Cited by 4,561Long-Term Effects of COVID-19COVID-19 Clinical Research StudiesCOVID-19 epidemiological studies

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Persistent Symptoms in Patients After Acute COVID-19

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Carfì, Angelo, Bernabei, Roberto, Landi, Francesco, for the Gemelli Against COVID-19 Post-Acute Care Study Group·2020·JAMA

DOI 10.1001/jama.2020.12603PMC PMC7349096

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Abstract

case rate of 587 per 100 000.The crude COVID-19 death rate in prisons was 39 deaths per 100 000 prisoners, which was higher than the US population rate of 29 deaths per 100 000 (Table).However, individuals aged 65 years or older comprised a smaller share of the prison population than of the US population (3% vs 16%, respectively) and accounted for 81% of COVID-19 deaths in the US population.The Table provides a standardized calculation showing that the adjusted death rate in the prison population was 3.0 times higher than would be expected if the age and sex distributions of the US and prison populations were equal.The Figure displays the daily trends in cumulative, confirmed cases of COVID-19 in state and federal prisons and the US population from March 31, 2020, to June 6, 2020.The COVID-19 case rate was initially lower in prisons but surpassed the US population on April 14, 2020.The mean daily case growth rate was 8.3% per day in prisons and 3.4% per day in the US population.Discussion | COVID-19 case rates have been substantially higher and escalating much more rapidly in prisons than in the US population.One limitation of the study is that it relied on officially reported data, which may be subject to inaccuracies and reporting delays, but are the only data available.Comprehensive data on testing rates were not available, and testing rates in both prisons and the overall population were uneven, with many facilities testing no prisoners or only symptomatic persons.2,5 Mass testing in select prisons revealed wide COVID-19 outbreaks, with infection rates exceeding 65% in several facilities. 2 Reported case rates for prisoners therefore likely understated the true prevalence of COVID-19 in prisons.A second limitation is that departments of corrections generally did not report demographic data on decedents, and therefore we could not adjust death rates to account for race/ ethnicity and comorbidity.This study focused on prisons but did not include jails or other detention facilities where there have been notable COVID-19 outbreaks.Although some facilities did engage in efforts to control outbreaks, the findings suggest that overall, COVID-19 in US prisons is unlikely to be contained without implementation of more effective infection control.

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Background
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“Our study revealed that general fatigue was the most common main reason for visiting the CAC clinic, which is consistent with previous studies [11,14-15].”
Result
Leitlinie S1: Long COVID: Differenzialdiagnostik und Behandlungsstrategien
Rabady, S., Altenberger, J., Brose, M., Denk‐Linnert, D., Fertl, E., Götzinger, F., Pellı́n, M. D. L. C., Hofbaur, B., Hoffmann, K., Hoffmann-Dorninger, R., et al. (2021) · Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · doi:10.1007/s00508-021-01974-0 · Cited by 46
Long-term patient-reported symptoms of COVID-19: an analysis of social media dataPreprint
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COVID-19 as a Risk Factor for Alzheimer’s Disease
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Background
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Background
Inpatient post-COVID-19 rehabilitation program featuring virtual reality—Preliminary results of randomized controlled trial
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Background
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“Another study reported the persistence of at least one symptom in more than 80% of patients with COVID-19 after the onset of the first symptoms (19).”
Background
Characteristics and influence on quality of life of new‐onset pain in critical COVID‐19 survivors
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“5%) who had improved after acute infection continued to endure from a diversity of symptoms such as fatigue, dyspnea, cough, myalgia, and headache [5, 6].”
Background
Six-month longitudinal tracking of arterial stiffness and blood pressure in young adults following SARS-CoV-2 infection
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“These results are consistent with prior studies [19,20].”
