Effect of Exercise Intervention on Functional Decline in Very Elderly Patients During Acute Hospitalization: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Open accessAbstract
Importance: Functional decline is prevalent among acutely hospitalized older patients. Exercise and early rehabilitation protocols applied during acute hospitalization can prevent functional and cognitive decline in older patients. Objective: To assess the effects of an innovative multicomponent exercise intervention on the functional status of this patient population. Design, Setting, and Participants: A single-center, single-blind randomized clinical trial was conducted from February 1, 2015, to August 30, 2017, in an acute care unit in a tertiary public hospital in Navarra, Spain. A total of 370 very elderly patients undergoing acute-care hospitalization were randomly assigned to an exercise or control (usual-care) intervention. Intention-to-treat analysis was conducted. Interventions: The control group received usual-care hospital care, which included physical rehabilitation when needed. The in-hospital intervention included individualized moderate-intensity resistance, balance, and walking exercises (2 daily sessions). Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary end point was change in functional capacity from baseline to hospital discharge, assessed with the Barthel Index of independence and the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB). Secondary end points were changes in cognitive and mood status, quality of life, handgrip strength, incident delirium, length of stay, falls, transfer after discharge, and readmission rate and mortality at 3 months after discharge. Results: Of the 370 patients included in the analyses, 209 were women (56.5%); mean (SD) age was 87.3 (4.9) years. The median length of hospital stay was 8 days in both groups (interquartile range, 4 and 4 days, respectively). Median duration of the intervention was 5 days (interquartile range, 0); there was a mean (SD) of 5 (1) morning and 4 (1) evening sessions per patient. No adverse effects were observed with the intervention. The exercise intervention program provided significant benefits over usual care. At discharge, the exercise group showed a mean increase of 2.2 points (95% CI, 1.7-2.6 points) on the SPPB scale and 6.9 points (95% CI, 4.4-9.5 points) on the Barthel Index over the usual-care group. Hospitalization led to an impairment in functional capacity (mean change from baseline to discharge in the Barthel Index of -5.0 points (95% CI, -6.8 to -3.2 points) in the usual-care group, whereas the exercise intervention reversed this trend (1.9 points; 95% CI, 0.2-3.7 points). The intervention also improved the SPPB score (2.4 points; 95% CI, 2.1-2.7 points) vs 0.2 points; 95% CI, -0.1 to 0.5 points in controls). Significant intervention benefits were also found at the cognitive level of 1.8 points (95% CI, 1.3-2.3 points) over the usual-care group. Conclusions and Relevance: The exercise intervention proved to be safe and effective to reverse the functional decline associated with acute hospitalization in very elderly patients. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02300896.
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Evidence indicates benefits of power training for individuals ranging from robust to frail, including hospitalized older persons.
“Although evidence indicates benefits for individuals ranging from robust to frail, including hospitalized older persons, power training remains underused in clinical practice [8,15,203].”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [203]
Power training remains underused in clinical practice.
“Although evidence indicates benefits for individuals ranging from robust to frail, including hospitalized older persons, power training remains underused in clinical practice [8,15,203].”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [203]
Individualized multicomponent exercise training programs can significantly enhance functional capacity and cognition in older patients with frailty during acute hospitalization compared to usual care.
“Martínez-Velilla et al. [203] and Saez de Asteasu et al. [522] showed that individualized multicomponent exercise training programs can significantly enhance the functional capacity and cognition in older patients with frailty during acute hospitalization compared to usual care.”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [203]
Exercise is essential in preventing functional and cognitive decline associated with hospitalization in older adults.
“Exercise is essential in preventing functional and cognitive decline associated with hospitalization in older adults.”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [203]
Exercise benefits functional capacity, cognition, mood, and muscle function (strength and power) in hospitalized older adults, all of which commonly deteriorate during hospital stays, especially among the oldest old.
“These include functional capacity, cognition, mood, and muscle function (i.e., muscle strength and power), all of which commonly deteriorate during hospital stays, especially among the oldest old [203,518,521,522].”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [203]
An individualized multicomponent physical exercise intervention incorporating moderate-intensity PRT is effective to counteract muscle strength/power and mass losses frequently observed during hospitalization.
