The DOI matches its Crossref record; 101 of the 102 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Quantitative Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Anatomic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been limited by small samples or measurement of single brain regions. Since the neuropsychological deficits in ADHD implicate a network linking basal ganglia and frontal regions, 12 subcortical and cortical regions and their symmetries were measured to determine if these structures best distinguished ADHD. METHODS: Anatomic brain MRIs for 57 boys with ADHD and 55 healthy matched controls, aged 5 to 18 years, were obtained using a 1.5-T scanner with contiguous 2-mm sections. Volumetric measures of the cerebrum, caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, amygdala, hippocampus, temporal lobe, cerebellum; a measure of prefrontal cortex; and related right-left asymmetries were examined along with midsagittal area measures of the cerebellum and corpus callosum. Interrater reliabilities were .82 or greater for all MRI measures. RESULTS: Subjects with ADHD had a 4.7% smaller total cerebral volume (P = .02). Analysis of covariance for total cerebral volume demonstrated a significant loss of normal right > left asymmetry in the caudate (P = .006), smaller right globus pallidus (P = .005), smaller right anterior frontal region (P = .02), smaller cerebellum (P = .05), and reversal of normal lateral ventricular asymmetry (P = .03) in the ADHD group. The normal age-related decrease in caudate volume was not seen, and increases in lateral ventricular volumes were significantly diminished in ADHD. CONCLUSION: This first comprehensive morphometric analysis is consistent with hypothesized dysfunction of right-sided prefrontal-striatal systems in ADHD.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“several (Berquin et al., 1998; Castellanos et al., 1996; Castellanos, 2001; Castellanos et al., 2002a; Hill et al., 2003), but not all (Durston et al., 2004; Filipek et al., 1997; Hynd et al., 1990; Mostofsky et al., 2002), studies report reduced whole brain size in children with ADHD.”
From The influences of environmental enrichment, cognitive enhancement, and physical exercise on brain development: Can we alter the developmental trajectory of ADHD? (2011) · cites this paper as Castellanos et al., 1996
In the citing paper
“Studies have noted reduced volume in several parts of the cerebellum in ADHD (Castellanos et al., 2002a; Castellanos et al., 1996; Durston et al., 2004; Posner & Petersen, 1990) as well as posterior cortical anomalies (Durston et al., 2004; Filipek et al., 1997; Sowell et al., 2003).”
From The influences of environmental enrichment, cognitive enhancement, and physical exercise on brain development: Can we alter the developmental trajectory of ADHD? (2011) · cites this paper as Castellanos et al., 1996
In the citing paper
“Numerous structural MRI studies have reported smaller regions in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of youth with ADHD (Castellanos et al., 1996; Castellanos et al., 2002a; Durston et al., 2004; Filipek et al., 1997; Hynd, Semrud-Clikeman, Lorys, Novey, & Eliopulos, 1990; Kates et al., 2002; Mostofsky, Cooper, Kates, Denckla, & Kaufmann, 2002; Sowell et al., 2003).”
From The influences of environmental enrichment, cognitive enhancement, and physical exercise on brain development: Can we alter the developmental trajectory of ADHD? (2011) · cites this paper as Castellanos et al., 1996
In the citing paper
“Earlier mental disorder onset shapes brain development (e.g., (123)) and relates to self-injurious behaviors (1).”
