Cited by 4,561Long-Term Effects of COVID-19COVID-19 Clinical Research StudiesCOVID-19 epidemiological studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 7 of the 7 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Persistent Symptoms in Patients After Acute COVID-19

Open access

Carfì, Angelo, Bernabei, Roberto, Landi, Francesco, for the Gemelli Against COVID-19 Post-Acute Care Study Group·2020·JAMA

DOI 10.1001/jama.2020.12603PMC PMC7349096

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

case rate of 587 per 100 000.The crude COVID-19 death rate in prisons was 39 deaths per 100 000 prisoners, which was higher than the US population rate of 29 deaths per 100 000 (Table).However, individuals aged 65 years or older comprised a smaller share of the prison population than of the US population (3% vs 16%, respectively) and accounted for 81% of COVID-19 deaths in the US population.The Table provides a standardized calculation showing that the adjusted death rate in the prison population was 3.0 times higher than would be expected if the age and sex distributions of the US and prison populations were equal.The Figure displays the daily trends in cumulative, confirmed cases of COVID-19 in state and federal prisons and the US population from March 31, 2020, to June 6, 2020.The COVID-19 case rate was initially lower in prisons but surpassed the US population on April 14, 2020.The mean daily case growth rate was 8.3% per day in prisons and 3.4% per day in the US population.Discussion | COVID-19 case rates have been substantially higher and escalating much more rapidly in prisons than in the US population.One limitation of the study is that it relied on officially reported data, which may be subject to inaccuracies and reporting delays, but are the only data available.Comprehensive data on testing rates were not available, and testing rates in both prisons and the overall population were uneven, with many facilities testing no prisoners or only symptomatic persons.2,5 Mass testing in select prisons revealed wide COVID-19 outbreaks, with infection rates exceeding 65% in several facilities. 2 Reported case rates for prisoners therefore likely understated the true prevalence of COVID-19 in prisons.A second limitation is that departments of corrections generally did not report demographic data on decedents, and therefore we could not adjust death rates to account for race/ ethnicity and comorbidity.This study focused on prisons but did not include jails or other detention facilities where there have been notable COVID-19 outbreaks.Although some facilities did engage in efforts to control outbreaks, the findings suggest that overall, COVID-19 in US prisons is unlikely to be contained without implementation of more effective infection control.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1001/jama.2020.12603

Cites

7 of 7 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China
Wang, D., Hu, B., Hu, C., Zhu, F., Liu, X., Zhang, J., Wang, B., Xiang, H., Cheng, Z., Xiong, Y., et al. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.1585 · Cited by 20,148
La certeza de lo impredecible: Cultura Educación y Sociedad en tiempos de COVID19
Martínez González, M. (2020) · DSPACE System - Metalibrary (University of the Coast) · Cited by 18,463
Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
Wu, Z., & McGoogan, J. M. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.2648 · Cited by 17,016
Features of 20 133 UK patients in hospital with covid-19 using the ISARIC WHO Clinical Characterisation Protocol: prospective observational cohort study
Docherty, A. B., Harrison, E. M., Green, C. A., Hardwick, H. E., Pius, R., Norman, L., Holden, K. A., Read, J. M., Dondelinger, F., Carson, G., et al. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m1985 · Cited by 3,481
Post-COVID-19 global health strategies: the need for an interdisciplinary approach
Gemelli Against COVID-19 Post-Acute Care Study Group, Landi, F., Gremese, E., Bernabei, R., Fantoni, M., Gasbarrini, A., Settanni, C. R., Benvenuto, F., Bramato, G., Carfì, A., et al. (2020) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-020-01616-x · Cited by 269
Self-citation
The New Challenge of Geriatrics: Saving Frail Older People from the SARS-COV-2 Pandemic Infection,
Landi, F., Barillaro, C., Bellieni, A., Brandi, V., Carfì, A., D'Angelo, M., Fusco, D., Landi, G., Monaco, M. R. L., Martone, A. M., et al. (2020) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-020-1356-x · Cited by 145
Self-citation
Measuring symptomatic and functional recovery in patients with community-acquired pneumonia
Metlay, J. P., Fine, M. J., Schulz, R., Marrie, T. J., Coley, C. M., Kapoor, W. N., & Singer, D. E. (1997) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1046/j.1525-1497.1997.00074.x · Cited by 129

