The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 7 of the 7 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Persistent Symptoms in Patients After Acute COVID-19
Open accessAbstract
case rate of 587 per 100 000.The crude COVID-19 death rate in prisons was 39 deaths per 100 000 prisoners, which was higher than the US population rate of 29 deaths per 100 000 (Table).However, individuals aged 65 years or older comprised a smaller share of the prison population than of the US population (3% vs 16%, respectively) and accounted for 81% of COVID-19 deaths in the US population.The Table provides a standardized calculation showing that the adjusted death rate in the prison population was 3.0 times higher than would be expected if the age and sex distributions of the US and prison populations were equal.The Figure displays the daily trends in cumulative, confirmed cases of COVID-19 in state and federal prisons and the US population from March 31, 2020, to June 6, 2020.The COVID-19 case rate was initially lower in prisons but surpassed the US population on April 14, 2020.The mean daily case growth rate was 8.3% per day in prisons and 3.4% per day in the US population.Discussion | COVID-19 case rates have been substantially higher and escalating much more rapidly in prisons than in the US population.One limitation of the study is that it relied on officially reported data, which may be subject to inaccuracies and reporting delays, but are the only data available.Comprehensive data on testing rates were not available, and testing rates in both prisons and the overall population were uneven, with many facilities testing no prisoners or only symptomatic persons.2,5 Mass testing in select prisons revealed wide COVID-19 outbreaks, with infection rates exceeding 65% in several facilities. 2 Reported case rates for prisoners therefore likely understated the true prevalence of COVID-19 in prisons.A second limitation is that departments of corrections generally did not report demographic data on decedents, and therefore we could not adjust death rates to account for race/ ethnicity and comorbidity.This study focused on prisons but did not include jails or other detention facilities where there have been notable COVID-19 outbreaks.Although some facilities did engage in efforts to control outbreaks, the findings suggest that overall, COVID-19 in US prisons is unlikely to be contained without implementation of more effective infection control.
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“Nevertheless, what emerges from preliminary data is the negative impact of long COVID on quality of life and its effects on patient work ability and social relationships [1,4,19].”
From Female gender is associated with long COVID syndrome: a prospective cohort study (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
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“The high incidence of long COVID within our cohort was similar to that previously reported: more than half of patients reported symptoms lasting more than 2 months after symptom onset [4,5,16,18,19].”
From Female gender is associated with long COVID syndrome: a prospective cohort study (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
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The intersection of COVID-19 and autoimmunity: What is our current understanding?
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Manejo y seguimiento radiológico del paciente post-COVID-19
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“Though none of our patients had gastrointestinal impairment (GI), data about GI symptoms in the literature vary from none or rare [25,26] to up to presence in 20–30% of patients [23,27,28].”
BackgroundFactors associated with impaired quality of life three months after being diagnosed with COVID-19
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Systemic corticosteroids for management of ‘long-COVID’: an evaluation after 3 months of treatment
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“In few studies, it was found that fatigue and dyspnea are the most common persistent symptoms [10,11].”
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The Role of Nutrients in Prevention, Treatment and Post-Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19)
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“During the interview, the experience of individuals who had been discharged after hospitalization for COVID19 was investigated through one main research question whose aim was to bring out themes relevant to the study purpose, plus two secondary questions that investigated symptoms, activities, and participation, if n…”
BackgroundThe Impact of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on Youth Mental Health: A Narrative Review
Brasso, C., Bellino, S., Blua, C., Bozzatello, P., & Rocca, P. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10040772 · Cited by 39
“Furthermore, persistent and prolonged symptoms, similarly to previous coronavirus outbreaks [9], have been observed in patients recovered from the acute phase [10,11], and constitute what is called post-acute COVID-19 syndrome.”
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“In the medium term, 41% and 63% reported dyspnoea and muscle fatigue, respectively, which agrees with other studies on hospitalised patients (Carfì et al., 2020; González et al., 2021; Qi et al., 2020; Raman et al., 2021; Willi et al., 2021; Wong et al., 2020).”
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Emerging spectrum of post-COVID-19 syndrome
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“face-to-face visit according to a specially designed postCOVID-19 symptom assessment protocol (supplementary material) developed based on previously published literature about Long COVID in adults [2, 3, 9, 10].”
MethodPerception, Prevalence, and Prediction of Severe Infection and Post-acute Sequelae of COVID-19
Knight, D. R. T., Munipalli, B., Logvinov, I. I., Halkar, M. G., Mitri, G., Dabrh, A. M. A., & Hines, S. L. (2022) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.amjms.2022.01.002 · Cited by 35
“If patients indicated that they still had some residual symptoms of COVID-19 illness, they were prompted with a list of 19 symptoms that have been previously reported.(13) The patients were asked to rate these symptoms using a 6-point scale (1, none; 2, very mild; 3, mild; 4, moderate; 5, severe; and 6, very severe).”
