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Persistent Symptoms in Patients After Acute COVID-19
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case rate of 587 per 100 000.The crude COVID-19 death rate in prisons was 39 deaths per 100 000 prisoners, which was higher than the US population rate of 29 deaths per 100 000 (Table).However, individuals aged 65 years or older comprised a smaller share of the prison population than of the US population (3% vs 16%, respectively) and accounted for 81% of COVID-19 deaths in the US population.The Table provides a standardized calculation showing that the adjusted death rate in the prison population was 3.0 times higher than would be expected if the age and sex distributions of the US and prison populations were equal.The Figure displays the daily trends in cumulative, confirmed cases of COVID-19 in state and federal prisons and the US population from March 31, 2020, to June 6, 2020.The COVID-19 case rate was initially lower in prisons but surpassed the US population on April 14, 2020.The mean daily case growth rate was 8.3% per day in prisons and 3.4% per day in the US population.Discussion | COVID-19 case rates have been substantially higher and escalating much more rapidly in prisons than in the US population.One limitation of the study is that it relied on officially reported data, which may be subject to inaccuracies and reporting delays, but are the only data available.Comprehensive data on testing rates were not available, and testing rates in both prisons and the overall population were uneven, with many facilities testing no prisoners or only symptomatic persons.2,5 Mass testing in select prisons revealed wide COVID-19 outbreaks, with infection rates exceeding 65% in several facilities. 2 Reported case rates for prisoners therefore likely understated the true prevalence of COVID-19 in prisons.A second limitation is that departments of corrections generally did not report demographic data on decedents, and therefore we could not adjust death rates to account for race/ ethnicity and comorbidity.This study focused on prisons but did not include jails or other detention facilities where there have been notable COVID-19 outbreaks.Although some facilities did engage in efforts to control outbreaks, the findings suggest that overall, COVID-19 in US prisons is unlikely to be contained without implementation of more effective infection control.
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“Nevertheless, what emerges from preliminary data is the negative impact of long COVID on quality of life and its effects on patient work ability and social relationships [1,4,19].”
From Female gender is associated with long COVID syndrome: a prospective cohort study (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
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“The high incidence of long COVID within our cohort was similar to that previously reported: more than half of patients reported symptoms lasting more than 2 months after symptom onset [4,5,16,18,19].”
From Female gender is associated with long COVID syndrome: a prospective cohort study (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
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“Further findings from China [16] and European countries (the UK [18], France [19], Italy [15] and Spain [20]) also reported persistent symptoms such as fatigue (in 35–63% of individuals), joint pain (5–27%), dyspnoea (11–43%), chest pain (5–22%) and other (reviewed in [14]).”
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“Common symptoms of the post COVID-19 condition include fatigue, shortness of breath, dysosmia, hair loss, and cognitive impairment, with overlap and persistence of multiple symptoms [2,5,6].”
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“A prospective study report from Italy found that only 13% had complete recovery of symptoms, 53% had general fatigue, 43% had dyspnea, and chest pain in 22% [17].”
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“The long-term effects include fatigue, dyspnea, cognitive problems, depression, sleep abnormalities, and deterioration in the quality of life (Carfi et al., 2020; Tenforde et al., 2020; Huang et al., 2021; Chopra et al., 2020).”
Covid‐19 sequelae in working age patients: A systematic review
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“Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is known to cause severe disease requiring intensive care in a substantial number of patients and has also been associated with post-acute morbidity, including respiratory symptoms [1].”
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“The mechanisms of SARS‐CoV‐2 invasion in the CNS involve the haematogenous route, which involves the binding of the virus to endothelial cells of the blood‐brain barrier, infection of immune cells, olfactory sensory neurons, and the liquor route, where infected lymphocytes attach to endothelial cells present in the ce…”
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“The most common neuro‐PASC symptoms identified were anxiety disorders, depression, dizziness, fatigue, altered mental status, chronic headaches, and nausea, in line with those reported previously (Carfì et al., 2020; Garrigues et al., 2020; Mao et al., 2020; Townsend et al., 2020).”
