1997; Castellanos et al., 1996; Ernst, Liebenauer, King, Fitzgerald, Cohen, & Zametkin, 1994; Filipek, Semrud-Clikeman, Steingard, Renshaw, Kennedy, & Biederman, 1997; Lazar & Frank, 1998; Sieg, Gaffney, Preston, & Hellings, 1995; Zametki…”
BackgroundDirections of Aetiologic Research on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Lévy, F., Barr, C. L., & Sunohara, G. (1998) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1614.1998.00373.x · Cited by 31
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“Several studies have found a reduction in the volume of the cerebel cortex in individuals with ADHD (Castellanos et al., 1996, 2001, 2002; Mackie et al., 2007).”
BackgroundKozłowska, A., Wojtacha, P., Równiak, M., Kolenkiewicz, M., & Tsai, M.-L. (2019) · Physiological Research · doi:10.33549/physiolres.933907 · Cited by 30
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Spatial processing in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Kalanthroff, E., Naparstek, S., & Henik, A. (2013) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/a0033655 · Cited by 30
“These studies demonstrated dysfunction in the right, anterior, superior frontal cortex (Castellanos et al., 1994; Castellanos et al., 1996; Filipek, 1997), right dorsolateral cortex (Yeo et al.”
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The pars triangularis in dyslexia and ADHD: A comprehensive approach
Kibby, M. Y., Kroese, J. M., Krebbs, H., Hill, C. E., & Hynd, G. W. (2009) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2009.03.001 · Cited by 29
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“Imaging studies have found abnormal functioning in the frontal–striatal system and the frontal eye fields of children with ADHD (e.g., Castellanos et al., 1996).”
Raising attention to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in schizophrenia
Pallanti, S. (2015) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v5.i1.47 · Cited by 31
Corpus callosum may be similar in children with ADHD and siblings of children with ADHD
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Topical Review: Functional Brain Imaging in Neuropsychiatric Disorders of Childhood
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Measurement of frontal lobe volume on magnetic resonance imaging scans
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Kalpakidou, A. K., Allin, M. P. G., Walshe, M., Giampietro, V., Nam, K.-W., McGuire, P. K., Rifkin, L., Murray, R. M., & Nosarti, C. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0034858 · Cited by 29
“Additionally, this pattern of structural abnormalities, which includes the temporal and frontal cortices, the cerebellum and the globus pallidus has been observed in neurodevelopmental disorders such as ADHD [71,72].”
BackgroundInitiative, T. A. D. N., Hibar, D. P., Stein, J. L., Ryles, A. B., Omid Kohannim, A., Jahanshad, N., Medland, S. E., Hansell, N. K., McMahon, K. L., de Zubicaray, G. I., et al. (2012) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-012-9199-7 · Cited by 29
“1999), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Castellanos et al. 1996; Ellison-Wright et al. 2008) and schizophrenia (Elkashef et al.”
Quantitative MR analysis of caudate abnormalities in pediatric ADHD: Proposal for a diagnostic test
Soliva, J. C., Fauquet, J., Bielsa, A., Rovira, M., Carmona, S., Ramos‐Quiroga, J. A., Hilferty, J., Bulbena, A., Casas, M., & Vilarroya, Ó. (2010) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.01.013 · Cited by 30
“…employing a semi-automated caudate nucleus segmentation procedure that replicated the right caudate volume abnormalities (Trèmols et al., 2008) reported in nearly all (3 out of 4) caudate nucleus morphometricMRI studies with appropriate sample sizes (nN30) (Castellanos et al., 1994, 1996, 2001).”
MethodResultStructural Brain Changes and Associated Symptoms of ADHD Subtypes in Children.
Mu, S., Wu, H., Zhang, J., & Chang, C. (2022) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhab276 · Cited by 29
Face Processing in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
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Bimanual Coordination Deficits in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Klimkeit, E., Sheppard, D. M., Lee, P. H., & Bradshaw, J. L. (2004) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390490515568 · Cited by 32
“…accurate bimanual movements in children with ADHD is consistent with neuroimaging studies that implicate brain areas such as the basal ganglia and cerebellum in ADHD (Castellanos et al., 1996 found smaller than normal structures of the basal ganglia and reduced cerebellum size in such individuals).”
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Brain perfusion and dopaminergic genes in boys with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Szobot, C. M., Roman, T., Cunha, R. D., Acton, P. D., Hutz, M. H., & Rohde, L. A. (2004) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30096 · Cited by 29
“For example, a smaller volume in the right anterior frontal region in ADHD boys has been reported in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies [Castellanos et al., 1996].”
