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Quantitative Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Anatomic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been limited by small samples or measurement of single brain regions. Since the neuropsychological deficits in ADHD implicate a network linking basal ganglia and frontal regions, 12 subcortical and cortical regions and their symmetries were measured to determine if these structures best distinguished ADHD. METHODS: Anatomic brain MRIs for 57 boys with ADHD and 55 healthy matched controls, aged 5 to 18 years, were obtained using a 1.5-T scanner with contiguous 2-mm sections. Volumetric measures of the cerebrum, caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, amygdala, hippocampus, temporal lobe, cerebellum; a measure of prefrontal cortex; and related right-left asymmetries were examined along with midsagittal area measures of the cerebellum and corpus callosum. Interrater reliabilities were .82 or greater for all MRI measures. RESULTS: Subjects with ADHD had a 4.7% smaller total cerebral volume (P = .02). Analysis of covariance for total cerebral volume demonstrated a significant loss of normal right > left asymmetry in the caudate (P = .006), smaller right globus pallidus (P = .005), smaller right anterior frontal region (P = .02), smaller cerebellum (P = .05), and reversal of normal lateral ventricular asymmetry (P = .03) in the ADHD group. The normal age-related decrease in caudate volume was not seen, and increases in lateral ventricular volumes were significantly diminished in ADHD. CONCLUSION: This first comprehensive morphometric analysis is consistent with hypothesized dysfunction of right-sided prefrontal-striatal systems in ADHD.
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“several (Berquin et al., 1998; Castellanos et al., 1996; Castellanos, 2001; Castellanos et al., 2002a; Hill et al., 2003), but not all (Durston et al., 2004; Filipek et al., 1997; Hynd et al., 1990; Mostofsky et al., 2002), studies report reduced whole brain size in children with ADHD.”
From The influences of environmental enrichment, cognitive enhancement, and physical exercise on brain development: Can we alter the developmental trajectory of ADHD? (2011) · cites this paper as Castellanos et al., 1996
In the citing paper
“Studies have noted reduced volume in several parts of the cerebellum in ADHD (Castellanos et al., 2002a; Castellanos et al., 1996; Durston et al., 2004; Posner & Petersen, 1990) as well as posterior cortical anomalies (Durston et al., 2004; Filipek et al., 1997; Sowell et al., 2003).”
From The influences of environmental enrichment, cognitive enhancement, and physical exercise on brain development: Can we alter the developmental trajectory of ADHD? (2011) · cites this paper as Castellanos et al., 1996
In the citing paper
“Numerous structural MRI studies have reported smaller regions in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of youth with ADHD (Castellanos et al., 1996; Castellanos et al., 2002a; Durston et al., 2004; Filipek et al., 1997; Hynd, Semrud-Clikeman, Lorys, Novey, & Eliopulos, 1990; Kates et al., 2002; Mostofsky, Cooper, Kates, Denckla, & Kaufmann, 2002; Sowell et al., 2003).”
From The influences of environmental enrichment, cognitive enhancement, and physical exercise on brain development: Can we alter the developmental trajectory of ADHD? (2011) · cites this paper as Castellanos et al., 1996
In the citing paper
“Earlier mental disorder onset shapes brain development (e.g., (123)) and relates to self-injurious behaviors (1).”
From Neural correlates associated with suicide and nonsuicidal self-injury in youth (2021) · cites this paper as [123]
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“The coexistence of executive deficits and both structural and functional changes in the prefrontal cortex of ADHD individuals (Casey et al., 1997; Castellanos et al., 1996), has led investigators to draw parallels between the effects of right frontal dysfunction in ADHD and disorders of attention arising from right pr…”
BackgroundEvaluation of Pattern Recognition and Feature Extraction Methods in ADHD Prediction
Sato, J. R., Hoexter, M. Q., Fujita, A., & Rohde, L. A. (2012) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2012.00068 · Cited by 74
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Pharmacogenetic Treatments for Drug Addiction: Cocaine, Amphetamine and Methamphetamine
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“For example, structurally, prominent volumetric decreases are evident in the posterior-inferior lobules of the cerebellar vermis in both male and female children with ADHD [9-12].”
Neuropsychological Performance of Adults Evidencing Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Corbett, B., & Stanczak, D. E. (1999) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1016/s0887-6177(98)00037-7 · Cited by 72
“, 1994), cerebral volume (Castellanos et al., 1996), glucose metabolism (Zametkin et al.”