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COVID’s Impact on Non-communicable Diseases: What We Do Not Know May Hurt Us
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BackgroundLong‐term pulmonary sequelae in adolescents post‐SARS‐CoV‐2 infection
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“Dyspnea and fatigue are the most common long‐term PASC symptoms in adults, with 44% of patients noting the worsened quality of life with these symptoms.(26) Several immunopathological mechanisms have been discussed as potential etiologies for these persistent PASC symptoms, most involving abnormal cellular or humoral…”
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“MFI reduced motivation 10 (4) 10 (18%)”
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Growing Public Health Concern of COVID-19 Chronic Olfactory Dysfunction
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Epidemiology of post-COVID conditions beyond 1 year: a cross-sectional study
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SARS-CoV-2-Induced Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis: Implications for Colorectal Cancer
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“clearance of SARS-CoV-2, thus impacting the status of the patient’s microbiome [72,73].”
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“Several follow-up studies have described abnormalities in patientreported outcome measures (PROMs), pulmonary function tests (PFTs), and chest imaging months after COVID-19 [2-6].”
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Biological and Psychological Factors Determining Neuropsychiatric Outcomes in COVID-19
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COVID-19 Specific Risk Markers for Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration
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“Understanding how place-based disadvantage has influenced COVID-19 case and death rates is critical for developing strategies to address long-term sequalae of COVID-19 [11] and to target vaccination efforts [12] at the local level.”
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Inflammaging at the Time of COVID-19
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Post-COVID Symptoms in Occupational Cohorts: Effects on Health and Work Ability
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Persistence of Symptoms After Discharge of Patients Hospitalized Due to COVID-19
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Amitriptyline for post-COVID headache: effectiveness, tolerability, and response predictors
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Virus Infection and Systemic Inflammation: Lessons Learnt from COVID-19 and Beyond
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“Consequently, different studies have been published describing persistent symptoms in approximately one third of the subjects, with dyspnea, fatigue, exercise intolerance, joint pain, headache, ‘brain fog’ and psychological symptoms being the main reported ones [3,6,7].”
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Interplay between Comorbidities and Long COVID: Challenges and Multidisciplinary Approaches
Ashmawy, R., Hammouda, E. A., El‐Maradny, Y. A., Aboelsaad, I., Hussein, M., Uversky, V. N., & Redwan, E. M. M. M. (2024) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom14070835 · Cited by 35
COVID‐19, fatigue, and dysautonomia
Lo, Y. L. (2020) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.26552 · Cited by 32
What can neuroimmunology teach us about the symptoms of long-COVID?
Mondelli, V., & Pariante, C. M. (2021) · Oxford Open Immunology · doi:10.1093/oxfimm/iqab004 · Cited by 32
“yond 3 weeks [1], and 87%, when considering those who were initially hospitalized and reported at least one persistent symptom beyond the first month [3].”
BackgroundLong‐coronavirus disease among people living with HIV in western India: An observational study
Pujari, S. N., Gaikwad, S., Chitalikar, A., Dabhade, D., Joshi, K. S., & Bele, V. (2021) · Immunity Inflammation and Disease · doi:10.1002/iid3.467 · Cited by 35
Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas, C., Gómez‐Mayordomo, V., García‐Azorín, D., Palacios‐Ceña, D., Florêncio, L. L., Peral, Á. L. G., Hernández‐Barrera, V., & Cuadrado, M. L. (2021) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2021.678472 · Cited by 34
Emerging potential mechanisms and predispositions to the neurological manifestations of COVID-19
Jesuthasan, A., Massey, F., Manji, H., Zandi, M. S., & Wiethoff, S. (2021) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2021.117608 · Cited by 34
Clinical Heterogeneity in ME/CFS. A Way to Understand Long-COVID19 Fatigue
Murga, Í., Aranburu, L., Gargiulo, P. Á., Gómez‐Esteban, J. C., & Lafuente, J. V. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.735784 · Cited by 32
“At present some of the patients suffering from LongCOVID19 are showing similar clinical profiles to those described above (2, 9, 10).”
BackgroundInfluentialMetabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease Is Highly Prevalent in the Postacute COVID Syndrome
Milić, J., Barbieri, S., Gozzi, L., Brigo, A., Beghé, B., Verduri, A., Bacca, E., Iadisernia, V., Cuomo, G., Dolci, G., et al. (2022) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofac003 · Cited by 33
Gamage, A. M., Tan, K. S., Chan, W. O. Y., Lew, Z. Z. R., Liu, J., Tan, C. W., Rajagopalan, D., Lin, Q. X. X., Tan, L. M., Venkatesh, P. N., et al. (2022) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.03436-21 · Cited by 34
Rodríguez-Sánchez, I., Rodríguez‐Mañas, L., & Laosa, O. (2022) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2022.03.005 · Cited by 34
Müller, K., Poppele, I., Ottiger, M., Zwingmann, K., Berger, I., Thomas, A., Wastlhuber, A., Ortwein, F., Schultz, A.-L., Weghofer, A., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20021468 · Cited by 31
Post Acute Corona Virus (Covid-19) Syndrome
Timewar, R. R., Sumar, A. I., Kohale, N. B., Rathod, S. B., & Manwar, G. G. (2023) · International Journal of Advanced Research in Science Communication and Technology · doi:10.48175/ijarsct-8842 · Cited by 32
Malnutrition in COVID-19 survivors: prevalence and risk factors
Tosato, M., Calvani, R., Ciciarello, F., Galluzzo, V., Martone, A. M., Zazzara, M. B., Pais, C., Savera, G., Robles, M. C., Ramirez, M., et al. (2023) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-023-02526-4 · Cited by 32
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QUALIDADE DE VIDA DOS PROFISSIONAIS DE SAÚDE PÓS-COVID-19: UM ESTUDO TRANSVERSAL
Pires, B. M. F. B., Bosco, P. S., Nunes, A. S., Menezes, R. D. A., Lemos, P. F. S., Barreto, C. T. G., & Santos, R. D. S. (2021) · Cogitare Enfermagem · doi:10.5380/ce.v26i0.78275 · Cited by 31
Chan, W., Ho, Y.-H. T., Wong, C. K. H., Choi, C., Lam, K. O., Yuen, K.-K., Kwong, D. L. �., & Hung, I. F. (2021) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines9070792 · Cited by 31
“Patients with COVID-19 infection may have multi-organ damage that can persist months after discharge and the two common symptoms of long-COVID are fatigue and breathlessness [15,16].”