Result
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Patel, U. K., Mehta, N. N., Patel, A., Patel, N., Ortíz, J. F., Khurana, M., Urhoghide, E., Parulekar, A., Bhriguvanshi, A., Patel, N., et al. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.29694 · Cited by 41
“, Italy, Jul 2020 [13] *** ** * Moderate”
Background
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“[41] found cough, fever, dyspnea, musculoskeletal symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms, anosmia, and dysgeusia as the most frequent symptoms of the diagnostic phase, which is compatible with the acute phase of the disease, while the most common symptoms in the post-COVID-19 syndrome or long-COVID-19 were fatigue, dyspn…”
Result
Consistency of inconsistency in long‐COVID‐19 pain symptoms persistency: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
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“48,54 Two studies used the European QoL visual analog scale (EQ-VAS). one study reported worsened QoL in 44.1% of long-COVID individuals, 40 while the second study reported significantly lower mean EQ-VAS scores at six-month follow-up compared to those before acute COVID-19 infection.”
MethodInfluential
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“include fatigue, cough, dyspnea, myalgia, joint pain, anosmia, dysgeusia, and lack of appetite.(1) Mounting evidence suggests that isolated chemosensory dysfunction – namely hyposmia, anosmia, and dysgeusia – is frequent.”
Background
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“%) still experienced at least one symptom after 60 days, and shortness of breath was still reported by nearly half (dyspnea, 43%, Carfi et al.2020; see also Mahase 2020).”
Background
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Study protocol for the Innovative Support for Patients with SARS-COV-2 Infections Registry (INSPIRE): A longitudinal study of the medium and long-term sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection
O’Laughlin, K. N., Thompson, M., Hota, B. N., Gottlieb, M. A., Plumb, I. D., Chang, A. M., Wisk, L. E., Hall, A. J., Wang, R. C., Spatz, E. S., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0264260 · Cited by 39
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“As mentioned previously, the proportion of hospitalized patients that went on to have long COVID around 2 months after discharge ranges from 52% to 89% [26, 27, 29, 31].”
Background
Risk factors for worsening of somatic symptom burden in a prospective cohort during the COVID-19 pandemic
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“According to the British National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) COVID-19 guideline and the German Association of the Scientific Medical Societies (AWMF) S1-guideline “Post-COVID/Long-COVID,” this term is currently used to describe symptoms that last more than 4 weeks after the onset of a SARS-CoV-2 i…”
Method
Post-acute COVID-19 symptom risk in hospitalized and non-hospitalized COVID-19 survivors: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Niu, Y., Lv, Z.-H., Sun, C., Wen, Y.-Y., Tao, T.-Y., Qian, D., Tao, F.-P., & Yu, J.-H. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1112383 · Cited by 43
Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome negatively impacts health and wellbeing despite less severe acute infectionPreprint
TABACOF, L. R., Tosto-Mancuso, J., Wood, J., Cortes, M., Kontorovich, A., McCarthy, D., Rizk, D., Mohammadi, N., Breyman, E., Nasr, L., et al. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.11.04.20226126 · Cited by 38
Role of senescence in the chronic health consequences of COVID-19
Wissler Gerdes, E. O., Vanichkachorn, G., Verdoorn, B. P., Hanson, G. J., Joshi, A. Y., Murad, M. H., Rizza, S. A., Hurt, R. T., Tchkonia, T., & Kirkland, J. L. (2022) · Translational Research · doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2021.10.003 · Cited by 38
Early COVID-19 therapy with azithromycin plus nitazoxanide, ivermectin or hydroxychloroquine in outpatient settings significantly improved COVID-19 outcomes compared to known outcomes in untreated patients
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Gut Microbiota Dynamics in Relation to Long-COVID-19 Syndrome: Role of Probiotics to Combat Psychiatric Complications
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“These symptoms are multi-systematic and can be respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological, or hormonal [3].”