Show all 7 references

Sorted by citations

Items 301–400 of 1,005

Dendritic cell deficiencies persist seven months after SARS-CoV-2 infection
Pérez‐Gómez, A., Vitallé, J., Gasca‐Capote, C., Gutiérrez‐Valencia, A., Trujillo‐Rodríguez, M., Serna‐Gallego, A., Muñoz‐Muela, E., Jiménez‐León, M. R., Benhnia, M. R., Rivas‐Jeremías, I., et al. (2021) · Cellular and Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41423-021-00728-2 · Cited by 121
Elevated vascular transformation blood biomarkers in Long-COVID indicate angiogenesis as a key pathophysiological mechanism
Patel, M. A., Knauer, M. J., Nicholson, M., Daley, M., Nynatten, L. R. V., Martin, C. M., Patterson, E. K., Cepinskas, G., Seney, S. L., Dobretzberger, V., et al. (2022) · Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1186/s10020-022-00548-8 · Cited by 129
International travel-related control measures to contain the COVID-19 pandemic: a rapid review
Burns, J., Movsisyan, A., Stratil, J. M., Biallas, R., Coenen, M., Emmert-Fees, K. M. F., Geffert, K., Hoffmann, S., Horstick, O., Laxy, M., et al. (2021) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013717.pub2 · Cited by 127
Pathophysiology of Post-COVID syndromes: a new perspective
Batiha, G. E., Al-Kuraishy, H. M., Al-Gareeb, A. I., & Welson, N. N. (2022) · Virology Journal · doi:10.1186/s12985-022-01891-2 · Cited by 133
“The spatial and cell‑type distribution of SARS‑CoV‑2 receptor ACE2 in the human and mouse brains.”
BackgroundInfluential
SARS-CoV-2 mediated neuroinflammation and the impact of COVID-19 in neurological disorders
Amruta, N., Chastain, W. H., Paz, M., Solch-Ottaiano, R. J., Murray-Brown, I. C., Befeler, J. B., Gressett, T. E., Longo, M. T., Engler-Chiurazzi, E. B., & Bix, G. J. (2021) · Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2021.02.002 · Cited by 123
SARS-CoV-2 infection produces chronic pulmonary epithelial and immune cell dysfunction with fibrosis in mice
Dinnon, K. H., Leist, S. R., Okuda, K., Dang, H., Fritch, E. J., Gully, K. L., la Cruz, G. D., Evangelista, M. D., Asakura, T., Gilmore, R. C., et al. (2022) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.abo5070 · Cited by 138
Post-COVID-19 Syndrome
Pierce, J. D., Shen, Q., Cintron, S. A., & Hiebert, J. B. (2021) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/nnr.0000000000000565 · Cited by 122
“Approximately 70% of persons with these symptoms had been physically fit before the illness and have become sedentary because of the severity of the symptoms (Carfi et al., 2020).”
Background
COVID-19 and Diabetes: A Collision and Collusion of Two Diseases
Feldman, E. L., Savelieff, M. G., Hayek, S. S., Pennathur, S., Kretzler, M., & Pop-Busui, R. (2020) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/dbi20-0032 · Cited by 136
“Diabetes and COVID-19 sequelae It is becoming clear that COVID-19 survivors suffer from persistent symptoms (83) and may also face a lifetime of sequelae, drawing parallels to SARS and MERS (10; 84).”
Background
Sequelae in adults at 12 months after mild‐to‐moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19)
Boscolo‐Rizzo, P., Guida, F., Polesel, J., Marcuzzo, A. V., Capriotti, V., D’Alessandro, A., Zanelli, E., Marzolino, R., Lazzarin, C., Antonucci, P., et al. (2021) · International Forum of Allergy & Rhinology · doi:10.1002/alr.22832 · Cited by 121
Incomplete Systemic Recovery and Metabolic Phenoreversion in Post-Acute-Phase Nonhospitalized COVID-19 Patients: Implications for Assessment of Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Holmes, E. C., Wist, J., Masuda, R., Lodge, S., Nitschke, P., Kimhofer, T., Loo, R. L., Begum, S., Boughton, B. A., Yang, R., et al. (2021) · Journal of Proteome Research · doi:10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00224 · Cited by 115
Neurology and neuropsychiatry of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the early literature reveals frequent CNS manifestations and key emerging narratives
Rogers, J. P., Watson, C. J., Badenoch, J., Cross, B., Butler, M., Song, J., Hafeez, D., Morrin, H., Rengasamy, E. R., Thomas, L., et al. (2021) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp-2021-326405 · Cited by 133
Time course prevalence of post-COVID pain symptoms of musculoskeletal origin in patients who had survived severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas, C., Navarro‐Santana, M. J., Plaza‐Manzano, G., Palacios‐Ceña, D., & Arendt‐Nielsen, L. (2021) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002496 · Cited by 125
Psychological Symptoms in COVID-19 Patients: Insights into Pathophysiology and Risk Factors of Long COVID-19
Thye, A. Y.-K., Law, J. W., Tan, L. T., Pusparajah, P., Ser, H., Thurairajasingam, S., Letchumanan, V., & Lee, L. (2022) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology11010061 · Cited by 122
Long COVID: The Nature of Thrombotic Sequelae Determines the Necessity of Early Anticoagulation
Wang, C., Yu, C., Jing, H., Wu, X., Novakovic, V. A., Xie, R., & Shi, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2022.861703 · Cited by 124
“Long COVID often leads to chronic hypoxia with pulmonary vascular changes and decreased lung function (Carfì et al., 2020; Caruso et al., 2021; Cueto-Robledo et al., 2022).”
Background
Treatment, Persistent Symptoms, and Depression in People Infected with COVID-19 in Bangladesh