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“Miscellaneous symptoms were reported by 16 patients: anxiety (1), arthralgia (1), dysphonia (3), erectile dysfunction (1), hair loss (1), loss of appetite (1), muscle weakness (1), myalgia (3), palpitations (1), persistent cough (4), sadness (1) and thoracic pain (1).”
BackgroundDeep Phenotyping of Neurologic Postacute Sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Mina, Y., Enose‐Akahata, Y., Hammoud, D. A., Videckis, A. J., Narpala, S., O’Connell, S. E., Carroll, R., Lin, B. C., McMahan, C. C., Nair, G., et al. (2023) · Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1212/nxi.0000000000200097 · Cited by 60
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“The literature has shown that many patients discharged after hospitalization for COVID-19 exhibited ongoing fatigue, dyspnea, cognitive impairment, and sleep dysfunction.(1,2,7-9) These symptoms were found to be present in discharged patients with or without an intensive care unit stay.”
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“Prolonged symptoms of COVID-19 including fatigue, cognitive abnormalities and mood disorders have been reported (Carfi et al., 2020; Tenforde et al., 2020; Al-Aly et al., 2021; Huang et al., 2021; Nalbandian et al., 2021), however, the prevalence of these symptoms in the general population is not…”
BackgroundResultCardiovascular disease in SARS‐CoV‐2 infection
Sato, K., Sinclair, J. E., Sadeghirad, H., Fraser, J. F., Short, K. R., & Kulasinghe, A. (2021) · Clinical & Translational Immunology · doi:10.1002/cti2.1343 · Cited by 52
“example, 21% of previously hospitalised COVID-19 patients still experienced chest pain 60 days postsymptom onset.(58) At 6 months post-infection, 9% of previously hospitalised COVID-19 patients continue to experience heart palpitations, whilst a further 5% experienced chest pain.”
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Impact of Rehabilitation on Fatigue in Post-COVID-19 Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
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“The clinical characteristics of long COVID are protean and an agreed definition has yet to be found; the most common symptoms include fatigue, shortness of breath and reduced exercise tolerance (16, 17).”
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“Moreover, it is becoming evident that several symptoms persist after recovering from COVID-19 infection [Carfì et al, 2020].”
BackgroundCardiopulmonary exercise pattern in patients with persistent dyspnoea after recovery from COVID-19
Mohr, A., Dannerbeck, L., Lange, T. J., Pfeifer, M. A., Blaas, S. H., Salzberger, B., Hitzenbichler, F., & Koch, M. (2021) · Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.4081/mrm.2021.732 · Cited by 53
“Persistent dyspnoea in patients, who recovered from acute COVID-19 infection has been described [7-9].”
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Addressing the Long COVID Crisis: Integrative Health and Long COVID
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Long COVID-19 Pathophysiology: What Do We Know So Far?
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Prevalence and risk factors for gastrointestinal symptoms after recovery from COVID‐19
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Postacute Sequelae of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection
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Mannan, A., Mehedi, H. M. H., Chy, N. U. H. A., Qayum, M. O., Akter, F., Rob, M. A., Biswas, P., Hossain, S., & Ayub, M. I. (2021) · New Microbes and New Infections · doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2021.100838 · Cited by 52
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Wong‐Chew, R. M., Cabrera, E. X. R., Valdez, C. A. R., Lomelín‐Gascón, J., Morales‐Juárez, L., de la Cerda, M. L. R., Villa-Romero, A. R., Fernández, S. A., Fernandez, M., Bello, H. H., et al. (2022) · Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease · doi:10.1177/20499361211069264 · Cited by 53
“headache, sadness, alopecia, insomnia, desire to cry, anguish, anger, anhedonia, and back pain, which are similar to those described in previous reports.(5,11,15,19) Most recently, a study on the attributes and predictors of long COVID-19 also reported similar individual symptoms (i.”
ResultHermann, M., Laxar, D., Krall, C., Hafner, C. M., Herzog, O., Kimberger, O., Koenig, S., Kraft, F., Maleczek, M., Markstaller, K., et al. (2022) · Annals of Intensive Care · doi:10.1186/s13613-022-00980-3 · Cited by 51
Post-COVID-19 Condition: Where Are We Now?