BackgroundGillberg, C. (1998) · Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica · doi:10.1159/000021456 · Cited by 69
Sasayama, D., Hayashida, A., Yamasue, H., Harada, Y., Kaneko, T., Kasai, K., Washizuka, S., & Amano, N. (2010) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2010.02102.x · Cited by 73
“A few studies including one meta-analysis have reported significantly smaller volumes of the amygdala in subjects with ADHD.(2,3,7) These findings may be associated with social–cognitive impairment observed in ADHD children.”
BackgroundInfluentialNeurobehavioural deficits associated with apoptotic neurodegeneration and vulnerability for ADHD
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Right Hemisphere Dysfunction in ADHD
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“Less attention has been given to bottom-up neural systems such as the basal ganglia and cerebellum (3) or to posterior cortical systems implicated in ADHD, as exemplified in the study by Tamm and colleagues.”
BackgroundCoyner, A. S., Swan, R., Campbell, J. P., Ostmo, S. R., Brown, J. M., Kalpathy–Cramer, J., Kim, S. J., Jonas, K. E., Chan, R. V. P., Chiang, M. F., et al. (2019) · Ophthalmology Retina · doi:10.1016/j.oret.2019.01.015 · Cited by 70
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“Many researchers (Lou et al., 1984, 1989; Hynd et al., 1990, 1991, 1993; Giedd et al., 1994; Castellanos et al., 1994, 1996, 2003; Amen and Carmichael, 1997; Casey et al., 1997; Filipek et al., 1997; Vaidya et al., 1998; Rubia et al., 1999) have provided evidence of an involvement of the frontal or…”
BackgroundStevenson, J., Langley, K., Pay, H., Payton, A., Worthington, J., Ollier, W., & Thapar, A. (2005) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01533.x · Cited by 70
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“Such connections, observed in the thalamo-cortico-thalamic circuits and the cerebellum, facilitate the tight interplay of motor and executive control systems during development (Castellanos et al., 1996; Diamond, 2000; Raichle et al., 1994).”
BackgroundSilk, T. J., Genc, S., Anderson, V. A., Efron, D., Hazell, P., Nicholson, J. M., Kean, M. J., Malpas, C. B., & Sciberras, E. (2016) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-016-0770-4 · Cited by 74
“Structural imaging studies have reported ADHD-related anomalies in the prefrontal cortex, cerebellum, striatum and basal ganglia, corpus callosum, and the parietal cortex [20–27].”
BackgroundPerspectives on the assessment and treatment of adult ADHD in hypersexual men
Reid, R. C., Davtian, M., Lenartowicz, A., Torrevillas, R. M., & FONG, T. W. (2013) · Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.2217/npy.13.31 · Cited by 67
Developmental Trajectories of the Corpus Callosum in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
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“Still others find no difference from typically developing youth (6,36).”
BackgroundMarta Ribasés, A., Bosch, R., Amaia Hervas, G., Ramos‐Quiroga, J. A., Sánchez‐Mora, C., Bielsa, A., Gastaminza, X., Guijarro, S., Nogueira, M., Gómez-Barros, N., et al. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.06.024 · Cited by 68
Antshel, K. M., Conchelos, J., Lanzetta, G., Fremont, W. P., & Kates, W. R. (2005) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2005.02.003 · Cited by 66
“Although there is some evidence to the contrary (Castellanos et al., 1996), researchers measuring the area of the corpus callosum and its subdivisions have found that the overall callosal area may also be smaller in children with ADHD (Hill et al.”
BackgroundResultNeuroimaging of tic disorders with co-existing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Plessen, K. J., Royal, J. M., & Peterson, B. S. (2007) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-007-1008-2 · Cited by 65
“For example, children and adolescents with ADHD have reduced prefrontal volumes [11, 13, 20], especially in the inferior aspects of prefrontal cortices [69], whereas children with TS have larger prefrontal cortices, especially its dorsal portions [54].”
BackgroundResultImpairment of Executive Functions in Boys with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Fuggetta, G. P. (2006) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297040500203418 · Cited by 66
“These abnormalities involve networks subserving executive control and alerting and include right frontal striatal circuits, particularly the interconnections between the caudate and the orbitofrontal and dorsolateral cortices (Castellanos et al., 1996; Filipek et al., 1997).”
