Spaceflight-Associated Brain White Matter Microstructural Changes and Intracranial Fluid Redistribution
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Importance: Spaceflight results in transient balance declines and brain morphologic changes; to our knowledge, the effect on brain white matter as measured by diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI), after correcting for extracellular fluid shifts, has not been examined. Objective: To map spaceflight-induced intracranial extracellular free water (FW) shifts and to evaluate changes in brain white matter diffusion measures in astronauts. Design, Setting and Participants: We performed retrospective, longitudinal analyses on dMRI data collected between 2010 and 2015. Of the 26 astronauts' dMRI scans released by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Lifetime Surveillance of Astronaut Health, 15 had both preflight and postflight dMRI scans and were included in the final analyses. Data were analyzed between 2015 and 2018. Interventions or Exposures: Seven astronauts completed a space shuttle mission (≤30 days) and 8 completed a long-duration International Space Station mission (≤200 days). Main Outcomes and Measures: The dMRI scans were acquired for clinical monitoring; in this retrospective analysis, we analyzed brain FW and white matter diffusion metrics corrected for FW. We also obtained scores from computerized dynamic posturography tests of balance to assess brain-behavior associations. Results: Of the 15 astronauts included, the median (SD) age was 47.2 (1.5) years; 12 were men, and 3 were women. We found a significant, widespread increase in FW volume in the frontal, temporal, and occipital lobes from before spaceflight to after spaceflight. There was also a significant decrease in FW in the posterior aspect of the vertex. All FW changes were significant and ranged from approximately 2.5% to 4.0% across brain regions. We observed white matter changes in the right superior and inferior longitudinal fasciculi, the corticospinal tract, and cerebellar peduncles. All white matter changes were significant and ranged from approximately 0.75% to 1.25%. Spaceflight mission duration was associated with cerebellar white matter change, and white matter changes in the superior longitudinal fasciculus were associated with the balance changes seen in the astronauts from before spaceflight to after spaceflight. Conclusions and Relevance: Free water redistribution with spaceflight likely reflects headward fluid shifts occurring in microgravity as well as an upward shift of the brain within the skull. White matter changes were of a greater magnitude than those typically seen during the same period with healthy aging. Future, prospective assessments are required to better understand the recovery time and behavioral consequences of these brain changes.
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Retrospective analysis suggests alterations in free water distribution in frontal, temporal, and occipital lobes before versus after spaceflight.
“A retrospective analysis of free water volume in the frontal, temporal, and occipital lobes before versus after spaceflight suggests alterations in free water distribution65.”
From Red risks for a journey to the red planet: The highest priority human health risks for a mission to Mars (2020) · cites this paper as [65]
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The effects of spaceflight and fracture healing on distant skeletal sites
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Self-citationEvaluation of deep space exploration risks and mitigations against radiation and microgravity
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Optic Nerve Length before and after Spaceflight
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Brain connectivity and behavioral changes in a spaceflight analog environment with elevated CO2
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Prolonged microgravity induces reversible and persistent changes on human cerebral connectivity
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Origins of Cerebral Edema: Implications for Spaceflight-Associated Neuro-Ocular Syndrome
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Cognition in zero gravity: Effects of non-terrestrial gravity on human behaviour
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Self-citationChanges in working memory brain activity and task-based connectivity after long-duration spaceflight
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Gravity, Microgravity and Artificial Gravity: Physiological Effects, Implementation and Applications
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Rapid Loss of Fine Motor Skills after Low Dose Space Radiation Exposure
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Self-citationCharacterization of gene expression profiles in the mouse brain after 35 days of spaceflight mission
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Otolith adaptive responses to altered gravity
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Reptiles in Space Missions: Results and Perspectives
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Space Flight Enhances Stress Pathways in Human Neural Stem Cells
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Mahadevan, A. D., Hupfeld, K. E., Lee, J. K., Dios, Y. E. D., Kofman, I. S., Beltran, N. E., Mulder, E. R., Bloomberg, J. J., Mulavara, A. P., & Seidler, R. D. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2021.654906 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationAdvanced Diffusion MRI of the Visual System in Glaucoma: From Experimental Animal Models to Humans
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Brain volume changes in spontaneous intracranial hypotension: Revisiting the Monro-Kellie doctrine
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The Unresolved Methodological Challenge of Detecting Neuroplastic Changes in Astronauts
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An efficient deep learning model for brain tumour detection with privacy preservation
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Self-citationBrain and cerebrospinal fluid 3D center of mass shift after spaceflight
Warthen, K., Sater, S. H., Kramer, L. A., Hasan, K. M., Williams, M. A., Young, M., Macias, B. R., Laurie, S. S., & Martin, B. A. (2025) · npj Microgravity · doi:10.1038/s41526-025-00468-x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationNavigating mental health in space: gut–brain axis and microbiome dynamics
Yang, J., Kim, H.-D., Barrila, J., Lee, S. M., Nickerson, C. A., Ott, C. M., Israel, S., Choukèr, A., & Yang, J. (2025) · Experimental & Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1038/s12276-025-01488-z · Cited by 17 · see citing works
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Spaceflight and Ground-Based Microgravity Simulation Impact on Cognition and Brain Plasticity
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Artificial gravity during a spaceflight analog alters brain sensory connectivity
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Self-citationFormaldehyde initiates memory and motor impairments under weightlessness condition
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The Blood-Brain Barrier in Space: Implications for Space Travelers and for Human Health on Earth
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Transient gray matter decline during antarctic isolation: Roles of sleep, exercise, and cognition
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Oxidative Stress Reaction to Hypobaric–Hyperoxic Civilian Flight Conditions
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How Safe Is Safe Enough for Space and Health Care?
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Hearing Loss in Space Flights: A Review of Noise Regulations and Previous Outcomes
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The Long-term Effects of Spaceflight on Human Brain Physiology
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Cognitive Performance and Neuromapping
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Self-citationCase Report: No Evidence of Intracranial Fluid Shifts in an Astronaut Following an Aborted Launch
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Lee, J. K., Koppelmans, V., Riascos, R. F., Hasan, K. M., Pasternak, O., Mulavara, A. P., Bloomberg, J. J., & Seidler, R. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Florida (US)
- University of Utah (US)
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Wyle (United States) (US)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US)
- University of Florida Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Seidler, Rachael D.
- ORCID
- Venue
- JAMA Neurology
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2019-04-01
- Volume
- 76
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 412
- ISSN
- 2168-6149 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6459132
- OpenAlex
- W2911843974
- Cited by
- 149
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 14
- FWCI
- 13.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- JAMA Neurology (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNX11AR02G)
- National Space Biomedical Research Institute
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Spaceflight effects on biology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- spaceflight, white matter microstructure, extracellular free water, microgravity, astronauts, diffusion MRI, balance disorders, posturography, superior longitudinal fasciculus, cerebellar white matter, International Space Station, Space Shuttle, brain-behavior relationship, healthy aging, microstructural changes
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Cerebellum, Postural Balance, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pyramidal Tracts, Retrospective Studies, Space Flight, Time Factors, United States, Weightlessness, Case-Control Studies, Astronauts, Fluid Shifts, United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Extracellular Fluid, White Matter
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