The DOI matches its Crossref record; 46 of the 46 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Progression From Hypertension to Congestive Heart Failure
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: - To study the relative and population-attributable risks of hypertension for the development of congestive heart failure (CHF), to assess the time course of progression from hypertension to CHF, and to identify risk factors that contribute to the development of overt heart failure in hypertensive subjects. DESIGN: - Inception cohort study. SETTING: - General community. PARTICIPANTS: - Original Framingham Heart Study and Framingham Offspring Study participants aged 40 to 89 years and free of CHF. To reflect more contemporary experience, the starting point of this study was January 1, 1970. EXPOSURE MEASURES: - Hypertension (blood pressure of at least 140 mm Hg systolic or 90 mm Hg diastolic or current use of medications for treatment of high blood pressure) and other potential CHF risk factors were assessed at periodic clinic examinations. OUTCOME MEASURE: - The development of CHF. RESULTS: - A total of 5143 eligible subjects contributed 72422 person-years of observation. During up to 20.1 years of follow-up (mean, 14.1 years), there were 392 new cases of heart failure; in 91% (357/392), hypertension antedated the development of heart failure. Adjusting for age and heart failure risk factors in proportional hazards regression models, the hazard for developing heart failure in hypertensive compared with normotensive subjects was about 2-fold in men and 3-fold in women. Multivariable analyses revealed that hypertension had a high population-attributable risk for CHF, accounting for 39% of cases in men and 59% in women. Among hypertensive subjects, myocardial infarction, diabetes, left ventricular hypertrophy, and valvular heart disease were predictive of increased risk for CHF in both sexes. Survival following the onset of hypertensive CHF was bleak; only 24% of men and 31% of women survived 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: - Hypertension was the most common risk factor for CHF, and it contributed a large proportion of heart failure cases in this population-based sample. Preventive strategies directed toward earlier and more aggressive blood pressure control are likely to offer the greatest promise for reducing the incidence of CHF and its associated mortality.
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In the citing paper
“up to 91% of all new heart failure development in the Framingham cohort occurred in people with a previous diagnosis of hypertension (275).”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [275]
In the citing paper
“The vast majority of incident heart failure is preceded by hypertension;”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [275]
In the citing paper
“The vast majority of incident heart failure is preceded by hypertension; up to 91% of all new heart failure development in the Framingham cohort occurred in people with a previous diagnosis of hypertension (272).”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 (2026) · cites this paper as [272]
In the citing paper
“Using 50 years of follow up data, Levy and colleagues reported that the 5 year mortality declined in men from 70% in 1950 to 59% in 1999, and in women from 57% to 45%.58”
From The Framingham Heart Study and the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease: a historical perspective (2014) · cites this paper as [58]
In the citing paper
“Using 50 years of follow up data, Levy and colleagues reported that the 5 year mortality declined in men from 70% in 1950 to 59% in 1999, and in women from 57% to 45%.58”
From The Framingham Heart Study and the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease: a historical perspective (2014) · cites this paper as [58]
In the citing paper
“Over 50% of heart disease, stroke, and heart failure are caused by increased blood pressure.”
From São Paulo call to action for the prevention and control of high blood pressure: 2020 (2019) · cites this paper as [8]
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Self-citation2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure
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“Region Midwest 68 (27) 27 (30) Northeast 44 (17) 14 (16) South 87 (34) 34 (38) West 56 (22) 15 (17)”
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“I B Systolic and diastolic blood pressure should be controlled in patients with HFpEF in accordance with published clinical practice guidelines to prevent morbidity (164,165).”
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“three-fold higher risk for developing congestive HF or stroke compared with men.(111,112) Hypertensive women develop more”
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“Nevertheless, they have an estimated threefold higher risk of developing HF or stroke compared with men (223).”
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Sex-Based Differences in the Effect of Digoxin for the Treatment of Heart Failure
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Zile, M. R., Baicu, C. F., S. Ikonomidis, J., Stroud, R. E., Nietert, P. J., Bradshaw, A. D., Slater, R., Palmer, B. M., Van Buren, P., Meyer, M., et al. (2015) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.114.013215 · Cited by 681
Executive Summary: HFSA 2006 Comprehensive Heart Failure Practice Guideline
Heart Failure Society of America (2006) · Journal of Cardiac Failure · doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2005.12.001 · Cited by 676
Sleep Apnea and Cardiovascular Disease
Leung, R. S. T., & Bradley, T. D. (2001) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/ajrccm.164.12.2107045 · Cited by 652
“The most direct mechanism by which long-standing OSA might induce left ventricular systolic dysfunction is by raising BP. Hypertension is the most common risk factor for ventricular hypertrophy and failure (173).”