BackgroundGuaraldi, G., Milić, J., Cesari, M., Leibovici, L., Mandreoli, F., Missier, P., Rozzini, R., Cattelan, A. M., Motta, F., Mussini, C., et al. (2022) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2022.101686 · Cited by 33
Clinical utility and prospective of TMS–EEG: Updated review from an international expert group
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Smane, L., Stars, I., Pučuka, Z., Roģe, I., & Pavāre, J. (2020) · BMJ Paediatrics Open · doi:10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000905 · Cited by 31
Persistencia de manifestaciones clínicas tras la infección COVID-19: importancia del seguimiento
Rosales‐Castillo, A., Ríos, C. G. D. L., & García, J. D. M. (2020) · Medicina Clínica · doi:10.1016/j.medcli.2020.08.001 · Cited by 31
Sabherwal, P., Kalra, N., Tyagi, R., Khatri, A., & Srivastava, S. (2021) · European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry · doi:10.1007/s40368-021-00619-0 · Cited by 36
Meije, Y., Duarte-Borges, A., Sanz, X., Clemente, M., Ribera, A., Ortega, L., González-Pérez, R., Cid, R., Pareja, J., Cantero, I., et al. (2021) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2021.04.002 · Cited by 31
“6% of patients completely free of any COVID-19-related symptoms at a 2-month follow up [6].”
Bilbao‐Malavé, V., González‐Zamora, J., de Viteri, M. S., de la Puente, M., Gándara, E., Casablanca-Piñera, A., Boquera-Ventosa, C., Zarranz‐Ventura, J., Landecho, M. F., & García‐Layana, A. (2021) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines9050502 · Cited by 31
Gonzalo Labarca, T., Henríquez‐Beltrán, M., Lastra, J., Enos, D., Llerena, F., Cigarroa, I., Lamperti, L., Ormazábal, V., Ramirez, C. I., Espejo, E., et al. (2021) · The Clinical Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1111/crj.13403 · Cited by 31
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“followed up 143 patients admitted with COVID-19 at a hospital in Italy at 60 days after onset of first symptom, for persistent symptoms, if any (9).”
BackgroundAutomatic Non-Invasive Cough Detection based on Accelerometer and Audio Signals
Pahar, M., Miranda, I. D. D. S., Diacon, A. H., & Niesler, T. (2022) · Journal of Signal Processing Systems · doi:10.1007/s11265-022-01748-5 · Cited by 33
“It has also performed well in classifying COVID-19 coughs, breath and speech [99, 4848].”
BackgroundInfluentialDigestive involvement in the Long-COVID syndrome
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“Chronic fatigue is the symptom most frequently reported after recovery from acute COVID-19 [3,16,17].”
BackgroundVaccination status and long COVID symptoms in patients discharged from hospital
Nascimento, T. C. D. C., Costa, L. D. V., Ruiz, A., Ledo, C. B., Fernandes, V. P. L., Cardoso, L. F., Vieira, J. M., Saretta, R., Filho, R. K., & Drager, L. F. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-28839-y · Cited by 29
Persistent neuropsychiatric symptoms after COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysisPreprint
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Metadata
- Authors
- Carfì, A., Bernabei, R., Landi, F., & for the Gemelli Against COVID-19 Post-Acute Care Study Group
- Affiliations
- Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Carfì, Angelo
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2020-08-11
- Volume
- 324
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 603
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- PMC
- PMC7349096
- OpenAlex
- W3041493976
- Cited by
- 4,561
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 139 · 2025: 292 · 2024: 495 · 2023: 827 · 2022: 1183 · 2021: 1373 · 2020: 245
- FWCI
- 393.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Pennsylvania
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, long COVID, post-acute symptoms, prisoners, prison population, COVID-19 mortality, COVID-19 case rates, infection control, jails, detention centers, COVID-19 outbreak
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Aged, Chest Pain, Dyspnea, Fatigue, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Italy, Male, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, Coronavirus Infections, Arthralgia, Pandemics, Symptom Assessment
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