BackgroundComparison of brain volume abnormalities between ADHD and conduct disorder in adolescence
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“, 2006); however, prior studies conducting whole brain analyses found that hippocampal volumes have no ADHD-related effects (Castellanos et al., 1996; Filipek et al., 1997).”
BackgroundResultThe neurobiological profile of girls with ADHD
Mahone, E. M., & Wodka, E. L. (2008) · Developmental Disabilities Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/ddrr.41 · Cited by 70
“At the cerebral cortical level, observation of decreased volume of several frontal [Castellanos et al., 1996; Filipek et al., 1997; Hesslinger et al., 2002; Mostofsky et al., 2002] and nonfrontal [Kelly et al.”
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“Neuroimaging studies of children with ADHD have found structural changes in prefrontal areas, as well as basal ganglia structures (Castellanos et al., 1996; Filipek et al., 1997), and some researchers have suggested that medication acts at a subcortical level (Swartwood et al.”
BackgroundJučaitė, A., Fernell, E., Forssberg, H., & Hadders‐Algra, M. (2003) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8749.2003.tb00882.x · Cited by 67
“studies have shown that right anterior frontal areas and right caudate nucleus and putamen are smaller in children and adults with ADHD than in age-matched control individuals (Castellanos et al. 1996).”
ResultThe Evolution of ADHD: A Disorder of Communication?
Baird, J., Stevenson, J. C., & Williams, D. C. (2000) · The Quarterly Review of Biology · doi:10.1086/393256 · Cited by 64
“The caudate nucleus and the globus pallidus (although not the putamen) were also significantly smaller in the ADHD patients (Castellanos et al. 1996).”
BackgroundWhy children with ADHD do not have low IQs
Schuck, S. E. B., & Crinella, F. M. (2005) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/00222194050380030701 · Cited by 64
“Summary of imaging findings showing atypical brain morphology in ADHD (based on Aylward et al., 1996; Casey, Giedd, Vauss, Vaituzis, & Rapoport, 1992; Casey et al., 1997; Castellanos et al., 1994; Castellanos et al., 1996; Filipek et al., 1997; G. S. Hynd, Semrud-Clikeman, Lorys, Novey, & Eliopulos, 1990; G. W. Hynd e…”
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Brain imaging in neurobehavioral disorders
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Utility of cognitive neuropsychological assessment in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
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“The findings of neuroimaging studies (Casey et al. 1997; Castellanos et al. 1996; Filipek et al. 1997; Hynd et al. 1993; Vaidya et al. 1998), genetic investigations (Cook et al.”
BackgroundNeuroimaging in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Recent Advances
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The ipsilateral silent period in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
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Neuroanatomical Characterization of Child Offspring of Bipolar Parents
Singh, M. K., DelBello, M. P., Adler, C. M., Stanford, K. E., & Strakowski, S. M. (2008) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e318167655a · Cited by 63
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“Other studies have indicated reductions in the dorsolateral regions of the PFC (Hynd et al. 1990; Castellanos et al. 1996, 2002; Filipek et al. 1997; Kates et al. 2002; Mostofsky et al. 2002; Hill et al. 2003; Durston et al. 2004).”
BackgroundTuura, R., Mehta, M. A., Asherson, P. J., Zelaya, F. O., Brookes, K. J., Toone, B., Alsop, D. C., & Williams, S. (2008) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.04.169 · Cited by 58
“…volumes have been repeatedly demonstrated in children and adolescents with ADHD, as have reductions in cerebellar, and corpus callosal volumes (Castellanos et al., 1994, 1996, 2001, 2002; Giedd et al., 1994; Aylward et al., 1996; Baumgardner et al., 1996; Filipek et al., 1997; Overmeyer et…”
BackgroundNoninvasive Brain Stimulation in Pediatric Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Rubio, B., Boes, A. D., Laganiere, S. E., Rotenberg, A., Jeurissen, D., & Pascual‐Leone, Á. (2015) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/0883073815615672 · Cited by 64
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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
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“Subcortical regions such as the hippocampus and amygdala (Plessen et al. 2006), the basal ganglia, in both size and symmetry (Castellanos et al. 1994, 1996; Filipek et al. 1997; Ellison-Wright et al. 2008), and the cerebellum (Castellanos et al. 2002; Mackie et al. 2007) have been implicated as…”
BackgroundRe-examining the Mysterious Role of the Cerebellum in Pain
Li, C. N., Keay, K. A., Henderson, L. A., & Mychasiuk, R. (2024) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1538-23.2024 · Cited by 65
The influence of sex-linked genetic mechanisms on attention and impulsivity
Trent, S., & Davies, W. (2011) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.09.011 · Cited by 62
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“Also, no differences of amygdalar or hippocampal GM volume have been reported in adults with ADHD (Amico et al., 2011; Castellanos et al., 1996; Filipek et al., 1997; Perlov et al., 2008).”