“An individualized multicomponent physical exercise intervention incorporating moderate-intensity PRT represents an effective therapeutic measure to counteract muscle strength/power and mass losses frequently observed during hospitalization [203,522,526].”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [203]
Although evidence indicates benefits for individuals ranging from robust to frail, including hospitalized older persons, power training remains underused in clinical practice.
“Although evidence indicates benefits for individuals ranging from robust to frail, including hospitalized older persons, power training remains underused in clinical practice [8,15,203].”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [203]
Exercise prevents functional and cognitive decline associated with hospitalization in older adults.
“Exercise is essential in preventing functional and cognitive decline associated with hospitalization in older adults. The advantages of exercise have been clinically, biologically, and economically confirmed [203,521]”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [203]
Individualized multicomponent exercise training programs significantly enhance functional capacity and cognition in older patients with frailty during acute hospitalization compared to usual care.
“Martínez-Velilla et al. [203] and Saez de Asteasu et al. [522] showed that individualized multicomponent exercise training programs can significantly enhance the functional capacity and cognition in older patients with frailty during acute hospitalization compared to usual care.”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [203]
Individualized multicomponent physical exercise incorporating moderate-intensity PRT is effective to counteract muscle strength/power and mass losses frequently observed during hospitalization.
“An individualized multicomponent physical exercise intervention incorporating moderate-intensity PRT represents an effective therapeutic measure to counteract muscle strength/power and mass losses frequently observed during hospitalization [203,522,526].”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [203]
Functional capacity, cognition, mood, and muscle function commonly deteriorate during hospital stays, especially among the oldest old.
“These include functional capacity, cognition, mood, and muscle function (i.e., muscle strength and power), all of which commonly deteriorate during hospital stays, especially among the oldest old [203,518,521,522].”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [203]
Martinez-Velilla and colleagues reported that an individualised multicomponent programme reversed functional decline in very elderly acutely hospitalised patients.
“Martinez-Velilla et al 6 showed the benefits of an individualised multicomponent intervention to reverse the functional decline associated with acute hospitalisation in very elderly patients.”
Activity interventions frequently report few or no adverse events.
“Physical activity interventions often report no 6 or few adverse events.7”
Former research has indicated that multicomponent interventions have superior effects.
“Former research has also indicated the superior effects of multicomponent interventions.5 6 15 48”
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Practical Recommendations Relevant to the Use of Resistance Training for COVID-19 Survivors
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El hospital del futuro en 10 puntos
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Self-citationThe Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Physical Activity, Function, and Quality of Life
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- Authors
- Martínez-Velilla, N., Casas-Herrero, A., Zambom-Ferraresi, F., Sáez de Asteasu, M. L., Lucia, A., Galbete, A., García-Baztán, A., Alonso-Renedo, J., González-Glaría, B., Gonzalo-Lázaro, M., Apezteguía Iráizoz, I., Gutiérrez-Valencia, M., Rodríguez-Mañas, L., & Izquierdo, M.
- Affiliations
- Geriatric Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- Biomedical Research Centre of the Government of Navarre (Navarrabiomed) and Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Navarre Institute of Health Research (ES)
- Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (ES)
- Biomedical Research Networking Centers of Frailty and Healthy Aging, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Venue
- JAMA Internal Medicine
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2019-01-01
- Volume
- 179
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 28
- ISSN
- 2168-6106 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6583412
- OpenAlex
- W2900563116
- Cited by
- 481
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 75 · 2023: 65 · 2022: 71 · 2021: 80 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 25.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- JAMA Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Academica-e (Universidad Pública de Navarra) (acceptedVersion)
- ABACUS. Repositorio de Producción Científica (Universidad Europea) (submittedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Gobierno de Navarra
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Frailty in Older Adults
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Intensive Care Unit Cognitive Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Keywords
- functional decline, very elderly patients, resistance training, balance training, walking exercise, inpatient rehabilitation, Barthel Index, Short Physical Performance Battery, grip strength, delirium, falls, hospital readmission, mortality, quality of life, cognitive function, mood, length of hospital stay, multimorbidity
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Aged, 80 and over, Exercise Therapy, Female, Hospitalization, Humans, Male, Quality of Life, Spain, Geriatric Assessment, Single-Blind Method, Treatment Outcome, Intention to Treat Analysis, Cognitive Dysfunction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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