BackgroundInfluential
SARS-CoV-2: An Updated Review Highlighting Its Evolution and Treatments
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Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 associates with physical inactivity in a cohort of COVID-19 survivors
Gil, S. D. S., Gualano, B., de Araújo, A. L., Júnior, G. N. D. O., Damiano, R. F., Pinna, F. D. R., Imamura, M., Rocha, V., Kallas, E. G., Battistella, L. R., et al. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-26888-3 · Cited by 37
Brain hypoxia, neurocognitive impairment, and quality of life in people post-COVID-19
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“Furthermore, in patients with comorbidities who had recovered from acute COVID-19, 87% reported persistent symptoms over 60 days post-recovery from acute illness [6].”
Background
Vascular Dysfunctions Contribute to the Long-Term Cognitive Deficits Following COVID-19
Shabani, Z., Liu, J., & Su, H. (2023) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology12081106 · Cited by 41
The Neurological Complexities and Prognosis of COVID-19
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“[49] reported persistent neurological manifestations in a small number of subjects with a mean age of 56.”
BackgroundInfluential
Implementation and evaluation of a COVID-19 rapid follow-up service for patients discharged from the emergency department
Bell, L. C. K., Norris‐Grey, C., Luintel, A., Bidwell, G., Lanham, D. A., Marks, M., Baruah, T., O'Shea, L., Heightman, M., & Logan, S. A. E. (2020) · Clinical Medicine · doi:10.7861/clinmed.2020-0816 · Cited by 38
Treatment of moderate to severe respiratory COVID-19: a cost-utility analysis
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Síndrome de COVID-19 persistente. Una revisión narrativa
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SingStrong—A singing and breathing retraining intervention for respiratory and other common symptoms of long COVID: A pilot study
Cahalan, R., Meade, C., & Mockler, S. (2022) · Canadian Journal of Respiratory Therapy · doi:10.29390/cjrt-2021-074 · Cited by 42
The health-related quality of life in patients with post-COVID-19 after hospitalization: a systematic review
Figueiredo, E. A. B., Silva, W. T., Tsopanoglou, S. P., Vitorino, D. F. D. M., de Oliveira, L. F. L., Silva, K. L. S., Luz, H. D. H., Ávila, M. R., de Oliveira, L. F. F., Lacerda, A. C. R., et al. (2022) · Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical · doi:10.1590/0037-8682-0741-2021 · Cited by 40
COVID-19 Vaccination and the Timing of Surgery Following COVID-19 Infection
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Predictors of post-COVID-19 and the impact of persistent symptoms in non-hospitalized patients 12 months after COVID-19, with a focus on work ability
Kisiel, M. A., Janols, H., Nordqvist, T., Bergquist, J., Hagfeldt, S., Malinovschi, A., & Svartengren, M. (2022) · Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.48101/ujms.v127.8794 · Cited by 38
“It is argued that any long-term recovery challenges can be considered to be potential signs of post-COVID-19 (5).”
Background
Effectiveness of an Inpatient Virtual Reality-Based Pulmonary Rehabilitation Program among COVID-19 Patients on Symptoms of Anxiety, Depression and Quality of Life: Preliminary Results from a Randomized Controlled Trial
Rutkowski, S., Bogacz, K., Czech, O., Rutkowska, A., & Szczegielniak, J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192416980 · Cited by 44
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The effects of COVID-19 on respiratory muscle performance: making the case for respiratory muscle testing and training
Severin, R. S., Franz, C. K., Farr, E. M., Meirelles, C., Arena, R. A., Phillips, S. A., Bond, S., Ferraro, F., & Faghy, M. A. (2022) · European Respiratory Review · doi:10.1183/16000617.0006-2022 · Cited by 37
Beyond Acute COVID-19: A Review of Long-term Cardiovascular Outcomes
Parhizgar, P., Yazdankhah, N., Rzepka, A. M., Chung, K. Y. C., Ali, I., Fur, R. L. F., Russell, V. R., & Cheung, A. M. (2023) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cjca.2023.01.031 · Cited by 37
“n 1⁄4 201 (36 controls) Mean (range) age: 45 (21-71) years 29% Male Recruited participants with persistent post-COVID symptoms 81% nonhospitalized Median 141 days (IQR 110-162) after initial COVID-19 symptoms Myocarditis seen in 19% of postCOVID patients (compared with 5.”