Islam, M. S., Ferdous, M. Z., Islam, U. S., Mosaddek, A. S. M., Potenza, M. N., & Pardhan, S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18041453 · Cited by 117
The Impact of Post-COVID-19 Syndrome on Self-Reported Physical Activity
Delbressine, J. M., Machado, F. V. C., Goërtz, Y. M. J., Herck, M. V., Meys, R., Houben‐Wilke, S., Burtin, C., Franssen, F. M. E., Spies, Y., Vijlbrief, H., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18116017 · Cited by 127
Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: Involvement and Interactions between Respiratory, Cardiovascular and Nervous Systems
Visco, V., Vitale, C., Rispoli, A., Izzo, C., Virtuoso, N., Ferruzzi, G. J., Santopietro, M., Melfi, A., Rusciano, M. R., Maglio, A., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11030524 · Cited by 119
ACE2 and SCARF expression in human dorsal root ganglion nociceptors: implications for SARS-CoV-2 virus neurological effects
Shiers, S. I., Ray, P. R., Wangzhou, A., Sankaranarayanan, I., Tatsui, C. E., Rhines, L. D., Li, Y., Uhelski, M. L., Dougherty, P. M., & Price, T. J. (2020) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002051 · Cited by 116
“There are many currently unexplained neurological features in patients with COVID-19,(16,18) including persistent symptoms such as joint pain and headache linked to nociceptor function.(7) It is mysterious how the virus enters the nervous system as most neurons do not express ACE2.”
Background
SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells associate with inflammation and reduced lung function in pulmonary post-acute sequalae of SARS-CoV-2
Littlefield, K. M., Watson, R. O., Schneider, J. M., Neff, C. P., Yamada, E., Zhang, M., Campbell, T., Falta, M. T., Jolley, S. E., Fontenot, A. P., et al. (2022) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1010359 · Cited by 115
Long COVID and rehabilitation
Chuang, H., Lin, C.-W., Hsiao, M., Wang, T., & Liang, H. (2023) · Journal of the Formosan Medical Association · doi:10.1016/j.jfma.2023.03.022 · Cited by 125
“Overall, the prevalence of different symptoms was found to gradually decrease over 6e12 months.(8,9,12) Cough and dyspnea are prevalent within 2e3 months after infection, the rates of which decrease at 6 months, while fatigue and neuropsychiatric symptoms tend to persist for a longer period of time.”
Background
Long COVID or post COVID-19 syndrome
Lechner‐Scott, J., Levy, M., Hawkes, C. H., Yeh, E. A., & Giovannoni, G. (2021) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2021.103268 · Cited by 138
Pathological findings in organs and tissues of patients with COVID-19: A systematic review
Peiris, S., Mesa, H. A., Aysola, A. E., Manivel, J. C., Toledo, J., Borges-Sa, M., Aldighieri, S., & Revéiz, L. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0250708 · Cited by 117
“The pathogenesis of this “post-COVID-19 condition” is currently unknown [59], but has been hypothesized to be related to virally induced endothelial damage in the microcirculation [36].”
Background
Assessment of musculoskeletal pain, fatigue and grip strength in hospitalized patients with COVID-19
Tüzün, Ş., Keles, A., Okutan, D., Yildiran, T., & Palamar, D. (2021) · European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.23736/s1973-9087.20.06563-6 · Cited by 114
Persistent Symptoms and Association With Inflammatory Cytokine Signatures in Recovered Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients
Ong, S. W. X., Fong, S., Young, B. E., Chan, Y., Lee, B. T. K., Amrun, S. N., Chee, R. S., Yeo, N. K., Tambyah, P. A., Pada, S., et al. (2021) · Open Forum Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/ofid/ofab156 · Cited by 113
“6%, 20%, 32%, and 4% respectively) [6-9], we showed that cytokine expression for proinflammatory cytokines was only marginally different in follow-up samples for those with initial severe disease compared with asymptomatic and mildly infected”
Background
Inappropriate sinus tachycardia in post-COVID-19 syndrome
Aranyo, J. A., Bazán, V., Lladós, G., Domínguez, M. J., Bisbal, F., Massanella, M., Sarrias, A., Adeliño, R., Riverola, A., Paredes, R., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-03831-6 · Cited by 114
Exploring the pathophysiology of post-sepsis syndrome to identify therapeutic opportunities
van der Slikke, E. C., An, A. Y., Hancock, R. E. W., & Bouma, H. R. (2020) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103044 · Cited by 124
“Similarly, almost half of acute COVID-19 survivors reported decreased QoL 60 days after ﬁ rst onset of symptoms compared to before developing COVID-19, mainly due to fatigue and joint pain [115].”
Factors Associated with Post-Acute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC) After Diagnosis of Symptomatic COVID-19 in the Inpatient and Outpatient Setting in a Diverse Cohort
Yoo, S. M., Liu, T. C., Motwani, Y., Sim, M., Viswanathan, N., Samras, N., Hsu, F., & Wenger, N. S. (2022) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-022-07523-3 · Cited by 116
“PASC definition were fatigue then shortness of breath, in line with existing studies.(1,2) Although fatigue was the most common persistent symptom in hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients, this was followed by loss of sense of smell in outpatients and shortness of breath in inpatients, which is in line with previ…”
Result