Boaventura, P., Macedo, S., Ribeiro, F. M., Jaconiano, S., & Soares, P. (2022) · Life · doi:10.3390/life12040517 · Cited by 54
Al‐Hakeim, H. K., Al-Rubaye, H. T., Almulla, A. F., Al-Hadrawi, D. S., & Maes, M. H. J. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12020511 · Cited by 57
“4%) with long COVID suffer from a variety of mental and physio-somatic symptoms after recovery from the acute phase [8,9], including chronic fatigue, affective symptoms (low mood and anxiety), cognitive dysfunctions, and sleep disturbances, along with somatic manifestations, such as autonomic symptoms, muscle pain, mu…”
BackgroundCOVID-19: a potential driver of immune-mediated breast cancer recurrence?
Francescangeli, F., Angelis, M. L. D., & Zeuner, A. (2020) · Breast Cancer Research · doi:10.1186/s13058-020-01360-0 · Cited by 54
Coronavirus 2019 Infectious Disease Epidemic: Where We Are, What Can Be Done and Hope For
Carbone, M., Lednicky, J. A., Xiao, S., Venditti, M., & Bucci, E. M. (2021) · Journal of Thoracic Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.jtho.2020.12.014 · Cited by 62
Persistent symptoms up to four months after community and hospital‐managed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection
Darley, D. R., Dore, G. J., Cysique, L. A., Wilhelm, K. A., Andresen, D. N., Tonga, K. O., Stone, E. C. A., Byrne, A., Plit, M., Masters, J., et al. (2021) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja2.50963 · Cited by 52
Pouw, N., van de Maat, J., Veerman, K. M., ten Oever, J., Janssen, N. A. F., Abbink, E. J., Reijers, M. H. E., de Mast, Q., Hoefsloot, W., van Crevel, R., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0248713 · Cited by 53
SARS-CoV-2 immunity and functional recovery of COVID-19 patients 1-year after infection
Zhan, Y., Zhu, Y., Wang, S., Jia, S., Gao, Y., Lü, Y., Zhou, C.-L., Liang, R., Sun, D., Wang, X., et al. (2021) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-021-00777-z · Cited by 52
Addressing Post-COVID Symptoms: A Guide for Primary Care Physicians
Vance, H., Maslach, A., Stoneman, E. K., Harmes, K. M., Ransom, A., Seagly, K., & Furst, W. (2021) · The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine · doi:10.3122/jabfm.2021.06.210254 · Cited by 49
Implications of testicular ACE2 and the renin–angiotensin system for SARS-CoV-2 on testis function
Edenfield, R. C., & Easley, C. A. (2021) · Nature Reviews Urology · doi:10.1038/s41585-021-00542-5 · Cited by 55
Gil, S. D. S., Júnior, G. N. D. O., Sarti, F. M., Filho, W. J., Longobardi, I., Turri, J. A. O., Shinjo, S. K., Ferriolli, E., Avelino‐Silva, T. J., Busse, A. L., et al. (2022) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2022.11.013 · Cited by 55
“TD JMDA4506_proof 6 the patient from reading and signing the informed consent form; (4) prior diagnosis of muscle degenerative disease (eg, myopathies, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stroke); (5) patients already admitted under invasive mechanical ventilation; (6) length of stay less than 5 days.”
BackgroundServiente, C. F., Decker, S. T., & Layec, G. (2022) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00734.2021 · Cited by 55
Methotrexate inhibits SARS‐CoV‐2 virus replication “in vitro”
Caruso, A., Caccuri, F., Bugatti, A., Zani, A., Vanoni, M., Bonfanti, P., Cazzaniga, M. E., Perno, C. F., Messa, C., & Alberghina, L. (2020) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.26512 · Cited by 50
“Extension of the viral infection to extrapulmonary districts(10) may have a role in the diffused post‐COVID syndrome.(11)”
BackgroundFowler‐Davis, S., Platts, K., Thelwell, M., Woodward, A., & Harrop, D. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0259533 · Cited by 51
“three months post-infection [20] appears to be associated with moderate to severe depression [21] and a worsened quality of life [19].”