BackgroundSymptomatic and asymptomatic left-ventricular systolic dysfunction in an urban population
McDonagh, T. A., Morrison, C., Lawrence, A., Ford, I., Tunstall-Pedoe, H., McMurray, J. J. V., & Dargie, H. J. (1997) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(97)03033-x · Cited by 628
Sex differences in type 2 diabetes
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“Hypertension is a main driver of heart failure progression, especially in women with hypertension compared with women without hypertension (threefold increase in risk in for women vs twofold for men) [75].”
BackgroundRamsay, L., Williams, B., Johnston, G., MacGregor, G. A., Poston, L., Potter, J., Poulter, N. R., Russell, G. I., & for the British Hypertension Society (1999) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/sj.jhh.1000917 · Cited by 576
Premature cardiovascular disease in chronic renal failure
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Insulin Resistance and Risk of Congestive Heart Failure
Ingelsson, E., Sundström, J., Ärnlöv, J., Zethelius, B., & Lind, L. (2005) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.294.3.334 · Cited by 569
“Electrocardiographic LVH was defined as high-amplitude R waves according to the revised Minnesota code(23) together with left ventricular strain pattern.(4) Coding of smoking was based on interview reports, and coding of demographic data was based on the questionnaire.”
MethodGlobal epidemiology of heart failure
Khan, M. S., Shahid, I., Bennis, A., Rakisheva, A., Metra, M., & Butler, J. (2024) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/s41569-024-01046-6 · Cited by 652
“In the FHS 119 , a 5% and 7% increase in the risk of developing HF was observed in men and women, respectively, per unit of BMI.”
InfluentialBradley, T. D., & Floras, J. S. (2003) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000061757.12581.15 · Cited by 566
Differences in the Incidence of Congestive Heart Failure by Ethnicity
Bahrami, H., Kronmal, R. A., Bluemke, D. A., Olson, J., Shea, S., Liu, K., Burke, G. L., & Lima, J. A. C. (2008) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.168.19.2138 · Cited by 570
Schocken, D. D., Benjamin, E. J., Fonarow, G. C., Krumholz, H. M., Levy, D. A., Mensah, G. A., Narula, J., Stuart‐Shor, E., Young, J. B., & Hong, Y. (2008) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.107.188965 · Cited by 562
Self-citationThe Transition From Hypertension to Heart Failure
Messerli, F. H., Rimoldi, S. F., & Bangalore, S. (2017) · JACC Heart Failure · doi:10.1016/j.jchf.2017.04.012 · Cited by 563
Ambrosius, W. T., Sink, K. M., Foy, C. G., Berlowitz, D. R., Cheung, A. K., Cushman, W. C., Fine, L. J., Goff, D. C., Johnson, K., Killeen, A. A., et al. (2014) · Clinical Trials · doi:10.1177/1740774514537404 · Cited by 550
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“Prospective cohort studies have identified age, coronary artery disease, valvular disease and poorly controlled hypertension as major determinants of CHF (8,9).”
BackgroundHaider, A. W., Larson, M. G., Franklin, S. S., & Levy, D. A. (2003) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-138-1-200301070-00006 · Cited by 538
“The causal role of hypertension in the pathogenesis of CHF underscores the need to identify high-risk patients because early treatment may prevent or delay the occurrence of CHF (2, 7).”
BackgroundSelf-citationLong-Term Trends in the Incidence of Heart Failure After Myocardial Infarction
Velagaleti, R. S., Pencina, M. J., Murabito, J. M., Wang, T. J., Parikh, N. I., D’Agostino, R. B., Levy, D. A., Kannel, W. B., & Vasan, R. S. (2008) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.108.784215 · Cited by 533
Self-citationLandsberg, L., Aronne, L. J., Beilin, L. J., Burke, V., Igel, L. I., Lloyd‐Jones, D., & Sowers, J. (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/jch.12049 · Cited by 528
“By contrast, the PARs for myocardial infarction were 13% and 34% for women and men, respectively.(68)”
BackgroundThe Extracellular Matrix in Ischemic and Nonischemic Heart Failure
Frangogiannis, N. G. (2019) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.119.311148 · Cited by 533
Bozkurt, B., Aguilar, D. A., Deswal, A. M., Dunbar, S. B., Francis, G. S., Horwich, T. B., Jessup, M. L., Kosiborod, M., Pritchett, A. M., Ramasubbu, K., et al. (2016) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000450 · Cited by 556
Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Pathophysiology
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“Even before clinical events occur, hypertension induces changes of the heart, including left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and cardiac fibrosis (1).”
BackgroundGottdiener, J. S., McClelland, R. L., Marshall, R., Shemanski, L., Furberg, C. D., Kitzman, D. W., Cushman, M., Polak, J. F., Gardin, J. M., Gersh, B. J., et al. (2002) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-137-8-200210150-00006 · Cited by 479
“Moreover, aging of the population, increased susceptibility of elderly hypertensive persons to congestive heart failure (2), decreasing incidence of and death from stroke, and improved survival after acute myocardial infarction have increased the number of patients at risk for congestive heart failure (1, 3, 4).”