ResultHa, S., Lee, H., Choi, Y., Kang, H., Jeon, S. J., Ryu, J. H., Kim, H. J., Cheong, J. H., Lim, S., Kim, B.-N., et al. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-59921-4 · Cited by 30
New Insights on the Effects of Methylphenidate in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Pitzianti, M. B., Spiridigliozzi, S., Bartolucci, E., Esposito, S., & Pasini, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.531092 · Cited by 28
“Since the 1990s, neuroimaging studies (5, 6) and genetic research (7, 8) have revealed that dopaminergic and frontostriatal system dysfunction represent neurobiological substrates of ADHD.”
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“These cortical areas are overlapping the prefrontal regions, which are likely implicated in the pathology of ADHD [36, 37].”
Early life stress affects cerebral glucose metabolism in adult rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Parr, L. A., Boudreau, M., Hecht, E. E., Winslow, J., Nemeroff, C. B., & Sánchez, M. M. (2011) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2011.09.003 · Cited by 29
“(For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure (Castellanos et al., 1996; De Bellis et al., 1999; Giedd et al., 1995, 1996, 1999; Rosenberg et al., 1997).”
Jagger-Rickels, A. C., Kibby, M. Y., & Constance, J. (2018) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2018.08.004 · Cited by 29
“These regions are consistent with the “cool” executive function deficits commonly found in this population, such as planning, working memory, cognitive inhibition, and problem solving (Castellanos et al., 1996; Castellanos and Proal, 2012; Dang et al., 2014; Monchi et al., 2007).”
Anatomic magnetic resonance imaging studies of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Castellanos, F. X. (2002) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2002.4.4/fxcastellanos · Cited by 28
“In a quantitative MRI study of 112 subjects, the volumes of the cerebellar hemispheres were found to be significantly smaller in ADHD boys.(22) In a follow-up study within the same sample, the cerebellar vermis as a whole, and particularly the posterior-inferior lobules (lobules VIII to X) were found to be significant…”
Brain imaging in normal and abnormal brain development: new perspectives for child psychiatry
Gogate, N., Giedd, J. N., Janson, K., & Rapoport, J. L. (2001) · Clinical Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/s1566-2772(01)00014-7 · Cited by 28
Castelli, M., Federici, M., Rossi, S., Chiara, V. D., Napolitano, F., Studer, V., Motta, C., Sacchetti, L., Romano, R., Musella, A., et al. (2011) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2011.07876.x · Cited by 28
“Finally, reduced volume of the caudate nucleus has been found in patients with ADHD (Castellanos et al., 1996, 2002), and an association between caudate volume and severity of hyperactivity symptoms has also been reported (Castellanos et al., 2003; Durston et al., 2005; Schrimsher et al., 2002).”
BackgroundConzelmann, A., Woidich, E., Mucha, R. F., Weyers, P., Jacob, C. P., Lesch, K.-P., & Pauli, P. (2011) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2010.12.085 · Cited by 27
“Results are in line with the assumed dopaminergic dysfunctionality in ADHD (Castellanos et al., 1996) and the fact that dopamine is a key neurotransmitter in emotional processing (Nieoullon and Coquerel, 2003).”
Giordani, B., Novak, B., Sikorskii, A. E., Bangirana, P., Nakasujja, N., Winn, B. M., & Boivin, M. J. (2015) · Cambridge Prisms Global Mental Health · doi:10.1017/gmh.2015.5 · Cited by 27
Bitaubé, J. A., López‐Martín, S., Fernández‐Jaén, A., & Arangüena, L. C. (2008) · Revista de Neurología · doi:10.33588/rn.4701.2008111 · Cited by 30
“Datos convergentes procedentes de estudios anatomicos y funcionales senalan a distintas regiones cerebrales del circuito frontoestriadocerebelar (corteza prefrontal lateral, corteza cingulada anterior, caudado, putamen y vermis) como las principales responsables de la patofisiologia del TDAH [ 8-13 ].”
BackgroundConway, F. P., Oster, M., & Szymanski, K. (2011) · Journal of Infant Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/15289168.2011.575707 · Cited by 27
“For example, the view that the cause of ADHD lies in structural abnormalities in the brain leads some clinicians to endorse medication as a treatment of choice ( Barkley, 1997 ; Castellanos et al, 1996 ; Fisher and Rose, 1996 ; Fuster, 1997 ).”