Definition and measurement of post-COVID-19 conditions in real-world practice: a global systematic literature review
Yang, J., Markus, K. J., Andersen, K. M., Rudolph, A. E., McGrath, L. J., Nguyen, J. L., Kyaw, M. H., Whittle, I., Blazos, V., Heron, L., et al. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-077886 · Cited by 44
Research progress of post-acute sequelae after SARS-CoV-2 infection
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Vascular Alterations Following COVID-19 Infection: A Comprehensive Literature Review
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“Long-term COVID-19 (LC), characterized by symptoms persisting 12 weeks after the initial infection [90], presents challenges in both diagnosis and treatment due to the limited availability of clinical and laboratory findings, along with the diverse array of symptoms [91,92].”
Background
Assessing the feasibility and effectiveness of household-pooled universal testing to control COVID-19 epidemics
Libin, P., Willem, L., Verstraeten, T., Torneri, A., Vanderlocht, J., & Hens, N. (2021) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008688 · Cited by 38
“However, keeping the number of infections as low as possible is in the overall population’s interest, considering recent reports on COVID-19 related morbidities throughout all age groups, including neurological conditions, persistent post-recovery symptoms, cardiac injury and pulmonary fibrosis [8, 9, 10, 11].”
Background
Lung Function sequelae in COVID-19 Patients 3 Months After Hospital Discharge
Sibila, O., Albacar, N., Perea, L., Faner, R., Torralba, Y., Hernández‐González, F., Moisés, J., Sánchez-Ruano, N., Aymar, E. S., Badia, J. R., et al. (2021) · Archivos de Bronconeumología · doi:10.1016/j.arbres.2021.01.036 · Cited by 37
Diaphragm and Phrenic Nerve Ultrasound in COVID ‐19 Patients and Beyond
Patel, Z., Franz, C. K., Bharat, A., Walter, J. M., Wolfe, L. F., Koralnik, I. J., & Deshmukh, S. D. (2021) · Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine · doi:10.1002/jum.15706 · Cited by 37
Prevention and Recovery of COVID-19 Patients With Kampo Medicine: Review of Case Reports and Ongoing Clinical Trials
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“7%) even 60 days after the onset of COVID-19 in one study (Carfì et al., 2020).”
Background
Long-term health sequelae and quality of life at least 6 months after infection with SARS-CoV-2: design and rationale of the COVIDOM-study as part of the NAPKON population-based cohort platform (POP)
Horn, A., Krist, L., Lieb, W., Montellano, F. A., Kohls, M., Haas, K., Gelbrich, G., Bolay-Gehrig, S. J., Morbach, C., Reese, J., et al. (2021) · Infection · doi:10.1007/s15010-021-01707-5 · Cited by 36
Biomedical Perspectives of Acute and Chronic Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Sequelae of COVID-19
Stefano, G. B., Büttiker, P., Weissenberger, S., Ptáček, R., Wang, F., Esch, T., Bilfinger, T. V., Raboch, J., & Kream, R. M. (2021) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x20666211223130228 · Cited by 38
Post-COVID-19 Syndrome Clinical Manifestations: A Systematic Review
Abdel‐Gawad, M., Zaghloul, M. S., Abd-Elsalam, S. M., Hashem, M., Lashen, S. A. A., Mahros, A. M., Mohammed, A. Q., Hassan, A. M., Bekhit, A. N., Mohammed, W., et al. (2021) · Anti-Inflammatory & Anti-Allergy Agents in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/1871523021666220328115818 · Cited by 39
Epipharyngeal Abrasive Therapy (EAT) Has Potential as a Novel Method for Long COVID Treatment
Imai, K., Yamano, T., Nishi, S., Nishi, R., Nishi, T., Tanaka, H., Tsunoda, T., Yoshimoto, S., Tanaka, A., Hiromatsu, K., et al. (2022) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v14050907 · Cited by 37
“Even though it has been reported that 87% of patients have sequalae at 2 months after acute infection and 76% at 6 months [16,48], we revealed the effectiveness of EAT for long COVID in a one-month study period.”