From Neural correlates associated with suicide and nonsuicidal self-injury in youth (2021) · cites this paper as [123]
Citations
Cites
Brown, R. A., Hastie, T. J., & Tibshirani, R. J. (1991) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2532174 · Cited by 8,263
(1983) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,251
Functional architecture of basal ganglia circuits: neural substrates of parallel processing
Alexander, G. E., & Crutcher, M. D. (1990) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(90)90107-l · Cited by 4,131
BMPD statistical software manual
Dixon, W. (1988) · University of California Press eBooks · Cited by 2,536
A continuous performance test of brain damage
Rosvold, H. E., Mirsky, A. F., Sarason, I., Bransome, E. D., & Beck, L. H. (1956) · Journal of Consulting Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0043220 · Cited by 2,261
Normative data on Revised Conners Parent and Teacher Rating Scales
Goyette, C. H., Conners, C. K., & Ulrich, R. F. (1978) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/bf00919127 · Cited by 1,728
Practice-related Changes in Human Brain Functional Anatomy during Nonmotor Learning
Raichle, M. E., Fiez, J. A., Videen, T. O., MacLeod, A.-M. K., Pardo, J. V., Fox, P. T., & Petersen, S. E. (1994) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/4.1.8 · Cited by 1,593
DSM-III Disorders in Preadolescent Children
Anderson, J. C. (1987) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800130081010 · Cited by 1,466
WITELSON, S. F. (1989) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/112.3.799 · Cited by 1,424
Wide Range Achievement Test-Revised
McCloskey, G. (1987) · Digital Commons - PCOM (Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine) · Cited by 1,375
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 1,000
Bloch, Y., Harel, E. V., Aviram, S., Govezensky, J., RATZONI, G., & Levkovitz, Y. (2010) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/15622975.2010.484466 · Cited by 112
“Our findings should encourage future research on the possibility of amelioration of attention difficulties in patients suffering from ADHD by using high frequency rTMS directed to the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.”
MethodInfluentialSchweitzer, J. B., Lee, D. O., Hanford, R. B., Tagamets, M. A., Hoffman, J. M., Grafton, S. T., & Kilts, C. D. (2002) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300110 · Cited by 108
Masi, G., Millepiedi, S., Mucci, M., Bertini, N., Pfanner, C., & Arcangeli, F. (2006) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2005.04.008 · Cited by 107
“This pattern may stem from the partial overlap of neurobiological basis of the 2 disorders [33,34].”
BackgroundYEO, R. A., HILL, D. E., CAMPBELL, R. A., VIGIL, J., PETROPOULOS, H., HART, B., ZAMORA, L., & BROOKS, W. M. (2003) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200303000-00010 · Cited by 107
Review of rodent models of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Regan, S. L., Williams, M. T., & Vorhees, C. V. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.11.041 · Cited by 113
Growth Deficits in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Spencer, T. J., Biederman, J., & Wilens, T. E. (1998) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.102.s3.501 · Cited by 107
Atypical Frontal Brain Activation in ADHD: Preschool and Elementary School Boys and Girls
Baving, L., Laucht, M., & Schmidt, M. H. (1999) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199911000-00010 · Cited by 111
Bublitz, M. H., & Stroud, L. R. (2011) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntr191 · Cited by 114
Automated Talairach atlas-based parcellation and measurement of cerebral lobes in children
Kates, W. R., Warsofsky, I. S., Patwardhan, A. J., Abrams, M. T., Liu, A. M. C., Naidu, S., Kaufmann, W. E., & Reiss, A. L. (1999) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/s0925-4927(99)00011-6 · Cited by 107
ADHD and Conduct Disorder: An MRI Study in a Community Sample
Bussing, R., Grudnik, J. L., Mason, D. M., Wasiak, M., & Leonard, C. M. (2002) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/15622970209150624 · Cited by 106
Brain function and structure in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Seidman, L. J., Valera, E. M., & Bush, G. (2004) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2004.01.002 · Cited by 106
“Six ROI MRI studies of children with ADHD [61,62,65,66,69,70] have identified smaller prefrontal volumes in areas corresponding to the DLPFC, either in the right or left hemisphere.”
BackgroundInfluentialKanemura, H., Aihara, M., Aoki, S., Araki, T., & Nakazawa, S. (2003) · Brain and Development · doi:10.1016/s0387-7604(02)00214-0 · Cited by 105
“Such volumetric analysis has contributed to the search for structural correlates of developmental disorders such as autism and ADHD [13–15].”
BackgroundAttention Deficit Disorder in Adults
Pary, R., Lewis, S., Matuschka, P. R., Rudzinskiy, P., Safi, M., & Lippmann, S. (2002) · Annals of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.1023/a:1016807021779 · Cited by 104
“Brain imaging studies have shown a smaller caudate volume in subjects with ADD, predominantly on the right side (10, 11 ).”