BackgroundIgual, L., Soliva, J. C., Escalera, S., Gimeno, R., Vilarroya, Ó., & Radeva, P. I. (2012) · Computerized Medical Imaging and Graphics · doi:10.1016/j.compmedimag.2012.08.002 · Cited by 26
Central Conduction Time of Magnetic Brain Stimulation in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Uclés, P., Serrano, J.-L., & de la Rosa, F. D. (2000) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/088307380001501103 · Cited by 27
Matsuo, Y., Watanabe, M., Taniike, M., Mohri, I., Kobashi, S., Tachibana, M., Kobayashi, Y., & Kitamura, Y. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0125573 · Cited by 26
Cosmo, C. S. A., DiBiasi, M., Lima, V. L. C. C., Grecco, L. A. C., Muszkat, M., Philip, N. S., & de Sena, E. P. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.06.054 · Cited by 37
Agomelatine: A Potential Multitarget Compound for Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Savino, R., Polito, A. N., Marsala, G., Ventriglio, A., Salvatore, M. D., de Stefano, M. I., Valenzano, A. A., Marinaccio, L., Bellomo, A., Cibelli, G., et al. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13050734 · Cited by 27
Dysfunction of right-hemisphere attentional networks in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Geeraerts, S., Lafosse, C., Vaes, N., Vandenbussche, E., & Verfaillie, K. (2007) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803390601186676 · Cited by 28
“Reversed asymmetry of caudate nucleus volume has also been reported (Castellanos et al., 1996; Hynd et al., 1993; Mataro, Garcia-Sanchez, Junque, EstevezGonzalez, & Pujol, 1997), although the studies differ as to whether this asymmetry normally favors the right or the left caudate.”
BackgroundBrown, L. N., & Vickers, J. N. (2003) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-003-1641-z · Cited by 26
“Results of morphometric studies suggest anomalous asymmetry in the caudate nucleus in ADHD patients ( Castellanos et al. 1994, 1996; Filipek et al. 1997; Hynd et al. 1993; Mataro et al. 1997; Semrud-Clikeman et al. 2000).”
BackgroundEvaluation and Assessment Issues in the Diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Nass, R. D. (2005) · Seminars in Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.spen.2005.12.002 · Cited by 25
Hermosillo, R. J. M., Mooney, M. A., Feczko, E., Earl, E., Marr, M. C., Sturgeon, D., Perrone, A. J., Miranda-Domínguez, Ó., Faraone, S. V., Wilmot, B., et al. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.11.014 · Cited by 31
Noninvasive Electromagnetic Methods for Brain Monitoring: A Technical Review
Bera, T. K. (2014) · Intelligent systems reference library · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-10978-7_3 · Cited by 26
“Though the energy consumed by the brain does not vary greatly over time, but active regions of the cortex consume comparatively more energy than the inactive regions: this fact forms the basis for the functional brain imaging methods such as PET and fMRI [102, 173].”
BackgroundInfluentialAttention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Substance Use Disorders
Szobot, C. M., & Bukstein, O. G. (2008) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2007.11.003 · Cited by 28
“1995, 2009a), then increases DA signaling in corticostriatal circuits and improves attentional and inhibitory functioning (Castellanos et al. 1996; Solanto 1998; Volkow et al. 2007, 2009a).”
BackgroundPalomo, T., Beninger, R. J., Kostrzewa, R. M., & Archer, T. (2003) · Neurotoxicity Research · doi:10.1007/bf03033369 · Cited by 26
“This decrease in cerebellar volume has been described in two studies: Castellanos et al. (1996) in which 57 boys aged 11.7 [range: 5.8-17.8] were compared to controls (55 boys aged 12.0 [range: 5.5-17.8]) and Mostofsky et al. (1998) in which 12 boys aged 11.3 [range: 8.2-14.6] were compared to…”
ResultInfluentialTemporal Variability–Based Functional Brain Lateralization Study in ADHD
Zou, H., & Yang, J. J. (2019) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054719859074 · Cited by 25
“Castellanos et al. (1996) compared volumetric measurements of ROI from 57 boys with ADHD and 55 normal controls.”
BackgroundSong, Y., & Hakoda, Y. (2011) · Brain and Development · doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2011.07.010 · Cited by 26
“Numerous magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have revealed reduced right anterior–superior frontal volume and anomalous asymmetry of the caudate nucleus in ADHD [15–17].”
BackgroundBuitelaar, J. K., Montgomery, S. A., & Zwieten-Boot, B. J. V. (2003) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0924-977x(03)00047-6 · Cited by 26
“MRI studies of brain modification programmes. anatomy have reported rather consistent abnormalities in children with ADHD (Castellanos et al., 1996, 2001, 2002) and a meta-analysis of the findings suggest subjects with a moderate reduction in frontal lobe size, and in the size of 3 .”