Background
Post-COVID-19 Syndrome Mechanisms, Prevention and Management
Najafi, M. B., & Javanmard, S. (2023) · International Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.4103/ijpvm.ijpvm_508_21 · Cited by 38
Musculoskeletal manifestations of COVID-19
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An observational multi-centric COVID-19 sequelae study among health care workers
Shukla, A. K., Atal, S., Banerjee, A., Jhaj, R., Balakrishnan, S., Chugh, P. K., Xavier, D., Faruqui, A. R., Singh, A., Raveendran, R., et al. (2022) · The Lancet Regional Health - Southeast Asia · doi:10.1016/j.lansea.2022.100129 · Cited by 36
A cross-sectional, multicenter survey of the prevalence and risk factors for Long COVID
Imoto, W., Yamada, K., Kawai, R., Imai, T., Kawamoto, K., Uji, M., Kanda, H., Takada, M., Ohno, Y., Ohtani, H., et al. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-25398-6 · Cited by 36
CovidCoughNet: A new method based on convolutional neural networks and deep feature extraction using pitch-shifting data augmentation for covid-19 detection from cough, breath, and voice signals
Çelik, G. (2023) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107153 · Cited by 37
“Symptoms such as fever, dry cough, shortness of breath, muscle pain, fatigue, joint pain, and loss of smell or taste are common in patients with Covid-19 [8,9].”
Long COVID: what is known and what gaps need to be addressed
Krishna, B. A., Wills, M. R., & Sithole, N. (2023) · British Medical Bulletin · doi:10.1093/bmb/ldad016 · Cited by 40
Is There (Will There Be) a Post-COVID-19 Chronic Cough?
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“3 days after symptom onset, fatigue, dyspnea, joint pain and chest pain were reported more frequently than cough, which was described by approximately 16% of patients [8].”
Background
Novel coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) in people with rheumatic disease: Epidemiology and outcomes
Grainger, R., Machado, P., & Robinson, P. C. (2020) · Best Practice & Research Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1016/j.berh.2020.101657 · Cited by 39
Public Policy Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Blood Supply in the United States
Riley, W., Love, K., & McCullough, J. (2021) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2021.306157 · Cited by 38
Leveraging the Electronic Health Record to Address the COVID-19 Pandemic
Satterfield, B. A., Dikilitas, O., & Kullo, I. J. (2021) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2021.04.008 · Cited by 42
Preliminary accuracy of COVID-19 odor detection by canines and HS-SPME-GC-MS using exhaled breath samples
Mendel, J., Frank, K. J., Edlin, L., Hall, K., Webb, D., Mills, J., Holness, H. K., Furton, K. G., & Mills, D. (2021) · Forensic Science International Synergy · doi:10.1016/j.fsisyn.2021.100155 · Cited by 36
“In an Italian study that followed patients for 60 days after acute symptoms were recorded, 55.2% of the 143 patients in the study, reported having > 3 persistent symptoms, 32.2% reported they were experiencing 1 – 2 symptoms while 12.6% felt no symptoms [52].”
Influential
Enhanced Expression of Autoantigens During SARS-CoV-2 Viral Infection
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Erol, N., Alpınar, A., Erol, Ç., Sarı, E., & Alkan, K. (2021) · Cardiology in the Young · doi:10.1017/s1047951121003693 · Cited by 37
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Baruch, G., Rothschild, E., Sadon, S., Szekely, Y., Lichter, Y., Kaplan, A., Taieb, P., Banai, A., Hochstadt, A., Merdler, I., et al. (2021) · European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Imaging · doi:10.1093/ehjci/jeab190 · Cited by 36
“First, researchers in Italy described a high incidence of symptoms among recovered COVID-19 patients.(4) Then, researchers in Germany, China, and the USA described the extent of cardiac injury in recovered patients using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging.”