BackgroundMixed-Handedness Is Linked to Mental Health Problems in Children and Adolescents
Rodriguez, A., Kaakinen, M., Moilanen, I. K., Taanila, A. M., McGough, J. J., Loo, S. K., & Järvelin, M. (2010) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2009-1165 · Cited by 106
Sobel, L. J., Bansal, R., Maia, T. V., Sanchez, J., Mazzone, L., Durkin, K., Liu, J., Hao, X., Ivanov, I., Miller, A., et al. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09091259 · Cited by 105
Heal, D. J., Smith, S. L., Kulkarni, R. S., & Rowley, H. L. (2008) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2008.03.016 · Cited by 105
“These investigations have indicated smaller and less active striatal neural networks and reduced dopamine metabolism in the cortex in patients with ADHD (Sieg et al., 1995; Castellanos et al., 1996; Ernst et al., 1998).”
BackgroundPanksepp, J. (1998) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-8721.ep10774709 · Cited by 65
Johnston, B. A., Mwangi, B., Matthews, K., Coghill, D., Konrad, K., & Steele, J. D. (2014) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22542 · Cited by 101
“Although the amygdala previously been reported to show no significant changes in gray matter volume [Castellanos et al., 1996; Filipek et al., 1997], it has also been reported to show a decrease in volume [Lim et al., 2013; Plessen et al., 2006] as found here.”
BackgroundResultAdaptive will: The evolution of attention deficit disorder
Lakoff, A. (2000) · Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1002/(sici)1520-6696(200021)36:2 · Cited by 102
Schulz, K. P., Newcorn, J. H., Fan, J., Tang, C. Y., & Halperin, J. M. (2004) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000145551.26813.f9 · Cited by 103
“Cross-sectional (Castellanos et al., 1996) and longitudinal (Castellanos et al.”
InfluentialUpdate on the Use of MR for Assessment and Diagnosis of Psychiatric Diseases
Agarwal, N., Port, J. D., Bazzocchi, M., & Renshaw, P. F. (2010) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/radiol.09090339 · Cited by 104
Stefanatos, G. A., & Wasserstein, J. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 102
Depue, B. E., Burgess, G. C., Bidwell, L. C., Willcutt, E. G., & Banich, M. T. (2010) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.01.012 · Cited by 103
“Although fewer studies have investigated the anatomyof frontal regions specifically, findings of reduced cerebral volume in these areas exist as well (Castellanos et al., 1996; Durston et al., 2004; Filipek et al., 1997; Hill et al., 2003; Kates et al., 2002; Mostofsky et al., 2002).”
BackgroundADHD in Girls: Clinical Comparability of a Research Sample
Sharp, W. S., WALTER, J. M., Marsh, W., Ritchie, G. F., HAMBURGER, S. D., & Castellanos, F. X. (1999) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199901000-00018 · Cited by 102
Baeyens, D., Roeyers, H., & Walle, J. V. (2006) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-006-0011-z · Cited by 104
“MRI studies in ADHD groups revealed smaller sizes in the corpus callosum [52–54], the right frontal lobes [54–56], basal ganglia structures [55, 57–59] and total brain volumes, especially of the cerebellum [ 60 , 61].”
BackgroundBiederman, J., Kim, J. W., Doyle, A. E., Mick, E., Fagerness, J., Smoller, J. W., & Faraone, S. V. (2008) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30874 · Cited by 100
Friedman, L., Findling, R. L., Kenny, J. T., Swales, T. P., Stuve, T. A., Jesberger, J. A., Lewin, J. S., & Schulz, S. C. (1999) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00351-5 · Cited by 100
Executive function in fluency and recall measures among children with Tourette syndrome or ADHD
Mahone, E. M., Koth, C. W., Cutting, L. E., Singer, H. S., & DENCKLA, M. B. (2001) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617701711101 · Cited by 99
“…ADHD, a convergence of structural MRI evidence shows abnormality in striatal systems, including reduced size of the left caudate (Hynd et al., 1993), right caudate (Castellanos et al., 1994), right globus pallidus (Castellanos et al., 1996), and smaller left globus pallidus (Alyward et al., 1996).”