ADHD classification using bag of words approach on network features
Solmaz, B., Dey, S., Rao, A. R., & Shah, M. A. (2012) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.911598 · Cited by 24
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): new tool, new therapy and new hope for ADHD
Acosta, M. T., & Leon‐Sarmiento, F. E. (2003) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/030079903125001541 · Cited by 28
Corpus Callosum Anatomy in Chronically Treated and Stimulant Naïve ADHD
Schnoebelen, S., Semrud‐Clikeman, M., & Pliszka, S. R. (2010) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054709356406 · Cited by 25
“Although many research groups have turned to utilizing volumetric data as opposed to area to characterize the size of various brain structures (e.g., Castellanos et al., 1994, 1996; Filipek et al., 1997; Hill et al., 2003; Semrud-Clikeman et al., 2000), this has not yet been the case for the CC,…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSoliva, J. C., Carmona, S., Fauquet, J., Hoekzema, E. A., Bulbena, A., Hilferty, J., & Vilarroya, Ó. (2009) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04604.x · Cited by 29
The Quest for Long-Term Health and Happiness: To Play or Not to Play, That Is the Question
Panksepp, J. (1998) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0901_9 · Cited by 26
Neuroimaging of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Castellanos, F. X. (1997) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s1056-4993(18)30310-9 · Cited by 25
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Current Progress and Controversies
Vance, A. L. A., & Luk, E. (2000) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1614.2000.00809.x · Cited by 26
Walg, M., Oepen, J., & Prior, H. (2015) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054712454570 · Cited by 24
“, 1997), a smaller cerebellum (Castellanos et al., 1996), and size reductions in the basal ganglia, especially in the globus pallidus (Aylward et al.”
BackgroundPlacing Neuroanatomical Models of Executive Function in a Developmental Context
Brocki, K. C., Fan, J., & Fossella, J. (2008) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1417.025 · Cited by 26
Neuroimagem no transtorno de déficit de atenção/hiperatividade
Szobot, C. M., Eizirik, M., Cunha, R. D., Langleben, D. D., & Rohde, L. A. (2001) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/s1516-44462001000500010 · Cited by 23
“Há relato de alterações detectadas através de ressonância magnética (RM) condizentes com a disfunção pré-frontal-estriatal direita, com perda da assimetria normal do caudato, menor globo pálido direito, menor região frontal anterior direita, menor cerebelo e reversão da assimetria normal nos ventrículos laterais.(16)…”
BackgroundAn Analysis of Select Emerging Executive Skills in Perinatally HIV-1-Infected Children
Llorente, A. M., Brouwers, P. Y., Leighty, R. M., Malee, K., Smith, R. A., Harris, L. L., Serchuck, L. K., Blasini, I., & Chase, C. (2012) · Applied Neuropsychology Child · doi:10.1080/21622965.2012.686853 · Cited by 24
“Similarly, youths with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often exhibit compromised inhibition, and ADHD is thought to be the result of faulty neurological inhibitory circuits involving the prefrontal cortex (cf. Barkley, 2005; Benton, 1991; Castellanos et al., 1996).”
BackgroundRemission Status and Cortical Thickness in Childhood-Onset Schizophrenia
GREENSTEIN, D. K., Wolfe, S., Gochman, P., Rapoport, J. L., & Gogtay, N. (2008) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e3181825b0c · Cited by 24
Lee, Y.-S., Han, D. H., Lee, J. H., & Choi, T. Y. (2010) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.4306/pi.2010.7.1.49 · Cited by 24
The Rights of Children and Parents In Regard to Children Receiving Psychiatric Diagnoses and Drugs
Breggin, P. R. (2014) · Children & Society · doi:10.1111/chso.12049 · Cited by 27
Medication Effects on EEG Biomarkers in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Isiten, H. N., Çebi, M., Sütçübaşı, B., Metin, B., & Tarhan, N. (2016) · Clinical EEG and Neuroscience · doi:10.1177/1550059416675232 · Cited by 24
Cipriani, C., Pitzianti, M. B., Matteucci, C., D’Agati, E., Miele, M. T., Rapaccini, V., Grelli, S., Curatolo, P., Paola, S.-V., Pasini, A., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19113286 · Cited by 24
Cortical Gray Matter in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Batty, M. J., Liddle, E. B., Pitiot, A., Toro, R., Groom, M. J., Scerif, G., Mario Liotti, A., Liddle, P. F., Paus, T., & Hollis, C. P. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-201003000-00006 · Cited by 24
Hoeppner, J., Neumeyer, M., Wandschneider, R., Herpertz, S. C., Gierow, W., Haessler, F., & Buchmann, J. A. (2008) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-008-0091-y · Cited by 25
Brossard‐Racine, M., Majnemer, A., & Shevell, M. I. (2011) · Developmental Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3109/17518423.2010.547545 · Cited by 24
“Structural abnormalities and asymmetry of the striatum have also been reported in children with ADHD [38, 56].”