BackgroundLangleben, D. D., Austin, G., Krikorian, G., Ridlehuber, H. W., Goris, M. L., & Strausś, H. W. (2001) · Nuclear Medicine Communications · doi:10.1097/00006231-200112000-00009 · Cited by 60
Outcome in children with fetal mild ventriculomegaly: a case series
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“Reduced dorsolateral prefrontal cortex volume has been reported with right (Castellanos et al., 1996; Durston et al., 2004; Filipek et al., 1997; Hill et al., 2003; Overmeyer et al., 2001; Semrud-Clikeman et al., 2000) as well as left hemisphere (Carmona et al.”
InfluentialLearning processing in the basal ganglia: A mosaic of broken mirrors
Cunha, C. D., Lovato, E. C. W., Dombrowski, P. A., Bortolanza, M., dos Santos, L. M., Boschen, S. L., & Miyoshi, E. (2008) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2008.10.001 · Cited by 59
“[24] Castellanos FX, Giedd JN, Marsh WL, Hamburger SD, Vaituzis AC, Dickstein DP, et al.”
Brain Development in Healthy, Hyperactive, and Psychotic Children
Gogtay, N., Giedd, J. N., & Rapoport, J. L. (2002) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.59.8.1244 · Cited by 59
“In the 2 largest studies that included 57 boys and 50 girls with ADHD and 105 matched control subjects, the boys and girls with ADHD were found to have smaller overall brain size, abnormalities of the caudate nucleus (eg, lack of normal asymmetry, decreased right-sided caudate volume), and decreased volume of the post…”
BackgroundToft, P. B. (1999) · Pediatric Neurology · doi:10.1016/s0887-8994(99)00046-6 · Cited by 56
Tripp, G., Ryan, J., & Peace, K. (2002) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1614.2002.01093.x · Cited by 61
Barbelivien, A. (2001) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/11.11.1056 · Cited by 57
“…is converging evidence to indicate that ADHD is a genetically programmed disorder of brain development, involving the frontal-striatal-pallidal-thalamo-cortical loops subserving the regulation of cognitive processes, attention and motor output behaviors (Voeller, 1994; Castellanos et al., 1996).”
BackgroundMarques‐Dias, M. J., Mercadante, M. T., Tucker, D., & Lombroso, P. J. (1997) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0193-953x(05)70346-4 · Cited by 58
Parenting empathy: Associations with dimensions of parent and child psychopathology
Psychogiou, L., Daley, D., Thompson, M. J. J., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2007) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1348/02615100x238582 · Cited by 57
Pineda, D. A., Restrepo, M. A., Sarmiento, R. J., Gutierrez, J. E., Vargas, S. A., Quiroz, Y. T., & Hynd, G. W. (2002) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/088307380201700202 · Cited by 57
Antshel, K. M., & Waisbren, S. E. (2003) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1023/a:1026239921561 · Cited by 59
“ADHD-I is a disorder that is often missed or overlooked, one of the factors that leads to a later age of diagnosis ( Carlson & Mann, 2000 ), and suggests that children with ADHD-I may be underreferred to clinics (Wilcutt, Pennington, Chabildas, Friedman, & Alexander, 1999).”