BackgroundCao, Q., Sun, L., Gong, G., Lv, Y., Cao, X., Shuai, L., Zhu, C., Zang, Y., & Wang, Y. (2010) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2009.10.031 · Cited by 98
Amico, F., Stauber, J., Koutsouleris, N., & Frodl, T. (2011) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2010.08.011 · Cited by 98
“…might add to previous findings on adultswithADHD(Seidmanet al., 2006; Perlov et al., 2008) reporting no abnormal volumetric differences in the hippocampus and amygdala, and are perhaps in linewith the findings of two studies on childrenwith ADHD (Castellanos et al., 1996; Filipek et al., 1997).”
Ducharme, S., Hudziak, J., Botteron, K., Albaugh, M. D., Nguyen, T.-V., Karama, S., & Evans, A. C. (2011) · Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.09.022 · Cited by 97
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and borderline personality disorder
Davids, E., & Gastpar, M. (2005) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.04.033 · Cited by 101
Attentional and neuromotor deficits in ADHD
Steger, J., Imhof, K., Coutts, E., Gundelfinger, R., Steinhausen, H. C., & Brandeis, D. (2001) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1017/s0012162201000330 · Cited by 95
Brassett-Harknett, A., & Butler, N. R. (2005) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.06.001 · Cited by 108
Dowson, J. H., McLean, A. N., Bazanis, E., Toone, B. K., Young, S., Robbins, T. W., & Sahakian, B. J. (2004) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00292.x · Cited by 111
Monastra, V. J. (2005) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2004.07.004 · Cited by 96
“[49] Castellanos FX, Giedd JN, Marsh WL, Hamburger SD, Vaituzis AC, Dickstein DP, et al.”
BackgroundComorbidity of tic disorders & ADHD: Conceptual and methodological considerations
Banaschewski, T., Neale, B. M., Rothenberger, A., & Roessner, V. (2007) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-007-1002-8 · Cited by 95
“A few studies may support the view that the comorbid condition represents a phenotype expression of TD (symptomatic phenocopy )[ 72, 99] distinct from that of ADHD-only; similarly a reduction of prefrontal brain volume in children with ADHD-only [19, 20 , 36] contrasts with larger dorsal prefrontal cortical regions in…”
BackgroundResultNeuropsychological function in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Seidman, L. J., Doyle, A., Fried, R., Valera, E., Crum, K., & Matthews, L. (2004) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2003.12.005 · Cited by 95
“Castellanos et al [127] found that full-scale IQ score correlated significantly with total brain volume and with left and right prefrontal regions.”
Perlov, E., Philipsen, A., Heßlinger, B., Büchert, M., Ahrendts, J., Feige, B., Bubl, E., Hennig, J., Ebert, D., & van Elst, L. T. (2007) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2006.12.007 · Cited by 99
The latent structure of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a clinic-referred sample.
Frazier, T. W., Youngstrom, E. A., & Naugle, R. I. (2007) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.21.1.45 · Cited by 101
“The evidence of specific structural brain abnormalities was also considered in generating predictions (Castellanos et al., 1996, 2001), although it should be recognized that these findings could also be consistent with comparisons of the extreme ends of a continuum.”
van Elst, L. T., Thiel, T., Heßlinger, B., Lieb, K., Bohus, M., Hennig, J., & Ebert, D. (2001) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/jnp.13.4.511 · Cited by 94
Easton, N., Steward, C., Marshall, F., Fone, K., & Marsden, C. (2007) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.07.035 · Cited by 101
Simon, N. W., Beas, B. S., Montgomery, K. S., Haberman, R. P., Bizon, J. L., & Setlow, B. (2013) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.12191 · Cited by 92
“This is particularly noteworthy because the prefrontal cortex is abnormal in individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and addictive disorders (Castellanos et al., 1996; Castellanos & Tannock, 2002), which are characterised by both facets of impulsivity (Winstanley, 2011).”
BackgroundDistinct frontal lobe morphology in girls and boys with ADHD
Dirlikov, B., Rosch, K. S., Crocetti, D., Denckla, M., Mahone, E., & Mostofsky, S. (2014) · NeuroImage: Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2014.12.010 · Cited by 98
Panksepp, J., Burgdorf, J. S., Turner, C. A., & Gordon, N. S. (2003) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0278-2626(03)00013-7 · Cited by 92
“The fact that ADHD seems to emerge more from right frontal deficits (Castellanos et al., 1996) makes ADHD resemblances to right-hemisphere deficits especially noteworthy (Voeller, 1986).”