BackgroundRelationship between COVID‐19 and movement disorders: A narrative review
Schneider, S. A., Hennig, A., & Martino, D. (2021) · European Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1111/ene.15217 · Cited by 50
Tokumasu, K., Honda, H., Sunada, N., Sakurada, Y., Matsuda, Y., Yamamoto, K., Nakano, Y., Hasegawa, T., Yamamoto, Y., Otsuka, Y., et al. (2022) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina58070850 · Cited by 50
“Long COVID was defined as symptoms that persist for more than one month after the onset of COVID-19 [2,3,19].”
BackgroundDiagnostics and analysis of SARS-CoV-2: current status, recent advances, challenges and perspectives
Dong, T., Wang, M., Liu, J., Ma, P., Pang, S., Liu, W., & Liu, A. (2023) · Chemical Science · doi:10.1039/d2sc06665c · Cited by 50
Turner‐Stokes, L. F., Corner, E. J., Siegert, R. J., Brown, C., Wallace, S., Highfield, J. A., Bear, D. E., Aitken, L. M., Montgomery, H., & Puthucheary, Z. (2021) · Journal of the Intensive Care Society · doi:10.1177/1751143720988715 · Cited by 50
Long-Term Brain Disorders in Post Covid-19 Neurological Syndrome (PCNS) Patient
Nuzzo, D., Cambula, G., Bacile, I., Rizzo, M., Galia, M., Mangiapane, P., Picone, P., Giacomazza, D., & Scalisi, L. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11040454 · Cited by 50
“In fact, several studies indicate that many patients present symptoms even for a prolonged time after SARS-CoV-2 infection, indicating that attention towards these patients should be maintained [3].”
BackgroundStress, alcohol use, and punitive parenting during the COVID-19 pandemic
Wolf, J. P., Freisthler, B., & Chadwick, C. (2021) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105090 · Cited by 50
Persistence of symptoms after improvement of acute COVID19 infection, a longitudinal study
Abdelrahman, M. M., Abd‐Elrahman, N. M., & Bakheet, T. M. (2021) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.27156 · Cited by 51
“These results were in concordance with Carfi et al.10 and Rosales‐Castillo et al.11 findings.”
ResultPROMIS Scales for Assessment of Persistent Post-COVID Symptoms: A Cross Sectional Study
Ganesh, R., Ghosh, A. K., Nyman, M., Croghan, I. T., Grach, S. L., Anstine, C. V., Salonen, B. R., & Hurt, R. T. (2021) · Journal of Primary Care & Community Health · doi:10.1177/21501327211030413 · Cited by 50
Basal epithelial stem cells cross an alarmin checkpoint for postviral lung disease
Wu, K., Kamimoto, K., Zhang, Y., Yang, K., Keeler, S. P., Gerovac, B. J., Agapov, E. V., Austin, S. R., Yantis, J., Gissy, K. A., et al. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci149336 · Cited by 50
“This delayed development of lung disease after viral infection is likely a component of acute lung injury (11) but is perhaps best established for chronic remodeling and inflammatory disease as described for asthma (12) and previously proposed for longterm sequelae after influenza virus and coronavirus infections (13,…”
BackgroundAly, M., Rahouma, K. H., & Ramzy, S. M. (2021) · Alexandria Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.aej.2021.08.070 · Cited by 50
Zavala, M., Ireland, G., Amin‐Chowdhury, Z., Ramsay, M. E., & Ladhani, S. N. (2021) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciab991 · Cited by 54
“While most adults recover without sequelae, some survivors will have on-going symptoms, commonly known as long COVID or post-COVID syndrome, which may last for weeks to months after acute infection [7, 8].”