BackgroundRuskin, D. N., Bergstrom, D. A., Shenker, A., Freeman, L. E., Baek, D., & Walters, J. R. (2001) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(00)00987-2 · Cited by 57
Schmahmann, J. D. (2001) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540260120082164 · Cited by 57
Hutchinson, A. D., Mathias, J. L., & Banich, M. T. (2008) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.22.3.341 · Cited by 56
Franzen, J. D., Heinrichs-Graham, E., White, M. L., Wetzel, M. W., Knott, N. L., & Wilson, T. W. (2013) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.120054 · Cited by 55
Duarte, N. A., Woods, S. P., Rooney, A., Atkinson, J. H., & Grant, I. (2012) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.01.006 · Cited by 56
“, 2007) and reduced caudate volumes (Hesslinger et al., 2002; Castellanos et al., 1996; Makris et al., 2010; Seidman et al., 2006).”
The Role of Neuropsychological Assessment in the Functional Outcomes of Children with ADHD
Pritchard, A. E., Nigro, C. A., Jacobson, L. A., & Mahone, E. M. (2011) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-011-9185-7 · Cited by 61
“Structural differences among children with ADHD include total brain volume (Castellanos et al. 1996), and delayed cortical maturation, particularly within frontal and temporal brain regions (Shaw et al. 2007), as well as abnormalities within the corpus callosum, prefrontal regions, temporal and…”
Developmental abnormalities in striatum in young bipolar patients: a preliminary study
Sanches, M., Roberts, R. L., Sassi, R. B., Axelson, D., Nicoletti, M., Brambilla, P., Hatch, J. P., Keshavan, M. S., Ryan, N. D., Birmaher, B. B., et al. (2005) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2004.00178.x · Cited by 56
Research on Comorbidity, Adaptive Functioning, and Cognitive Impairments in Adults with ADHD
Barkley, R. A., & Gordon, M. (2002) · Clinician's Guide to Adult ADHD · doi:10.1016/b978-012287049-1/50005-0 · Cited by 56
Stray, L., Stray, T., Iversen, S., Ruud, A., Ellertsen, B., & Tønnessen, F. (2009) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-5-22 · Cited by 55
Silk, T. J., Vilgis, V., Adamson, C. L., Chen, J., Smit, L., Vance, A. L. A., & Bellgrove, M. A. (2015) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-015-9470-9 · Cited by 57
“…to this theory showing volumetric differences in subcortical regions, including the caudate, putamen and globus pallidus (e.g. Aylward et al. 1996; Castellanos et al. 1996; Frodl and Skokauskas 2012; Hynd et al. 1993; Qiu et al. 2009; Valera et al. 2007) and components of the prefrontal cortex,…”
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Volumetric Analysis of the Putamen in Children With ADHD
Wellington, T. M., Semrud‐Clikeman, M., Gregory, A. L., Murphy, J. M., & Lancaster, J. L. (2006) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054705284242 · Cited by 54
“Although previous studies by Castellanos et al. (2001) and Castellanos et al. (1996) have not found differences in the putamen, more recent work has suggested a possible role for the putamen in ADHD (Teicher et al., 2000).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialBrain mechanisms and intelligence. Psychometric g and executive function
Crinella, F. M., & Yu, J. Z. (1999) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/s0160-2896(99)00021-5 · Cited by 54
Incoherence of Neuroimaging Studies of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Baumeister, A. A., & Hawkins, M. F. (2001) · Clinical Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1097/00002826-200101000-00002 · Cited by 53
“Two studies (27,31) found that the left but not the right caudate was decreased in subjects with ADHD compared with control subjects, whereas two other studies [using overlapping samples [25,26]) found the opposite pattern of results.”
ResultDang, L. C., Samanez-Larkin, G. R., Young, J. S., Cowan, R. L., KESSLER, R. M., & Zald, D. H. (2014) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-014-0906-6 · Cited by 56
“Furthermore, there is no consensus on whether ADHD is associated with increased or decreased asymmetry relative to control samples (Castellanos et al. 1996, 2002; Filipek et al. 1997; Uhlikova et al. 2007).”
BackgroundResultBereket, A., Turan, S., Karaman, M. G., Haklar, G., Ozbay, F., & Yazgan, M. Y. (2005) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000084683 · Cited by 53
“Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is among the most common behavioral problems encountered during childhood. The pathophysiology of ADHD is not well known and currently being investigated by neurohormonal and neuroradiological methods [”
BackgroundBroken brains or flawed studies? A critical review of ADHD neuroimaging research.