BackgroundHunt, S. A., Abraham, W. T., Chin, M. H., Feldman, A. M., Francis, G. S., Ganiats, T. G., Jessup, M. L., Konstam, M. A., MANCINI, D. M., Michl, K., et al. (2005) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.105.167587 · Cited by 469
“Treatment of Hypertension Elevated levels of diastolic and especially systolic blood pressure are major risk factors for the development of HF (21,22), and long-term treatment of both systolic and diastolic hypertension has been shown to reduce the risk of HF (23–25).”
Tsao, C. W., & Vasan, R. S. (2015) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyv337 · Cited by 457
“The FHS was one of the first groups to describe the incidence, prevalence and grim natural history of heart failure in the community(12,46,47) and also identified hypertension, valvular heart disease and coronary disease as key aetiologies for heart failure.(13) The advent of echocardiography made it evident that indi…”
BackgroundDiastolic and Systolic Heart Failure Are Distinct Phenotypes Within the Heart Failure Spectrum
Borlaug, B. A., & Redfield, M. M. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.110.954388 · Cited by 451
Incidence and Epidemiology of Heart Failure
Kannel, W. B. (2000) · Heart Failure Reviews · doi:10.1023/a:1009884820941 · Cited by 457
“Hypertension increases the risk of developing heart failure in a continuous graded fashion and the average blood pressure of heart failure victims was only 150=90 mm Hg [11].”
BackgroundInfluentialHFSA 2006 Comprehensive Heart Failure Practice Guideline: Introduction and Table of Contents
Heart Failure Society of America (2006) · Journal of Cardiac Failure · doi:10.1016/j.cardfail.2005.11.005 · Cited by 450
10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2024
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Epidemiology of Diastolic Heart Failure
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Importance of Systolic Blood Pressure in Older Americans
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“Hypertension and CHD are the most common aetiologic factors in heart failure for both genders, but hypertensive women appear to have a higher risk of developing heart failure than men.(58) Both the prevalence of diabetes and the risk of heart failure in diabetic patients are higher in women when compared with men even…”
BackgroundDiretriz Brasileira de Insuficiência Cardíaca Crônica e Aguda
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Blood Pressure Estimation from Photoplethysmogram Using a Spectro-Temporal Deep Neural Network
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“Cuff-based devices remain the golden standard and are commonly recommended by physicians [3].”
BackgroundMatrix Metalloproteinases/Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases
Ahmed, S. H., Clark, L. L., Pennington, W. R., Webb, C. S., Bonnema, D. D., Leonardi, A. H., McClure, C. D., Spinale, F. G., & Zile, M. R. (2006) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.105.573865 · Cited by 386
“test the hypotheses that (1) changes in the ECM proteolytic system are measurable by plasma assays of selected MMPs and TIMPs; (2) each manifestation of hypertensive heart disease is associated with a specific pattern of changes in the ECM proteolytic system; and (3) hypertensive patients with structural remodeling, d…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPotenza, M. A., Marasciulo, F. L., Tarquinio, M., Tiravanti, E., Colantuono, G., Federici, A., Kim, J., Quon, M. J., & Montagnani, M. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00698.2006 · Cited by 379
“Endothelial dysfunction and hypertension are important contributors to ischemic heart disease and heart failure (34).”
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“Hypertension and diabetes are important precursors to the development of heart failure (31) and are associated with increased mortality (2,24,31).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Levy, D.
- Affiliations
- Framingham Heart Study (US)
- Corresponding author
- Levy, Daniel
- ORCID
- Levy, Daniel
- Venue
- JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 1996-05-22
- Volume
- 275
- Issue
- 20
- Pages
- 1557
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- OpenAlex
- W2023515446
- Cited by
- 2,155
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 62 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 85 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 73 · 2020: 71 · 2019: 86 · 2018: 70 · 2017: 75 · 2016: 68 · 2015: 98 · 2014: 86 · 2013: 102 · 2012: 108
- FWCI
- 27.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (n01hc038038-022)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (N01-HC-38038)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Failure Treatment and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Blood Pressure and Hypertension Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors
- Keywords
- hypertension, congestive heart failure, population attributable risk, heart failure risk factors, myocardial infarction, diabetes mellitus, left ventricular hypertrophy, valvular heart disease, blood pressure control, Framingham Heart Study, Framingham Offspring Study
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Diastole, Female, Heart Failure, Humans, Hypertension, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Systole, Cohort Studies, Multivariate Analysis, Proportional Hazards Models, Survival Analysis, Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular, Disease Progression, Ventricular Dysfunction, Left
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