Post–COVID-19 Conditions Among Children 90 Days After SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Funk, A. L., Kuppermann, N., Florin, T. A., Tancredi, D. J., Xie, J., Kim, K., Finkelstein, Y., Neuman, M. I., Salvadori, M. I., Yock‐Corrales, A., et al. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.23253 · Cited by 114
Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
Joshee, S. R., Vatti, N., & Chang, C. C.-C. (2022) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2021.12.017 · Cited by 118
“Patients should resume regular activities 6 to 8 weeks post-discharge, but this may be more challenging in patients who have severe disease, extended hospital stays, or prolonged symptoms.(19,128) Even if a formal exercise and exertional desaturation assessment cannot be conducted in patients with COVID-19, they shoul…”
Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC): a meta-narrative review of pathophysiology, prevalence, and management
Munipalli, B., Seim, L. A., Dawson, N. L., Knight, D. R. T., & Dabrh, A. M. A. (2022) · SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine · doi:10.1007/s42399-022-01167-4 · Cited by 118
Reinfection With SARS-CoV-2: Implications for Vaccines
Cohen, J. I., & Burbelo, P. D. (2020) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa1866 · Cited by 111
Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19: Evidence of mood & cognitive impairment
Lamontagne, S. J., Winters, M. F., Pizzagalli, D. A., & Olmstead, M. C. (2021) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100347 · Cited by 120
“Indeed, many survivors develop chronic and debilitating symptoms long after viral recovery, despite mild illness severity at onset (Carfi et al., 2020), pointing to residual effects that span multiple organ systems within the peripheral and central nervous system (CNS).”
Persistent self-reported changes in hearing and tinnitus in post-hospitalisation COVID-19 cases
Munro, K. J., Uus, K., Almufarrij, I., Chaudhuri, N., & Yioe, V. (2020) · International Journal of Audiology · doi:10.1080/14992027.2020.1798519 · Cited by 110
“However, it is becoming increasingly recognised that presenting symptoms of COVID-19, including fatigue, dyspnea, joint pain and chest pain, persist long after discharge from hospital (Carfi et al. 2020).”
Background
Hyperventilation: A Possible Explanation for Long-Lasting Exercise Intolerance in Mild COVID-19 Survivors?
Motiejūnaitė, J., Balagny, P., Arnoult, F., Mangin, L., Bancal, C., d’Ortho, M., & Frija‐Masson, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.614590 · Cited by 114
SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: a triumph of science and collaboration
Golob, J. L., Lugogo, N. L., Lauring, A. S., & Lok, A. S.-F. (2021) · JCI Insight · doi:10.1172/jci.insight.149187 · Cited by 113
“Even in those who survive SARS-CoV-2 infection, a substantial percentage suffer persistent and debilitating symptoms (1, 2).”
Background
Post-Acute COVID-19 Symptoms, a Potential Link with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: A 6-Month Survey in a Mexican Cohort
González-Hermosillo, J. A., Martínez-López, J., Carrillo-Lampón, S. A., Ruiz-Ojeda, D., Herrera-Ramírez, S., Amezcua-Guerra, L. M., & Martínez-Alvarado, M. R. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11060760 · Cited by 116
Corneal confocal microscopy identifies corneal nerve fibre loss and increased dendritic cells in patients with long COVID
Bitirgen, G., Korkmaz, C., Zamanı, A., Özkağnıcı, A., Zengįn, N., Ponirakis, G., & Malik, R. A. (2021) · British Journal of Ophthalmology · doi:10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-319450 · Cited by 111
SARS-CoV-2 infection and subsequent changes in the menstrual cycle among participants in the Arizona CoVHORT study
Khan, S. R., Shilen, A., Heslin, K. M., Ishimwe, P., Allen, A. M., Jacobs, E. T., & Farland, L. V. (2021) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2021.09.016 · Cited by 110
The triggering of post-COVID-19 autoimmunity phenomena could be associated with both transient immunosuppression and an inappropriate form of immune reconstitution in susceptible individuals
Cañas, C. A. (2020) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110345 · Cited by 116
“syndrome, and myalgias, among others [23,24].”
Occupation and risk of severe COVID-19: prospective cohort study of 120,075 UK Biobank participantsPreprint
Mutambudzi, M. S., Niedzwiedz, C. L., Macdonald, E. B., Leyland, A. H., Mair, F. S., Anderson, J. J., Celis-Morales, C. A., Cleland, J. G. F., Forbes, J., Gill, J. M. R., et al. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.05.22.20109892 · Cited by 109
COVID and Cardiovascular Disease: What We Know in 2021
Chilazi, M. J., Duffy, E. Y., Thakkar, A., & Michos, E. D. (2021) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-021-00935-2 · Cited by 115
Post-COVID-19 pneumonia lung fibrosis: a worrisome sequelae in surviving patients
Ali, R. M. M., & Ghonimy, M. B. I. (2021) · The Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.1186/s43055-021-00484-3 · Cited by 107
“COVID-19 sequelae may range from mild form of fatigue to serious forms requiring long-term oxygen therapy or even lung transplantation owing to pulmonary fibrosis [3].”
Background
Damage to endothelial barriers and its contribution to long COVID
Wu, X., Xiang, M., Jing, H., Wang, C., Novakovic, V. A., & Shi, J. (2023) · Angiogenesis · doi:10.1007/s10456-023-09878-5 · Cited by 111
