The DOI matches its Crossref record; 46 of the 46 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Progression From Hypertension to Congestive Heart Failure
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: - To study the relative and population-attributable risks of hypertension for the development of congestive heart failure (CHF), to assess the time course of progression from hypertension to CHF, and to identify risk factors that contribute to the development of overt heart failure in hypertensive subjects. DESIGN: - Inception cohort study. SETTING: - General community. PARTICIPANTS: - Original Framingham Heart Study and Framingham Offspring Study participants aged 40 to 89 years and free of CHF. To reflect more contemporary experience, the starting point of this study was January 1, 1970. EXPOSURE MEASURES: - Hypertension (blood pressure of at least 140 mm Hg systolic or 90 mm Hg diastolic or current use of medications for treatment of high blood pressure) and other potential CHF risk factors were assessed at periodic clinic examinations. OUTCOME MEASURE: - The development of CHF. RESULTS: - A total of 5143 eligible subjects contributed 72422 person-years of observation. During up to 20.1 years of follow-up (mean, 14.1 years), there were 392 new cases of heart failure; in 91% (357/392), hypertension antedated the development of heart failure. Adjusting for age and heart failure risk factors in proportional hazards regression models, the hazard for developing heart failure in hypertensive compared with normotensive subjects was about 2-fold in men and 3-fold in women. Multivariable analyses revealed that hypertension had a high population-attributable risk for CHF, accounting for 39% of cases in men and 59% in women. Among hypertensive subjects, myocardial infarction, diabetes, left ventricular hypertrophy, and valvular heart disease were predictive of increased risk for CHF in both sexes. Survival following the onset of hypertensive CHF was bleak; only 24% of men and 31% of women survived 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: - Hypertension was the most common risk factor for CHF, and it contributed a large proportion of heart failure cases in this population-based sample. Preventive strategies directed toward earlier and more aggressive blood pressure control are likely to offer the greatest promise for reducing the incidence of CHF and its associated mortality.
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In the citing paper
“up to 91% of all new heart failure development in the Framingham cohort occurred in people with a previous diagnosis of hypertension (275).”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [275]
In the citing paper
“The vast majority of incident heart failure is preceded by hypertension;”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [275]
In the citing paper
“The vast majority of incident heart failure is preceded by hypertension; up to 91% of all new heart failure development in the Framingham cohort occurred in people with a previous diagnosis of hypertension (272).”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 (2026) · cites this paper as [272]
In the citing paper
“Using 50 years of follow up data, Levy and colleagues reported that the 5 year mortality declined in men from 70% in 1950 to 59% in 1999, and in women from 57% to 45%.58”
From The Framingham Heart Study and the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease: a historical perspective (2014) · cites this paper as [58]
In the citing paper
“Using 50 years of follow up data, Levy and colleagues reported that the 5 year mortality declined in men from 70% in 1950 to 59% in 1999, and in women from 57% to 45%.58”
From The Framingham Heart Study and the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease: a historical perspective (2014) · cites this paper as [58]
In the citing paper
“Over 50% of heart disease, stroke, and heart failure are caused by increased blood pressure.”
From São Paulo call to action for the prevention and control of high blood pressure: 2020 (2019) · cites this paper as [8]
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“[1] In addition, hypertension has been shown to contribute to a large proportion of the cases of heart failure in population-based samples.”
Attuali concetti sullo sviluppo dell’insufficienza cardiaca nell’ipertensione
Palano, F., Paneni, F., Sciarretta, S., Tocci, G., & Volpe, M. (2011) · Recenti Progressi in Medicina · doi:10.1701/998.10857 · Cited by 21
Lavine, S. J., & Salacata, A. S. (2003) · Echocardiography · doi:10.1046/j.1540-8175.2003.03079.x · Cited by 21
Left ventricular mass and systolic dysfunction in essential hypertension
Schillaci, G., Vaudo, G., Pasqualini, L., Reboldi, G., Porcellati, C., & Verdecchia, P. (2002) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/sj.jhh.1001302 · Cited by 21
Spieker, L. E., Noll, G., Ruschitzka, F. T., & Lüscher, T. F. (2001) · Heart Failure Reviews · doi:10.1023/a:1011456309039 · Cited by 21
Krum, H., Curtis, S., Kaur, A., Wang, H., Smugar, S. S., Weir, M. R., Laine, L., Brater, D. C., & Cannon, C. P. (2009) · European Journal of Heart Failure · doi:10.1093/eurjhf/hfp054 · Cited by 21
“27 Studies have also shown that the incidence of CHF increases with age(25) and diabetes.(26,28) Finally, the effects of renal function and corticosteroids on fluid retention, blood pressure, and CHF are well known.”