BackgroundInfluentialDey, S., Rao, A. R., & Shah, M. A. (2014) · Frontiers in Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/fncir.2014.00064 · Cited by 97
“Structural MRI (sMRI) analysis suggests that there are abnormalities in ADHD brains, specifically in the frontal lobes, basal ganglia, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, and cerebellum (Castellanos et al., 1996; Overmeyer et al., 2001; Sowell et al., 2003; Seidman et al., 2006).”
BackgroundMiller, A. H., Jones, J. F., Drake, D. F., Tian, H., Unger, E. R., & Pagnoni, G. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0098156 · Cited by 92
“Small hemispheric asymmetries in morphometric measures of the basal ganglia have been previously reported in healthy subjects [43], as well as in patients with attention deficit disorder (ADHD), where a dysfunction of a rightsided striatal-prefrontal circuit has been proposed to underlie the attentional deficits [44].”
BackgroundNeuroanatomical Segmentation in MRI: Technological Objectives
Worth, A. J., Makris, N., Caviness, V. S., & Kennedy, D. N. (1997) · International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1142/s0218001497000548 · Cited by 91
“information include edge detection and linking [68], snakes [69, 70], and active surfaces [21, 47 , 71].”
BackgroundImaging genetics in ADHD: A focus on cognitive control
Durston, S., de Zeeuw, P., & Staal, W. (2008) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.08.009 · Cited by 91
Regional Infant Brain Development: An MRI-Based Morphometric Analysis in 3 to 13 Month Olds
Choe, M.-S., Ortiz‐Mantilla, S., Makris, N., Gregas, M. C., Bacic, J. D., Haehn, D., Kennedy, D. N., Pienaar, R., Caviness, V. S., BENASICH, A. A., et al. (2012) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs197 · Cited by 88
Two Forms of Implicit Learning in Childhood ADHD
Barnes, K. A., Howard, J. H., Howard, D. V., Kenealy, L. E., & Vaidya, C. J. (2010) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2010.494750 · Cited by 95
Tucha, O., Prell, S., Mecklinger, L., Bormann-Kischkel, C., Kübber, S., Linder, M., Walitza, S., & Lange, K. W. (2006) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0318-2 · Cited by 89
“Neuroimaging studies using MRI or PET (Castellanos et al. 1996; Filipek et al. 1997; Hynd et al. 1993; Semrud-Clikeman et al. 1994) and genetic research using molecular genetic techniques (Cook et al. 1995; LaHoste et al. 1996) have revealed that anomalies of the dopaminergic system and the…”
BackgroundMethodDickstein, D. P., Garvey, M. A., Pradella, A. G., GREENSTEIN, D. K., Sharp, W. S., Castellanos, F. X., Pine, D. S., & Leibenluft, E. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.12.010 · Cited by 89
Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) bei Erwachsenen
Sobanski, E., & Alm, B. (2004) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-004-1757-9 · Cited by 89
Kumra, S., Giedd, J. N., Vaituzis, A. C., Jacobsen, L. K., McKenna, K., Bedwell, J. S., Hamburger, S., Nelson, J. E., Lenane, M., & Rapoport, J. L. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.9.1467 · Cited by 86
Imaging Normal and Abnormal Brain Development: New Perspectives for Child Psychiatry
Rapoport, J. L., Castellanos, F. X., Gogate, N., Janson, K., Kohler, S. J., & Nelson, P. (2001) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1046/j.1440-1614.2001.00900.x · Cited by 88
“1996, 2000 [15,21] Grey and white matter voxels 119 132 4.”