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in COVID-19: Evidence from Six Large Cities
Benitez, J. A., Courtemanche, C., & Yelowitz, A. S. (2020) · Journal of Economics Race and Policy · doi:10.1007/s41996-020-00068-9 · Cited by 109
“3 Even after discharge from a hospital, persistent symptoms may remain (Carfì et al. 2020).”
Assessment of activities of daily living in patients post COVID-19: a systematic review
Pizarro-Pennarolli, C., Sánchez-Rojas, C., Torres‐Castro, R., Vera‐Uribe, R., Sanchez‐Ramirez, D. C., Vasconcello‐Castillo, L., Solís‐Navarro, L., & Rivera‐Lillo, G. (2021) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.11026 · Cited by 106
Epidemiology and Costs of Postsepsis Morbidity, Nursing Care Dependency, and Mortality in Germany, 2013 to 2017
Fleischmann-Struzek, C., Rose, N., Freytag, A., Spoden, M., Prescott, H. C., Schettler, A., Wedekind, L., Ditscheid, B., Storch, J., Born, S., et al. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.34290 · Cited by 106
Molnupiravir and risk of post-acute sequelae of covid-19: cohort study
Xie, Y., Choi, T., & Al‐Aly, Z. (2023) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2022-074572 · Cited by 106
The Pathogenesis and Long-Term Consequences of COVID-19 Cardiac Injury
Siripanthong, B., Asatryan, B., Hanff, T. C., Chatha, S., Khanji, M. Y., Ricci, F., Muser, D., Ferrari, V. A., Nazarian, S., Santangeli, P., et al. (2022) · JACC Basic to Translational Science · doi:10.1016/j.jacbts.2021.10.011 · Cited by 102
Inflammation and thrombosis in COVID-19 pathophysiology: proteinase-activated and purinergic receptors as drivers and candidate therapeutic targets
Sriram, K., & Insel, P. A. (2020) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00035.2020 · Cited by 107
“FIGURE 5, bottom, relates disease severity with thromboinflammation, (adaptive) immune response, and viral clearance in patients with severe disease, in which SARS-CoV-2 infection results in extensive pulmonary and systemic effects (154), perhaps leading to death or necessitating prolonged recovery in patients who sur…”
Background
Onset, duration and unresolved symptoms, including smell and taste changes, in mild COVID-19 infection: a cohort study in Israeli patients
Klein, H., Asseo, K., Karni, N., Benjamini, Y., Nir‐Paz, R., Muszkat, M., Israel, S., & Niv, M. Y. (2021) · Clinical Microbiology and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2021.02.008 · Cited by 105
“Moreover, the symptoms' order of appearance, severity, duration and lack of resolution have only been partly studied [13,14] and are the focus of the current study.”
Radiological and functional lung sequelae of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis
So, M., Kabata, H., Fukunaga, K., Takagi, H., & Kuno, T. (2021) · BMC Pulmonary Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12890-021-01463-0 · Cited by 114
“such as fatigue, dyspnea, joint pain, and chest pain in patients discharged from hospital at 60 days after symptom onset were reported [4].”
Background
Postdischarge rheumatic and musculoskeletal symptoms following hospitalization for COVID-19: prospective follow-up by phone interviews
Karaarslan, F., Güneri, F. D., & Kardeş, S. (2021) · Rheumatology International · doi:10.1007/s00296-021-04882-8 · Cited by 110
Prevalence and predictors of Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome (PACS) after hospital discharge: A cohort study with 4 months median follow-up
Tleyjeh, I. M., Saddik, B. A., AlSwaidan, N., Alanazi, A. S., Ramakrishnan, R. K., Alhazmi, D., Aloufi, A., AlSumait, F., Berbari, E. F., & Halwani, R. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0260568 · Cited by 117
“4% of the cohort experienced the persistence of at least one symptom after recovery at their 2-month follow-up [4].”
Background
Prevalence of Long COVID symptoms in Bangladesh: a prospective Inception Cohort Study of COVID-19 survivors
Hossain, M. A., Hossain, K. M. A., Saunders, K., Uddin, Z., Walton, L. M., Raigangar, V. L., Sakel, M., Shafin, R., Hossain, M. S., Kabir, M. F., et al. (2021) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-006838 · Cited by 112
Potent neutralizing nanobodies resist convergent circulating variants of SARS-CoV-2 by targeting diverse and conserved epitopes
Sun, D., Sang, Z., Kim, Y. J., Xiang, Y., Cohen, T., Belford, A. K., Huet, A., Conway, J. F., Sun, J., Taylor, D. J., et al. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-24963-3 · Cited by 96
COVID-19 detection in cough, breath and speech using deep transfer learning and bottleneck features
Pahar, M., Klopper, M., Warren, R. M., & Niesler, T. (2021) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.105153 · Cited by 109
“Caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), this disease affects the respiratory system and includes symptoms like fatigue, dry cough, shortness of breath, joint pain, muscle pain, gastrointestinal symptoms and loss of smell or taste [1,2].”
Background
COVID-19 and the Vasculature: Current Aspects and Long-Term Consequences
Martínez-Salazar, B., Holwerda, M., Stüdle, C., Piragyte, I., Mercader, N., Engelhardt, B., Rieben, R., & Döring, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2022.824851 · Cited by 106
Remodeling of T Cell Dynamics During Long COVID Is Dependent on Severity of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Wiech, M., Chrościcki, P., Swatler, J., Stępnik, D., Biasi, S. D., Hampel, M., Brewińska‐Olchowik, M., Maliszewska, A., Sklinda, K., Durlik, M., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.886431 · Cited by 106