Background
Cardiovascular Abnormalities and Mental Health Difficulties Result in a Reduced Quality of Life in the Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Giurgi-Oncu, C., Tudoran, C., Pop, G. N., Bredicean, C. A., Pescariu, S. A., Giurgiuca, A., & Tudoran, M. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11111456 · Cited by 38
Manifestations and risk factors of post COVID syndrome among COVID-19 patients presented with minimal symptoms – A study from Kerala, India
Anjana, N. K. N., Annie, T. T., Shajahan, S., Suresh, M. M., Sujatha, C., & Anish, T. S. (2021) · Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care · doi:10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_851_21 · Cited by 36
Long Covid-19 syndrome as a fourth phase of Sars-CoV2 infection
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Dissecting the Molecular Mechanisms Surrounding Post-COVID-19 Syndrome and Neurological Features
Mohamed, M. S., Johansson, A., Jonsson, J., & Schiöth, H. B. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23084275 · Cited by 37
Qingjin Yiqi granules for post‐COVID‐19 condition: A randomized clinical trial
Pang, W., Yang, F., Zhao, Y., Dai, E., Feng, J., Huang, Y., Guo, Y., Zhou, S., Huang, M. X., Zheng, W., et al. (2022) · Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine · doi:10.1111/jebm.12465 · Cited by 35
Audio texture analysis of COVID-19 cough, breath, and speech sounds
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Buonsenso, D., Valentini, P., Rose, C. D., Tredicine, M., Boza, M. D. C. P., Camponeschi, C., Morello, R., Zampino, G., Brooks, A. E. S., Rende, M., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11154363 · Cited by 36
“This condition, now known as Long COVID (or post-COVID condition—PCC), is characterized by symptoms such as fatigue, dyspnea, chest pain, cognitive and sleeping disturbances, arthralgia, and a decline in quality of life [13].”
Background
Cardiovascular Complications of Viral Respiratory Infections and COVID-19
Franczuk, P., Tkaczyszyn, M., Kulak, M., Domenico, E., Ponikowski, P. P., & Jankowska, E. A. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11010071 · Cited by 38
Could the fibromyalgia syndrome be triggered or enhanced by COVID-19?
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A Comprehensive Examination of Severely Ill ME/CFS Patients
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Acute Vertigo After COVID-19 Vaccination: Case Series and Literature Review
Mauro, P. D., Mantia, I. L., Cocuzza, S. G., Sciancalepore, P. I., Rasà, D., Maniaci, A., Ferlito, S., Tundo, I., & Anzivino, R. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.790931 · Cited by 37
Rehabilitation in long COVID-19: A mini-review
Swarnakar, R., & Yadav, S. L. (2022) · World Journal of Methodology · doi:10.5662/wjm.v12.i4.235 · Cited by 35

Authors: Carfì, A., Bernabei, R., Landi, F., & for the Gemelli Against COVID-19 Post-Acute Care Study Group
Affiliations: Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic (IT)
Corresponding author: Carfì, Angelo
ORCID: Carfì, Angelo
Bernabei, Roberto
Landi, Francesco
Venue: JAMA
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 2020-08-11
Volume: 324
Issue: 6
Pages: 603
ISSN: 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
0098-7484
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.12603
PMC: PMC7349096
OpenAlex: W3041493976
Cited by: 4,561
References: 7
Citations by year: 2026: 139 · 2025: 292 · 2024: 495 · 2023: 827 · 2022: 1183 · 2021: 1373 · 2020: 245
FWCI: 393.49
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: JAMA (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: University of Pennsylvania
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, long COVID, post-acute symptoms, prisoners, prison population, COVID-19 mortality, COVID-19 case rates, infection control, jails, detention centers, COVID-19 outbreak
MeSH terms: Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Aged, Chest Pain, Dyspnea, Fatigue, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Italy, Male, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, Coronavirus Infections, Arthralgia, Pandemics, Symptom Assessment

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