BackgroundProgression from Hypertension to Heart Failure
Cleland, J. G. F. (1999) · Cardiology · doi:10.1159/000047289 · Cited by 21
“It is clear from previous reviews that patients with hypertension are at increased risk of developing heart failure (HF) [ ,”
The importance of myocardial fibrosis in hypertensive heart disease
Kahan, T. (2012) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0b013e328350e5db · Cited by 21
Clinical and Proteomic Risk Profiles of New-Onset Heart Failure in Men and Women
Qin, H., Tromp, J., ter Maaten, J. M., Voordes, G. H. D., van Essen, B. J., de la Rambelje, M. A., van der Hoef, C. C. S., Santema, B. T., Lam, C. S. P., & Voors, A. A. (2024) · JACC Heart Failure · doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2024.09.022 · Cited by 25
Chazova, I. E., Михайловна, Ч. Н., Blinova, N. V., Владимировна, А. А., Alekseeva, T. A., Ambatiello, L. G., Balanova, Y. А., Bragina, A. E., Danilov, N. M., Drapkina, O. M., et al. (2024) · Systemic Hypertension · doi:10.38109/2075-082x-2024-4-5-109 · Cited by 23
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Management of hypertension in Nigeria: The barriers and challenges
Oguanobi, N. I. (2021) · Journal of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.29328/journal.jccm.1001112 · Cited by 22
“Hypertensive heart disease, de ined by the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy in the absence of any cause other than arterial hypertension, has been long considered as one of the most common aetiological conditions predisposing to heart failure [11,12].”
BackgroundZhou, D., Yan, M., Cheng, Q., Feng, X., Tang, S., & Feng, Y. (2022) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12872-022-02709-3 · Cited by 20
Park, C. H., Kim, H. W., Joo, Y. S., Park, J. T., Chang, T. I., Yoo, T., Park, S. K., Kim, Y. H., Sung, S. A., Hyun, Y. Y., et al. (2023) · Kidney International · doi:10.1016/j.kint.2023.12.008 · Cited by 20
Insuficiencia cardiaca. ¿Son diferentes las mujeres?
Leiro, M. G. C., & Martín, M. J. P. (2006) · Revista Española de Cardiología · doi:10.1157/13091374 · Cited by 20
Lilly, S. M., Jacobs, D. R., Bluemke, D. A., Duprez, D. A., Zamani, P. L., & Chirinos, J. A. (2014) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.114.001223 · Cited by 20
“Hispanic American 348 (22) 277 (24) 340 (21) 339 (23) 327 (22) 352 (24)”
Sahle, B. W., Owen, A. J., Krum, H., & Reid, C. M. (2015) · European Journal of Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ejhf.427 · Cited by 20
2,5-Dimethylcelecoxib prevents pressure-induced left ventricular remodeling through GSK-3 activation
Fujita, A., Takahashi‐Yanaga, F., Morimoto, S., Yoshihara, T., Arioka, M., Igawa, K., Tomooka, K., Hoka, S., & Sasaguri, T. (2016) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/hr.2016.122 · Cited by 20
Yeganeh‐Hajahmadi, M., Najafipour, H., & Rostamzadeh, F. (2017) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/hr.2017.28 · Cited by 20
Xiao, Y., Liu, Y., Liu, J., & Kang, Y. J. (2017) · Cardiovascular Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s12012-017-9438-7 · Cited by 20
Franceschini, N., Kopp, J. B., Barac, A., Martin, L. W., Li, Y., Qian, H., Reiner, A. P., Pollak, M. R., Wallace, R. B., Rosamond, W. D., et al. (2018) · JAMA Cardiology · doi:10.1001/jamacardio.2018.1827 · Cited by 20
Metadata
- Authors
- Levy, D.
- Affiliations
- Framingham Heart Study (US)
- Corresponding author
- Levy, Daniel
- ORCID
- Levy, Daniel
- Venue
- JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 1996-05-22
- Volume
- 275
- Issue
- 20
- Pages
- 1557
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- OpenAlex
- W2023515446
- Cited by
- 2,155
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 85 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 71 · 2019: 86 · 2018: 70 · 2017: 75 · 2016: 68 · 2015: 98 · 2014: 86 · 2013: 102 · 2012: 108
- FWCI
- 27.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (n01hc038038-022)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (N01-HC-38038)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Failure Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors
- Keywords
- hypertension, congestive heart failure, population attributable risk, heart failure risk factors, myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus, left ventricular hypertrophy, valvular heart disease, blood pressure control, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham Offspring Study
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Diastole, Female, Heart Failure, Humans, Hypertension, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Systole, Cohort Studies, Multivariate Analysis, Proportional Hazards Models, Survival Analysis, Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular, Disease Progression, Ventricular Dysfunction, Left
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