BackgroundDie Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) im Erwachsenenalter
Rösler, M., & Retz, W. (2006) · Zeitschrift für Psychiatrie Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1024/1661-4747.54.2.77 · Cited by 25
Rolfe, M. H. S., Hamm, J. P., & Waldie, K. E. (2007) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2007.07.007 · Cited by 25
“Magnetic resonance imaging studies of ADHD have identified region-specific abnormalities of the right frontostriatal network (Casey et al., 1997; Castellanos et al., 1996) and parietal regions (Silk et al., 2005).”
BackgroundTreating ADHD as Attachment Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Ladnier, R. D., & Massanari, A. E. (2001) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012445860-4/50003-4 · Cited by 26
The Right Hemisphere and Psychopathology
Wasserstein, J., & Stefanatos, G. A. (2000) · Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis · doi:10.1521/jaap.1.2000.28.2.371 · Cited by 22
Interaction of schizophrenia polygenic risk and cortisol level on pre-adolescent brain structure
Bolhuis, K., Tiemeier, H. W., Jansen, P. R., Muetzel, R. L., Neumann, A., Hillegers, M. H. J., van den Akker, E. L. T., van Rossum, E. F. C., Jaddoe, V. W. V., Vernooij, M. W., et al. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.12.231 · Cited by 23
“, 2008a), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (Castellanos et al., 1996).”
Amygdala volumes in childhood absence epilepsy
Cohen, A. S., Daley, M. L., Siddarth, P., Levitt, J. G., Loesch, I. K., Altshuler, L. L., Ly, R., Shields, W. D., Gurbani, S. G., & Caplan, R. (2009) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2009.08.009 · Cited by 24
“With respect to amygdala volumes in children with ADHDwithout epilepsy, earlier studies reported a trend for smaller volumes [10] and no significant differences compared with healthy children”
ResultChiarenza, G. A., Chabot, R. J., Isenhart, R., Montaldi, L., Chiarenza, M. P., Torto, M. G. L., & Prichep, L. S. (2016) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.04.004 · Cited by 23
“Furthermore, Castellanos et al. (1994, 1996) have shown that in ADHD adults there is an evident reduction of the volume of some cerebral areas, including the right prefrontal areas, the nucleus caudatus, the globus pallidus and the cerebellum.”
BackgroundGuidance, Navigation, and Control
Yakimenko, O. A., & Jann, T. (2015) · American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics eBooks · doi:10.2514/5.9781624101960.0391.0528 · Cited by 23
Tenenbaum, Y. S., Weizman, A., & Rehavi, M. (2015) · Journal of Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s12031-015-0611-9 · Cited by 24
“Brain imaging studies have indicated that the inattention component of ADHD is related to dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex, while the hyperactivity/impulsivity component is related to the basal ganglia (Castellanos et al. 1996; Spalletta et al. 2001; Tang et al. 2009).”
The Four Causes of ADHD: A Framework
Killeen, P. R., Tannock, R., & Sagvolden, T. (2011) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2011_160 · Cited by 23
Rafique, S. A., & Northway, N. (2015) · Human Movement Science · doi:10.1016/j.humov.2015.04.006 · Cited by 22
Striatal volume changes in a rat model of childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Hsu, J.-W., Lee, L.-C., Chen, R., Yen, C., Chen, Y.-S., & Tsai, M.-L. (2010) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.08.008 · Cited by 21
“Numerous volumetric imaging studies have emphasized the important role of basal ganglia in the pathophysiology of ADHD (Hynd et al., 1993; Castellanos et al., 1994, 1996, 2002; Filipek et al., 1997; Mataro et al., 1997; Pineda et al., 2002).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Castellanos, F. X.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Mental Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Castellanos, F. Xavier
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 1996-07-01
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 607
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2097559385
- Cited by
- 1,183
- References
- 102
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 52
- FWCI
- 25.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, brain volumetry, brain volume, caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, cerebellum, corpus callosum, lateral ventricle, hemispheric lateralization, basal ganglia, children, brain structure
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Basal Ganglia, Body Height, Body Weight, Brain, Caudate Nucleus, Cerebellum, Cerebral Ventricles, Child, Child, Preschool, Frontal Lobe, Globus Pallidus, Humans, Intelligence Tests, Functional Laterality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Discriminant Analysis, Prefrontal Cortex
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