Persistent neurological manifestations in long COVID-19 syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Pinzon, R. T., Wijaya, V. O., Jody, A. A., Nunsio, P. N., & Buana, R. B. (2022) · Journal of Infection and Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2022.06.013 · Cited by 108
Post-discharge chest CT findings and pulmonary function tests in severe COVID-19 patients
Balbi, M., Conti, C., Imeri, G., Caroli, A., Surace, A., Corsi, A., Mercanzin, E., Arrigoni, A., Villa, G., Marco, F. D., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2021.109676 · Cited by 106
Anticipating the long-term cardiovascular effects of COVID-19
Becker, R. C. (2020) · Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis · doi:10.1007/s11239-020-02266-6 · Cited by 100
Late Conditions Diagnosed 1–4 Months Following an Initial Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Encounter: A Matched-Cohort Study Using Inpatient and Outpatient Administrative Data—United States, 1 March–30 June 2020
Chevinsky, J., Tao, G., Lavery, A. M., Kukielka, E. A., Click, E. S., Malec, D. J., Kompaniyets, L., Bruce, B. B., Yusuf, H. R., Goodman, A. B., et al. (2021) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciab338 · Cited by 103
Phenotyping long COVID
Naeije, R., & Caravita, S. (2021) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/13993003.01763-2021 · Cited by 101
Rates and Factors Associated With Documentation of Diagnostic Codes for Long COVID in the National Veterans Affairs Health Care System
Ioannou, G. N., Baraff, A. J., Fox, A., Shahoumian, T. A., Hickok, A. W., O’Hare, A. M., Bohnert, A. S. B., Boyko, E. J., Maciejewski, M. L., Bowling, C. B., et al. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.24359 · Cited by 99
SARS-CoV-2 infection in nonhuman primates alters the composition and functional activity of the gut microbiota
Sokol, H., Contreras, V., Maisonnasse, P., Desmons, A., Delache, B., Sencio, V., Machelart, A., Brisebarre, A., Humbert, L., Deryuter, L., et al. (2021) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2021.1893113 · Cited by 103
Long-haul COVID: healthcare utilization and medical expenditures 6 months post-diagnosis
Koumpias, A. M., Schwartzman, D. A., & Fleming, O. (2022) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-022-08387-3 · Cited by 98
Long-term post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 infection: a retrospective, multi-database cohort study in Hong Kong and the UK
Lam, I. C. H., Wong, C. K. H., Zhang, R., Chui, C. S. L., Lai, F. T. T., Li, X., Chan, E. W., Luo, H., Zhang, Q., Man, K. K. C., et al. (2023) · EClinicalMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102000 · Cited by 103
“8,9 A retrospective cohort study in the US evaluated the risk of clinical sequelae during the post-acute phase of COVID-19 infection.”
Insight into the Impact of COVID-19 on Australian Transportation Sector: An Economic and Community-Based Perspective
Munawar, H. S., Khan, S. I., Qadir, Z., Kouzani, A. Z., & Mahmud, M. A. P. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13031276 · Cited by 99
“The transfer can be direct through contact with the infected person or indirect by touching the infected surfaces [2].”
Background
Determinants of persistent post-COVID-19 symptoms: value of a novel COVID-19 symptom score
Galal, I., Hussein, A. A. R. M., Amin, M. T., Saad, M. M., Zayan, H. E. E., Abdelsayed, M. Z., Moustafa, M. M., Ezzat, A. R., Helmy, R. E., Abd-Elaal, H., et al. (2021) · Egyptian Journal of Bronchology · doi:10.1186/s43168-020-00049-4 · Cited by 110
Exercise Ventilatory Inefficiency in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: Insights from a Prospective Evaluation
Aparisi, Á., Ybarra-Falcón, C., Gomez, M. G., Tobar, J., Iglesias-Echeverría, C., Largo, S. J., Ladrón, R., Uribarri, A., Catalá, P., Hinojosa, W., et al. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10122591 · Cited by 109
“[4] Jama/2020 Single-center Prospective 143 2 months Dyspnea 43.”
Background
Serum Metabolic Profile in Patients With Long-Covid (PASC) Syndrome: Clinical Implications
Pasini, E., Corsetti, G., Romano, C., Scarabelli, T. M., Chen-Scarabelli, C. A., Saravolatz, L. I. I., & Dioguardi, F. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.714426 · Cited by 101
“Interestingly, several recent studies show that 50–70% of patients still experience a variety of symptoms up to 2–6 months following total recovery from the acute phase of COVID-19 infection (6, 7).”
BackgroundInfluential
Acute and Post-Acute Neurological Complications of COVID-19
Al-Ramadan, A., Rabab’h, O., Shah, J., & Gharaibeh, A. (2021) · Neurology International · doi:10.3390/neurolint13010010 · Cited by 98
Cardiorespiratory Abnormalities in Patients Recovering from Coronavirus Disease 2019
Szekely, Y., Lichter, Y., Sadon, S., Lupu, L., Taieb, P., Banai, A., Sapir, O. P. R., Granot, Y. N., Hochstadt, A., Friedman, S., et al. (2021) · Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography · doi:10.1016/j.echo.2021.08.022 · Cited by 109
One-year mental health outcomes in a cohort of COVID-19 survivors
Mazza, M. G., Palladini, M., LORENZO, R. D., Bravi, B., Poletti, S., Furlan, R., Ciceri, F., Vai, B., Bollettini, I., Melloni, E. M. T., et al. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.11.031 · Cited by 102