BackgroundAbdi, A., AlOtaiby, S., Badarin, F. A., Khraibi, A., Hamdan, H., & Nader, M. (2022) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112518 · Cited by 47
Gelfand, J. M., Armstrong, A. W., Bell, S. J., Anesi, G. L., Blauvelt, A., Calabrese, C. M., Dommasch, E. D., Feldman, S. R., Gladman, D. D., Kircik, L., et al. (2020) · Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2020.09.001 · Cited by 49
Follow-up of COVID-19 recovered patients with mild disease
Kashif, A., Chaudhry, M., Fayyaz, T., Abdullah, M., Malik, A. I., Anwer, J. M. A., Inam, S. H. A., Fatima, T., Iqbal, N., & Shoaib, K. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-92717-8 · Cited by 50
Burgess, L. C., Venugopalan, L., Badger, J., Street, T., Alon, G., Jarvis, J. C., Wainwright, T. W., Everington, T., Taylor, P. N., & Swain, I. (2021) · Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.2340/16501977-2805 · Cited by 53
Post-Acute COVID-19 Neurological Syndrome: A New Medical Challenge
Nuzzo, D., Vasto, S., Scalisi, L., Cottone, S., Cambula, G., Rizzo, M., Giacomazza, D., & Picone, P. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10091947 · Cited by 50
“4% of patients recovered from SARS-CoV-2 had persistence of at least one symptom [19].”
BackgroundSøraas, A. V. L., Kalleberg, K. T., Dahl, J. A., Søraas, C. L., Myklebust, T. Å., Axelsen, E. W., Lind, A., Bævre-Jensen, R. M., Jørgensen, S. B., Istre, M. S., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0256142 · Cited by 46
Estimating total morbidity burden of COVID-19: relative importance of death and disability
Smith, M. P. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021.10.018 · Cited by 49
Staudt, A., Jörres, R. A., Hinterberger, T., Lehnen, N., Loew, T. H., & Budweiser, S. (2021) · European Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2021.10.031 · Cited by 49
Martone, A. M., Tosato, M., Ciciarello, F., Galluzzo, V., Zazzara, M. B., Pais, C., Savera, G., Calvani, R., Marzetti, E., Robles, M. C., et al. (2022) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.12931 · Cited by 49
Self-citationThe presence of symptoms within 6 months after COVID-19: a single-center longitudinal study
Emecen, A. N., Keskin, S., Turunc, O., Süner, A. F., Şiyve, N., ŞENSOY, E. B., Dinc, F., Kılınç, O., Avkan-Oğuz, V., Bayrak, S., et al. (2022) · Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -) · doi:10.1007/s11845-022-03072-0 · Cited by 49
Nutraceuticals and Dietary Supplements for Older Adults with Long COVID-19
Tosato, M., Ciciarello, F., Zazzara, M. B., Pais, C., Savera, G., Picca, A., Galluzzo, V., Coelho‐Júnior, H. J., Calvani, R., Marzetti, E., et al. (2022) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cger.2022.04.004 · Cited by 51
Self-citationWu, Q., Ailshire, J., & Crimmins, E. M. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-15727-0 · Cited by 55
“Participants were asked “Have you ever been told by a doctor, nurse, or other health professional that you have any of the following medical conditions?”: (1) diabetes, (2) cancer (other than skin cancer), (3) heart disease, (4) high blood pressure, (5) asthma, (6) chronic lung disease such as COPD or emphysema, (7) k…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Carfì, A., Bernabei, R., Landi, F., & for the Gemelli Against COVID-19 Post-Acute Care Study Group
- Affiliations
- Agostino Gemelli University Polyclinic (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Carfì, Angelo
- Venue
- JAMA
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2020-08-11
- Volume
- 324
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 603
- ISSN
- 0002-9955 (ISSN-L)
- 0098-7484
- PMC
- PMC7349096
- OpenAlex
- W3041493976
- Cited by
- 4,561
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 139 · 2025: 292 · 2024: 495 · 2023: 827 · 2022: 1183 · 2021: 1373 · 2020: 245
- FWCI
- 393.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- JAMA (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Pennsylvania
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, long COVID, post-acute symptoms, prisoners, prison population, COVID-19 mortality, COVID-19 case rates, infection control, jails, detention centers, COVID-19 outbreak
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adult, Aged, Chest Pain, Dyspnea, Fatigue, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Italy, Male, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, Coronavirus Infections, Arthralgia, Pandemics, Symptom Assessment
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