BackgroundInfluentialAttention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder as a Right Hemisphere Syndrome
Stefanatos, G. A., & Wasserstein, J. (2001) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05779.x · Cited by 115
Mulder, M., Baeyens, D., Davidson, M. C., Casey, B. J., van den Ban, E. F., van Engeland, H., & Durston, S. (2008) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31815a56dc · Cited by 89
Altered performance on an ocular fixation task in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Gould, T. D., Bastain, T. M., Israel, M. E., Hommer, D. W., & Castellanos, F. X. (2001) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01095-2 · Cited by 89
Tucha, L., Tucha, O. M., Laufkötter, R., Walitza, S., Klein, H. E., & Lange, K. W. (2008) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-007-0836-z · Cited by 87
Gustafsson, P., Thernlund, G. M., Ryding, E., Rosén, I., & Cederblad, M. (2000) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2000.tb00391.x · Cited by 87
Clinical psychopharmacology of AD/HD: Implications for animal models
Solanto, M. V. (2000) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(99)00061-5 · Cited by 87
Neurobiology of ADHD: A Review
Mehta, T., Monegro, A. F., Nene, Y., Fayyaz, M., & Bollu, P. C. (2019) · Current Developmental Disorders Reports · doi:10.1007/s40474-019-00182-w · Cited by 98
Assessment and Diagnosis of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Hechtman, L. T. (2000) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s1056-4993(18)30102-0 · Cited by 86
LI, Q., Lü, G., Antonio, G. E., Mak, Y. F., Rudd, J. A., Fan, M., & Yew, D. T. W. (2007) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2007.02.005 · Cited by 89
Neuroimaging and ADHD: fMRI, PET, DTI Findings, and Methodological Limitations
Weyandt, L. L., Swentosky, A. J., & Guðmundsdóttir, B. G. (2013) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2013.783833 · Cited by 92
Review: Genetics of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Wallis, D., Russell, H. F., & Muenke, M. (2008) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsn049 · Cited by 86
“A second line of evidence comes from neuroimaging studies, which implicate changes in brain regions rich in dopaminergic innervations in individuals with ADHD (Castellanos et al., 1996).”
BackgroundThe Role of the Pediatric Cerebellum in Motor Functions, Cognition, and Behavior
Salman, M. S., & Tsai, P. T. (2016) · Neuroimaging Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.nic.2016.03.003 · Cited by 90
Cerebral Glucose Metabolism in Adolescent Girls With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Monique Ernst, D., Cohen, R. M., Liebenauer, L. L., Jons, P. H., & Zametkin, A. J. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199710000-00022 · Cited by 85
Variability in Time Reproduction: Difference in ADHD Combined and Inattentive Subtypes
Mullins, C., Bellgrove, M. A., Gill, M., & Robertson, I. H. (2005) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200502000-00009 · Cited by 88
Attenuated Tonic and Enhanced Phasic Release of Dopamine in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Badgaiyan, R. D., Sinha, S., Sajjad, M., & Wack, D. S. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0137326 · Cited by 84
Spectroscopic findings in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: Review and meta-analysis
Perlov, E., Philipsen, A., Matthies, S., Drieling, T., Maier, S. J., Bubl, E., Heßlinger, B., Büchert, M., Hennig, J., Ebert, D., et al. (2008) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622970802176032 · Cited by 83
“…most common findings in neuroimaging studies are smaller volumes of the total brain, the right frontal cortex and white matter, the cerebellum and striatal subcortical structures (Castellanos et al. 1996, 2002; Schweitzer et al. 2000; Lenartowicz et al. 2005; Nebel et al. 2005; Konrad et al. 2006).”
BackgroundSex-related differences in spatial divided attention and motor impulsivity in rats.