“Furthermore, persistent and prolonged symptoms, similarly to previous coronavirus outbreaks (Moldofsky and Patcai, 2011), have been observed in several patients recovered from the acute phase (Carfì et al., 2020).”
The Female-Predominant Persistent Immune Dysregulation of the Post-COVID Syndrome
Ganesh, R., Grach, S. L., Ghosh, A. K., Bierle, D. M., Salonen, B. R., Collins, N. M., Joshi, A. Y., Boeder, N., Anstine, C. V., Mueller, M. R., et al. (2022) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2021.11.033 · Cited by 105
“2 experience persistent symptoms months after resolution of acute illness.(1-7) These persistent symptoms have been described by several terms, including post-COVID syndrome (PoCoS), posteacute COVID-19, and long-haul COVID.”
BackgroundInfluential
National Psoriasis Foundation COVID-19 Task Force guidance for management of psoriatic disease during the pandemic: Version 2—Advances in psoriatic disease management, COVID-19 vaccines, and COVID-19 treatments
Gelfand, J. M., Armstrong, A. W., Bell, S. J., Anesi, G. L., Blauvelt, A., Calabrese, C. M., Dommasch, E. D., Feldman, S. R., Gladman, D. D., Kircik, L., et al. (2021) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2020.12.058 · Cited by 101
‘Long COVID’: persistent COVID-19 symptoms in survivors managed in Lagos State, Nigeria
Osikomaiya, B. I., Erinoso, O. A., Wright, O., Odusola, A. O., Thomas, B., Adeyemi, O., Bowale, A., Adejumo, O. A., Falana, A., Abdus-Salam, I. A., et al. (2021) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-020-05716-x · Cited by 96
“Persistent COVID-19 symptoms- ‘long COVID’- have been reported to have similarities with other syndromes such as myalgic encephalomyelitis, or chronic fatigue syndrome which occur after viral infections [3, 11, 14] However, the exact pathophysiology of ‘long COVID’ is not yet understood.”
BackgroundResult
Epidemiological and clinical perspectives of long COVID syndrome
Huerne, K., Filion, K. B., Grad, R. M., Ernst, P., Gershon, A. S., & Eisenberg, M. J. (2023) · American Journal of Medicine Open · doi:10.1016/j.ajmo.2023.100033 · Cited by 110
Recovery From Severe COVID-19
Prescott, H. C., & Girard, T. D. (2020) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.14103 · Cited by 103
Die COVID-19-Pandemie als Herausforderung für die psychische Gesundheit
Brakemeier, E., Wirkner, J., Knaevelsrud, C., Wurm, S., Christiansen, H., Lueken, U., & Schneider, S. (2020) · Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1026/1616-3443/a000574 · Cited by 109
Causation or confounding: why controls are critical for characterizing long COVID
Amin‐Chowdhury, Z., & Ladhani, S. N. (2021) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-021-01402-w · Cited by 98
The contested meaning of “long COVID” – Patients, doctors, and the politics of subjective evidence
Roth, P. H., & Bondio, M. G. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114619 · Cited by 96
Physical activity and COVID-19. The basis for an efficient intervention in times of COVID-19 pandemic
Clemente‐Suárez, V. J., Beltrán-Velasco, A. I., Ramos‐Campo, D. J., Mielgo‐Ayuso, J., Nikolaidis, P. Τ., Belando‐Pedreño, N., & Tornero-Aguilera, J. F. (2021) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113667 · Cited by 107
Effects of l-Arginine Plus Vitamin C Supplementation on Physical Performance, Endothelial Function, and Persistent Fatigue in Adults with Long COVID: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial
Tosato, M., Calvani, R., Picca, A., Ciciarello, F., Galluzzo, V., Coelho‐Júnior, H. J., Giorgio, A. D., Mario, C. D., Gervasoni, J., Gremese, E., et al. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14234984 · Cited by 96
Self-citation
Prevalence and characteristics of long COVID in elderly patients: An observational cohort study of over 2 million adults in the US
Fung, K. W., Baye, F. M., Baik, S. H., Zheng, Z., & McDonald, C. J. (2023) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1004194 · Cited by 105
Clinical patterns of somatic symptoms in patients suffering from post-acute long COVID: a systematic review
Nguyen, N. N., Hoang, V. T., Dao, T. L., Dudouet, P., Eldin, C., & Gautret, P. (2022) · European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1007/s10096-022-04417-4 · Cited by 91
Prevalence and characteristics of new‐onset pain in COVID‐19 survivours, a controlled study
Soares, F. H. C., Kubota, G. T., Fernandes, A. M., Rebouças, B. H., Couras, C., Costa, B. V., Lapa, J. D. D. S., Braga, L. M., de Almeida, M. M., da Cunha, P. H. M., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.1755 · Cited by 101
Novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: From transmission to control with an interdisciplinary vision
Anand, U., Cabreros, C., Mal, J., Ballesteros, F., Sillanpää, M. E. T., Tripathi, V. S., & Bontempi, E. (2021) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.111126 · Cited by 97
Role of miR-2392 in driving SARS-CoV-2 infection
McDonald, J. T., Enguita, F. J., Taylor, D. M., Griffin, R. J., Priebe, W., Emmett, M. R., Sajadi, M. M., Harris, A. D., Clement, J., Dybas, J. M., et al. (2021) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109839 · Cited by 96
Persistent Oxidative Stress and Inflammasome Activation in CD14highCD16− Monocytes From COVID-19 Patients