Leo, J., & Cohen, D. (2003) · Cited by 52
Worth, A. J., Makris, N., Patti, M. R., Goodman, J. M., Hoge, E. A., Caviness, V. S., & Kennedy, D. N. (1998) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging · doi:10.1109/42.700743 · Cited by 53
“Two studies deserve mention because they are recent examples of the segmentation of specific neuroanatomical structures for large numbers of subjects [13], [ 14 ].”
BackgroundThe Diagnosis and Management of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Pediatric Patients
ADESMAN, A. R. (2001) · The Primary Care Companion For CNS Disorders · doi:10.4088/pcc.v03n0204 · Cited by 52
Neural Activity in Primate Caudate Nucleus Associated With Pro- and Antisaccades
Ford, K. A., & Everling, S. (2009) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00125.2009 · Cited by 53
Outcomes in Neurodevelopmental and Genetic Disorders
(2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511543876 · Cited by 52
Hanisch, C., Konrad, K., G�nther, T., & Herpertz‐Dahlmann, B. (2004) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-003-0056-0 · Cited by 52
“The supervisory attention system is said to involve prefrontal and striatal structures (Cabeza and Nyberg, 2000; Castellanos, 1999) which have been found to deviate in ADHD children in terms of structure (Castellanos et al., 1996; Hynd et al., 1993) and activity (Vaidya et al.”
BackgroundMahone, E. M., Ranta, M. E., Crocetti, D., O’Brien, J. W., Kaufmann, W. E., DENCKLA, M. B., & Mostofsky, S. H. (2011) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617711001056 · Cited by 51
“…observed in bilateral frontal (Fredericksen et al., 2002; Hynd, Semrud-Clikeman, Lorys, Novey, & Eliopulos, 1990), right anterior frontal (Castellanos et al., 1996), right anterior superior white matter (Filipek et al., 1997), right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Hill et al., 2003),…”
Backgroundder Stigchel, S. V., Rommelse, N. N. J., Deijen, J. B., Geldof, C. J. A., Witlox, J., Oosterlaan, J., Sergeant, J. A., & Theeuwes, J. (2007) · Cognitive Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/02643290701523546 · Cited by 55
Itani, S., Rossignol, M., Lecron, F., & Fortemps, P. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0215720 · Cited by 53
HPA axis and stimulant dependence: an enigmatic relationship
Majewska, M. D. (2002) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/s0306-4530(01)00033-6 · Cited by 51
“proposed an inverted-U relationship between levels of arousal and performance, and was adopted later by Eysenek (1983) and others to characterize different personality traits.”
MethodRoessner, V., Banaschewski, T., Uebel, H., Becker, A., & Rothenberger, A. (2004) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-004-1007-5 · Cited by 51
Rommelse, N. N. J., der Stigchel, S. V., Witlox, J., Geldof, C. J. A., Deijen, J. B., Theeuwes, J., Oosterlaan, J., & Sergeant, J. A. (2008) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-007-0865-7 · Cited by 53
“Since several of these brain areas and dopaminergic transmission have also been found altered in patients with ADHD (Zametkin et al. 1990; Castellanos et al. 1996; Aman and Carmichael 1997; Rubia et al. 1999; Durston et al. 2003; Yeo et al. 2003; Schulz et al. 2004; Dickstein et al. 2006), it is hypothesized that chil…”
BackgroundExploiting the brain's network structure in identifying ADHD subjects
Dey, S., Rao, A. R., & Shah, M. A. (2012) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2012.00075 · Cited by 52
“Structural MRI analysis suggests that there are abnormalities in ADHD brains, specifically in the frontal lobes, basal ganglia, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and cerebellum (Castellanos et al., 1996; Overmeyer et al., 2001; Sowell et al., 2003; Seidman et al., 2006).”
BackgroundMethod
Metadata
- Authors
- Castellanos, F. X.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Mental Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Castellanos, F. Xavier
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 1996-07-01
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 607
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2097559385
- Cited by
- 1,183
- References
- 102
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 52
- FWCI
- 25.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, brain volumetry, brain volume, caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, cerebellum, corpus callosum, lateral ventricle, hemispheric lateralization, basal ganglia, children, brain structure
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Basal Ganglia, Body Height, Body Weight, Brain, Caudate Nucleus, Cerebellum, Cerebral Ventricles, Child, Child, Preschool, Frontal Lobe, Globus Pallidus, Humans, Intelligence Tests, Functional Laterality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Discriminant Analysis, Prefrontal Cortex
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