Jentsch, J. D., & Taylor, J. R. (2003) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.117.1.76 · Cited by 86
Early development of subcortical regions involved in non-cued attention switching
Casey, B. J., Davidson, M. C., Hara, Y., Thomas, K. M., Martinez, A., Galvan, A., Halperin, J. M., Rodríguez‐Aranda, C. E., & Tottenham, N. (2004) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2004.00377.x · Cited by 80
“…a disorder Role of caudate in attention switching 535 © Blackwell Publishing Ltd. 2004 with striatal structural and functional abnormalities (Castellanos et al., 1996; Casey et al., 1997; Vaidya et al., 1998; Durston et al., 2003), show switching deficits that are reduced with stimulants…”
Kidd, P. M. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 82
Ivanov, I., Murrough, J. W., Bansal, R., Hao, X., & Peterson, B. S. (2013) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2013.257 · Cited by 82
Semrud‐Clikeman, M., Walkowiak, J., Wilkinson, A. D., & Christopher, G. B. (2010) · Developmental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/87565641.2010.494747 · Cited by 87
“Structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have found differences in right hemispheric frontal and striatal networks as well as in white matter structures (ie, corpus callosum) in children with ADHD ( Castellanos et al, 1994 ; Castellanos et al, 1996 ; Giedd et al, 1994; Hynd et al, 1993; Semr…”
BackgroundGoodman, J., Marsh, R., Peterson, B. S., & Packard, M. G. (2013) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12169 · Cited by 79
Diwadkar, V. A., Goradia, D. D., Hosanagar, A., Mermon, D., Montrose, D. M., Birmaher, B. B., Axelson, D., Rajarathinem, R., Haddad, L., Amirsadri, A., et al. (2011) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.04.009 · Cited by 81
Cerebellar Volume in Offspring From Multiplex Alcohol Dependence Families
Hill, S. Y., Muddasani, S., Prasad, K. M. R., Nutche, J. J., Steinhauer, S. R., Scanlon, J. M., McDermott, M., & Keshavan, M. S. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.01.007 · Cited by 83
A comparison of molecular alterations in environmental and genetic rat models of ADHD: A pilot study
DasBanerjee, T., Middleton, F. A., Berger, D. F., Lombardo, J. P., Sagvolden, T., & Faraone, S. V. (2008) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30877 · Cited by 81
“For example, the PFC is particularly relevant to ADHD as imaging studies indicate smaller PFC volumes, especially on the right side for ADHD patients [Castellanos et al., 1996].”
Cao, Q., Zang, Y., Zhu, C., Cao, X., Sun, L., Zhou, X., & Wang, Y. (2008) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2008.04.028 · Cited by 80
“Nevertheless further studies may use ADHD patients and the controls that are better matched in IQ and other aspects even though the relatively lower IQ maybe intrinsic to individuals with ADHD (Castellanos et al., 1996).”
BackgroundKayl, A. E., Moore, B. D., Slopis, J. M., Jackson, E. F., & Leeds, N. E. (2000) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/088307380001500206 · Cited by 79
Fetal origins of child non‐right‐handedness and mental health
Rodriguez, A., & Waldenström, U. (2008) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01923.x · Cited by 78
Altered structural connectivity in ADHD: a network based analysis
Beare, R. J., Adamson, C. L., Bellgrove, M. A., Vilgis, V., Vance, A. L. A., Seal, M. L., & Silk, T. J. (2016) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-016-9559-9 · Cited by 82
“2005), with specific regional differences commonly found in frontal cortex, striatum/basal ganglia, temporal and parietal cortices and corpus callosum (Castellanos et al. 2002; Castellanos et al. 1994; Castellanos et al. 1996; Filipek et al. 1997; Giedd et al. 1994; Hynd et al. 1990; Mostofsky et al. 1998; Sowell et a…”
BackgroundAttention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Complex phenotype, simple genotype?
Acosta, M., Arcos‐Burgos, M., & Muenke, M. (2004) · Genetics in Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.gim.0000110413.07490.0b · Cited by 80
Brain morphometry in Tourette's syndrome
Castellanos, F. X., Giedd, J. N., Hamburger, S. D., Marsh, W., & Rapoport, J. L. (1996) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.47.6.1581 · Cited by 78
Analysis of structural brain asymmetries in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder in 39 datasets
Postema, M. C., Hoogman, M., Ambrosino, S., Asherson, P. J., Banaschewski, T., Bandeira, C. E., Aa, B., Bau, C. H. D., Baumeister, S., Baur‐Streubel, R., et al. (2021) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13396 · Cited by 75
Yu, M., Gao, X., Niu, X., Zhang, M., Yang, Z., Han, S., Cheng, J., & Zhang, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1070142 · Cited by 93
“Considering the anterior or genu region of the corpus callosum connects homologous areas of the frontal cortex (110), theories concerning ADHD being a frontalstriatal illness (111) have motivated some scholars to anticipate that the anterior or genu region of the corpus callosum would be influenced.”
BackgroundZepf, F. D., Stadler, C., Demisch, L., Schmitt, M., Landgraf, M., & Poustka, F. (2007) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.896 · Cited by 78
“…transmission, and is associated with deficits in inhibitory frontostriatal connections that are predominantly driven by noradrenergic neurons with projections on lower striatal structures predominantly regulated by dopaminergic neurons (Biederman, 2005; Castellanos et al., 1996; Elia et al., 1999).”
BackgroundDopamine vs Noradrenaline: Inverted-U Effects and ADHD Theories
Lévy, F. (2009) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00048670802607238 · Cited by 78
Oculomotor inhibition in children with and without attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Hanisch, C., Radach, R. R., Holtkamp, K., Herpertz‐Dahlmann, B., & Konrad, K. (2005) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-005-0344-y · Cited by 79
“ADHD suggest structural and functional abnormalities in prefrontal and striatal structures (Fallgatter et al., 2004; Castellanos et al., 1996; Hynd et al., 1993; Vaidya et al., 1998; Giedd et al., 2001) and our oculomotor tasks involve different aspects of these cortical and subcortical structures (see Table 1), our s…”
BackgroundMethodKlimkeit, E., Mattingley, J. B., Sheppard, D. M., Lee, P., & Bradshaw, J. L. (2005) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/092970490911298 · Cited by 80
“Overall, the studies tend to report smaller right prefrontal cortex in individuals with ADHD (Castellanos et al., 1996; Hill et al., 2003); reduced size of the corpus callosum (Giedd et al., 1994; Baumgardner et al., 1996; Hill et al., 2003; cf. Castellanos et al., 1996); smaller cerebellum…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDecreased Callosal Thickness in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Eileen Luders, A., Narr, K. L., Hamilton, L. S., Phillips, O. R., Thompson, P. M., Valle, J. S., Del’Homme, M., Strickland, T. L., McCracken, J. T., Toga, A. W., et al. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.08.027 · Cited by 76
“Even so, other studies have not detected splenial bnormalities (6,7) or they have found altered callosal morphol-”
BackgroundComorbidity in Adults with Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Marks, D. J., Newcorn, J. H., & Halperin, J. M. (2001) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05781.x · Cited by 77
Prefrontal blood flow dysregulation in drug naive ADHD children without structural abnormalities
Spalletta, G., Pasini, A., Pau, F. M., Guido, G., Menghini, L., & Caltagirone, C. (2001) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s007020170010 · Cited by 77
“…of structural and functional abnormalities in the central nervous system (CNS) have been described in subjects suffering from ADHD (Lou et al., 1984; Castellanos et al., 1994, 1996; Gaddes and Edgell, 1994; Kado and Takagi, 1996; Amen and Carmichael, 1997; Berquin et al., 1998; Rubia et al., 2000).”
BackgroundMRI study of the cerebellum in young bipolar patients
Monkul, E. S., Hatch, J. P., Sassi, R. B., Axelson, D., Brambilla, P., Nicoletti, M., Keshavan, M. S., Ryan, N. D., Birmaher, B. B., & Soares, J. C. (2007) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.09.016 · Cited by 76
Vitiello, B. (2001) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/104454601750143384 · Cited by 76
“Structural imaging techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), have documented that the total brain volume of boys with ADHD is on average about 5% smaller than matched controls (Castellanos et al. 1996; Filipek et al. 1997).”
The neurobiology of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Himelstein, J. (2000) · Frontiers in bioscience · doi:10.2741/himelste · Cited by 76
“Consistent with clinical research implicating PFC dysfunction in ADHD (17), three studies reported significantly smaller area in the right PFC of ADHD children relative to normal controls (78,79,81).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialClarke, A. R., Barry, R. J., McCarthy, R., Selikowitz, M., Brown, C. R., & Croft, R. J. (2003) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/s0167-8760(02)00119-8 · Cited by 75
Metadata
- Authors
- Castellanos, F. X.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Mental Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Castellanos, F. Xavier
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 1996-07-01
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 607
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2097559385
- Cited by
- 1,183
- References
- 102
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 52
- FWCI
- 25.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, brain volumetry, brain volume, caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, cerebellum, corpus callosum, lateral ventricle, hemispheric lateralization, basal ganglia, children, brain structure
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Age Factors, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Basal Ganglia, Body Height, Body Weight, Brain, Caudate Nucleus, Cerebellum, Cerebral Ventricles, Child, Child, Preschool, Frontal Lobe, Globus Pallidus, Humans, Intelligence Tests, Functional Laterality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Discriminant Analysis, Prefrontal Cortex
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