Lage, S. L., Amaral, E. P., Hilligan, K. L., Laidlaw, E., Rupert, A. W., Namasivayan, S., Rocco, J. M., Galindo, F., Kellogg, A., Kumar, P. N., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.799558 · Cited by 98
Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation in Long-COVID-19 Patients with Persistent Breathlessness and Fatigue: The COVID-Rehab Study
Besnier, F., Bérubé, B., Malo, J., Gagnon, C., Grégoire, C., Juneau, M., Simard, F., L’Allier, P. L., Nigam, A., Iglesies‐Grau, J., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19074133 · Cited by 97
“Some symptoms such as dyspnoea and fatigue appear to persist for several months after recovery in about 50% of cases [3,4].”
Background
Hyperventilation as one of the mechanisms of persistent dyspnoea in SARS-CoV-2 survivors
Motiejūnaitė, J., Balagny, P., Arnoult, F., Mangin, L., Bancal, C., Vidal‐Petiot, E., Flamant, M., Jondeau, G., Solal, A. C., d’Ortho, M., et al. (2021) · European Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1183/13993003.01578-2021 · Cited by 95
Clinical, virological and imaging profile in patients with prolonged forms of COVID-19: A cross-sectional study
Salmon, D., Slama, D., de Broucker, T., Karmochkine, M., Pavie, J., Sorbets, E., Etienne, N., Batisse, D., Spiridon, G., Baut, V. L., et al. (2020) · Journal of Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.12.002 · Cited by 91
COVID‐19: Current knowledge in clinical features, immunological responses, and vaccine development
Singh, R., Kang, A., Luo, X., Jeyanathan, M., Gillgrass, A. E., Afkhami, S., & Xing, Z. (2021) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.202002662r · Cited by 101
Fatigue following COVID-19 infection is not associated with autonomic dysfunction
Townsend, L., Moloney, D. J., Finucane, C., McCarthy, K., Bergin, C. J., Bannan, C., & Kenny, R. A. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0247280 · Cited by 98
“The primary complaint appears to be persistent fatigue and we have previously demonstrated a high prevalence of fatigue in convalescent COVID-19 patients [7,8].”
Background
Effectiveness of a Three-Week Inpatient Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program for Patients after COVID-19: A Prospective Observational Study
Hayden, M. C., Limbach, M., Schüler, M., Merkl, S., Schwarzl, G., Jakab, K., Nowak, D., & Schultz, K. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18179001 · Cited by 98
Comprehensive Review of COVID-19: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Advancement in Diagnostic and Detection Techniques, and Post-Pandemic Treatment Strategies
Chung, Y.-S., Lam, C.-Y., Tan, P.-H., Tsang, H. F., & Wong, S. C. C. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25158155 · Cited by 120
Myopathic changes in patients with long-term fatigue after COVID-19
Agergaard, J., Leth, S., Pedersen, T. H., Harbo, T., Blicher, J. U., Karlsson, P., Østergaard, L. J., Andersen, H., & Tankişi, H. (2021) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2021.04.009 · Cited by 94
“In a smaller cohort of 157 patients at a mean of 60 days follow-up, fatigue was seen in 53.1% of patients and muscle pain in around 5% (Carfi et al., 2020).”
Influential
Preparing for the long-haul: Autonomic complications of COVID-19
Larsen, N. W., Stiles, L. E., & Miglis, M. G. (2021) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2021.102841 · Cited by 94
Follow-Ups on Persistent Symptoms and Pulmonary Function Among Post-Acute COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Long, Q., Li, J., Hu, X., Bai, Y., Zheng, Y., & Gao, Z. (2021) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.702635 · Cited by 96
“A recent study (6) reported that 32% of hospitalized COVID-19 patients presented with one to two symptoms at 2 months after disease onset, 55% presented three or more symptoms, while only 12.”
Background

Authors: Carfì, A., Bernabei, R., Landi, F., & for the Gemelli Against COVID-19 Post-Acute Care Study Group
Affiliations: Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic (IT)
Corresponding author: Carfì, Angelo
ORCID: Carfì, Angelo
Bernabei, Roberto
Landi, Francesco
Venue: JAMA
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 2020-08-11
Volume: 324
Issue: 6
Pages: 603
ISSN: 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
0098-7484
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.12603
PMC: PMC7349096
OpenAlex: W3041493976
Cited by: 4,561
References: 7
Citations by year: 2026: 139 · 2025: 292 · 2024: 495 · 2023: 827 · 2022: 1183 · 2021: 1373 · 2020: 245
FWCI: 393.49
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: JAMA (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: University of Pennsylvania
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, long COVID, post-acute symptoms, prisoners, prison population, COVID-19 mortality, COVID-19 case rates, infection control, jails, detention centers, COVID-19 outbreak
MeSH terms: Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Aged, Chest Pain, Dyspnea, Fatigue, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Italy, Male, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, Coronavirus Infections, Arthralgia, Pandemics, Symptom Assessment

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Persistent Symptoms in Patients After Acute COVID-19

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Self-check

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks