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The Structure of Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors for Dimensional Representations of DSM-5 Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
Abstract
IMPORTANCE: The new DSM-5 "Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders" chapter contains a series of conditions thought to be etiologically related to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, the evidence to support this relatedness remains incomplete. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the degree to which genetic and environmental risk factors are shared and/or unique to dimensionally scored OCD, body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), hoarding disorder (HD), trichotillomania (hair-pulling disorder) (TTM), and excoriation (skin-picking) disorder (SPD). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Multivariate twin modeling methods involving 5409 female members of the TwinsUK adult population-based twin register. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Scores on the Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised, the Dysmorphic Concern Questionnaire, the Hoarding Rating Scale, the Massachusetts General Hospital Hairpulling Scale, and the Skin Picking Scale. RESULTS: A 2-latent factor common pathway model fitted the data best; the first latent factor loaded on all 5 phenotypes, particularly on OCD, BDD, and HD. A second factor loaded exclusively on TTM and SPD. Disorder-specific genetic (for OCD, BDD, and HD only) and particularly nonshared environmental risk factors were also evident. Shared environmental influences were negligible. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders may be influenced by 2 distinct liability factors rather than a single liability factor. One of these factors was common to all disorders, and another was exclusive to TTM and SPD. Disorder-specific genetic factors unique to OCD, BDD, and HD were also apparent, whereas TTM and SPD were largely influenced by the same latent genetic factor. Environmental influences were largely disorder specific. The results help explain the apparent similarities as well as some important differences between the disorders included in the new Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders chapter.
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“The common single nucleotide polymorphism heritability of OCD has been estimated to be 28% in meta-analyses (18), whereas the overall heritability is reported to be 40% to 50% (19–24).”
From Maternal Effects as Causes of Risk for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (2020) · cites this paper as [24]
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“…et al. 2012) OCRDs OCD 27–47%; for adults while for early onset paediatric OCD: 45–65% (Van Grootheest et al. 2005) Hoarding 51–71% (Mathews et al. 2007; Monzani et al. 2014) Trichotillomania 32–78% (Novak et al. 2009; Monzani et al. 2014) Skin Picking 40–44% (Monzani et al. 2012) PTSD 13–70%…”
BackgroundAge-Specific Prevalence of Hoarding and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder: A Population-Based Study
Cath, D. C., Nizar, K., Boomsma, D. I., & Mathews, C. A. (2016) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2016.11.006 · Cited by 161
“92), has 73% agreement between interview and self-report, has excellent sensitivity and specificity, and has good convergent and discriminant validity.(14,17,24) It was designed to reflect the DSM-5 criteria of difficulty discarding, resulting clutter, excessive acquisition (a DSM-5 specifier rather than a core featur…”
Genetics of obsessive-compulsive disorder
Mahjani, B., Bey, K., Boberg, J., & Burton, C. L. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721001744 · Cited by 141
“Monzani et al. reported 48% as the overall heritability for OCD in one of the most statistically robust twin studies (Monzani et al., 2014), and Mataix-Cols et al. showed that familial risk for OCD was largely attributable to additive genetic factors (47%), with no significant effect of shared…”
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“…gather sufficient DNA samples for study of associated genetic markers; given the suspected shared etiology with other disorders in the OCD spectrum (Monzani et al. 2014), recent advances in OCD genetics (Mattheisen et al. 2015; Noh et al. 2017) may help accelerate the discovery of BDD-related…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationSolley, K., & Turner, C. M. (2018) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.06.014 · Cited by 72
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BackgroundPrevalence and gender distribution of trichotillomania: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Thomson, H., Farhat, L., Olfson, E., Levine, J. L. S., & Bloch, M. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.06.058 · Cited by 65
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“In sum, while a single genome-wide association study of OCRDs has been published (Monzani et al., 2014), more work is needed to elucidate the aetiology and pathology of BDD.”
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“Both disorders are familial, and twin studies have demonstrated significant shared ge-netic risk between TTM and SPD, as well as shared heritability with obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders more broadly (Monzani et al., 2014).”
BackgroundThe genetic epidemiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Blanco‐Vieira, T., Raduà, J., Marcelino, L., Bloch, M. H., Mataix‐Cols, D., & do Rosário, M. C. (2023) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-023-02433-2 · Cited by 66
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Genetics of obsessive-compulsive disorder
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“[22] Subsequent twin studies have supported this conclusion, and also found shared genetic overlap between OCD and other disorders, including tic disorders, anxiety disorders, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.[23-26] Iervolino et al.”
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“Epidemiological twin studies represent one such example, whereby the majority of published studies correspond to either the former (DSM-IV) conceptualization of anxiety disorders or the recently adopted conceptualization of “OC-related disorders” [Monzani et al., 2014].”
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A dimensional perspective on the genetics of obsessive-compulsive disorder
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“Whereas heritability estimates (pink boxes) and genetic correlations (orange lines) for HD [76, 113] and BFRBs [106] were calculated using twin-data.”
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“…or pleasure after pulling or picking (Grant et al., 2012), presence of both automatic and focused pulling/picking, shared etiological mechanisms (Monzani et al., 2014), similar course of illness (onset during puberty, chronic with waxing and waning symptoms) suggest that the disorders can be…”
BackgroundMahjani, B., Klei, L., Mattheisen, M., Halvorsen, M., Reichenberg, A., Roeder, K., Pedersen, N. L., Boberg, J., de Schipper, E. J., Bulik, C. M., et al. (2021) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.21010101 · Cited by 45
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“Later, the same group of research performed a latent class analysis among 5,408 female twins (3,041 monozygotics and 2,367 dizygotics) assessed for OCDRD.(29) The authors found that common (vs disorder-specific) genetic influences were moderate (33%) in BDD when all the OCDRD (including OCD) were analyzed together.”
Krebs, G., Clark, B. R., Ford, T. J., & Stringaris, A. K. (2024) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2024.01.017 · Cited by 53
“Common risk factors, including shared genetic liability, could partially explain these associations, 39,47,48 but there may also be causal pathways between disorders.”
The Role of Stress in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Narrative Review
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Trichotillomania comorbidity in a sample enriched for familial obsessive-compulsive disorder
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“Interestingly, in a large multivariate female twin study of DSM-5 obsessive-compulsive and related disorder dimensions, Monzani and colleagues reported that the best-fitting model included two latent factors [7].”
BackgroundMaternal Effects as Causes of Risk for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
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The classification of body dysmorphic disorder symptoms in male and female adolescents
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“Although BDD symptoms shared common genetic liabilities with symptoms of obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders (Monzani et al., 2014) and combined anxiety and obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders (López-Solà et al.”
BackgroundGlutamate Genetics in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Review.
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“…to certain etiological, genetic and maintaining factors, whereby the evidence base is most robust for skin picking and trichotillomania (Hartmann et al., 2020; Johansson et al., 2009; Monzani et al., 2014; Odlaug et al., 2013; Roberts et al., 2013; Snorrason et al., 2012a; Stein et al., 2008).”
BackgroundBody Dysmorphic Disorder: Clinical Overview and Relationship to Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Phillips, K. A., & Kelly, M. M. (2021) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.20210012 · Cited by 44
Trichotillomania is more related to Tourette disorder than to obsessive-compulsive disorder
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The prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in the community: a systematic review
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“The aetiology includes a number of factors including genetics (Monzani et al., 2014), individual temperament (while no personality type is exempt from BDD, a shy, anxious or perfectionist personality may predispose people to develop BDD as described by Veale.”
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“This finding supports the growing literature base that implicates biological processes as having primacy in the development OCD (e.g., Monzani et al., 2014), although it seems likely that disordered communication could be an impediment to effective treatment, if not a contributing factor to the…”
ResultGenetic susceptibility in obsessive-compulsive disorder
Fernandez, T. V., Leckman, J. F., & Pittenger, C. (2018) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-64076-5.00049-1 · Cited by 34
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Nutley, S. K., Bertolace, L., Vieira, L. S., Nguyen, B. M., Ordway, A. R., Simpson, H., Zakrzewski, J. J., Camacho, M. R., Eichenbaum, J., Nosheny, R. L., et al. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113505 · Cited by 30
“The HRS-SR has been previously used in genetic, clinical, and epidemiological studies and has been proven reliable and valid for differentiating individuals with HD from those with OCD and community controls (Cath et al., 2017; Iervolino et al., 2009; Monzani et al., 2014; Iervolino et al., 2011; Ivanov et al., 2013;…”
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Self-citationAkinboro, A. O., Adelufosi, A. O., Onayemi, O. E., & Asaolu, S. O. (2019) · Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia · doi:10.1590/abd1806-4841.20197919 · Cited by 29
“%) p-value Face 35 (30.7) 15 (36.6) 20 (27.4) 0.307 15 (42.9) 20 (25.3) 0.061 Trunk 38 (33.3) 14 (34.1) 24 (32.9) 0.890 11(31.4) 27 (34.2) 0.774 Limbs 32 (28.1) 7 (17.1) 25 (34.2) 0.050 7 (20.0) 25 (31.6) 0.202 9 (7.9) 5 (12.2) 4 (5.5) 0.279 2 (5.7) 7 (8.9) 0.566 Overall 41 (36.0) 35 (30.7) n=number; %-percentage; BDD…”
BackgroundInfluentialObsessive compulsive and related disorders: comparing DSM-5 and ICD-11
Marras, A. M., Fineberg, N. A., & Pallanti, S. (2016) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852916000110 · Cited by 34
“Indeed, despite differences in the origins, purpose, and scope of the 2 classification systems,80 the process of harmonization between them seems to be crystallizing in the field of OCRDs.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPrevalence and predictors of hair pulling disorder and excoriation disorder in Tourette syndrome
Greenberg, E., Tung, E. S., Gauvin, C. A., Osiecki, L., Yang, K. G., Curley, E., Essa, A., Illmann, C., Sandor, P., Dion, Y., et al. (2017) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-017-1074-z · Cited by 29
“The significant association between SPD and family history of OCD or TS also supports the notion of shared heritability across these BFRBs, OCD, and TS [14, 18, 42].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialLeibovici, V., Koran, L. M., Murad, S., Siam, I., Odlaug, B. L., Mandelkorn, U., Feldman-Weisz, V., & Keuthen, N. J. (2014) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2014.12.008 · Cited by 28
Snorrason, Í., Beard, C., Peckham, A., & Björgvinsson, Þ. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720000380 · Cited by 30
“A community twin study (Monzani et al., 2014) showed that two heritable risk factors underlay the five OCRDs.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialLeibovici, V., Murad, S., Cooper‐Kazaz, R., Tetro, T., Keuthen, N. J., Hadayer, N., Czarnowicki, T., & Odlaug, B. L. (2014) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2014.07.008 · Cited by 25
Body focused repetitive behavior disorders: Significance of family history
Redden, S. A., Leppink, E. W., & Grant, J. E. (2016) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.02.003 · Cited by 27
“The suggestion that BFRBs may be familial seems consistent with existing twin studies which suggest that the disorders are heritable in addition to being familial [20,21].”
ResultNutley, S. K., Camacho, M. R., Eichenbaum, J., Nosheny, R. L., Weiner, M. W., Delucchi, K., Mackin, R. S., & Mathews, C. A. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.12.032 · Cited by 25
Hettema, J. M., Chen, X., Sun, C., & Brown, T. A. (2015) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291715000021 · Cited by 23
“The limited data from extant genetic epidemiological studies suggest that OCD does share some familial (Bienvenu et al. 2012) and genetic (Tambs et al. 2009) risk factors with anxiety disorders, although OCD also shares risk with obsessive–compulsive spectrum disorders (Monzani et al. 2014).”
Hoarding Disorder: Development in Conceptualization, Intervention, and Evaluation
Bratiotis, C., Muroff, J. R., & Lin, N. (2021) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.20210016 · Cited by 21
Wilson, C., Gattuso, J. J., Hannan, A. J., & Renoir, T. (2023) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106223 · Cited by 22
“prototypical OCD risk factors including pre- and perinatal insult, streptococcal infection and traumatic life events (Monzani et al., 2014).”
BackgroundCampos-Martín, R., Bey, K., Elsner, B., Reuter, B., Klawohn, J., Philipsen, A., Kathmann, N., Wagner, M., & Ramı́rez, A. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-023-02219-4 · Cited by 21
Scahill, L. D., & Challa, S. A. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29695-1_3 · Cited by 22
López‐Solà, C., Fontenelle, L. F., Verhulst, B., Neale, M. C., Menchón, J. M., Alonso, P., & Harrison, B. J. (2015) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22455 · Cited by 21
“[14] Instead, these results were more consistent with evidence from past multivariate twin studies, which have indicated OCD is influenced by moderately heritable genetic factors that are mostly shared with other OCRDs[15] and ADs.”
ResultGreenberg, E. H., Grant, J., Curley, E. E., Lochner, C., Woods, D. W., Tung, E. S., Stein, D. J., Redden, S., Scharf, J., & Keuthen, N. (2017) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.06.008 · Cited by 18
Hartmann, A. S., Staufenbiel, T., Bielefeld, L., Buhlmann, U., Heinrichs, N., Martin, A., Ritter, V., Kollei, I., & Grocholewski, A. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0233153 · Cited by 20
Toward a biopsychosocial model of hoarding disorder
Tolin, D. F. (2022) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2022.100775 · Cited by 19
Voxel-based morphometry analysis of structural brain scans in skin-picking disorder
Schienle, A., Potthoff, J., & Wabnegger, A. (2018) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.04.010 · Cited by 21
Risk factors for obsessive–compulsive symptoms. Follow-up of a community-based youth cohort
de Barros, P. M. F., do Rosário, M. C., Szejko, N., Polga, N., Requena, G. D. L., Salto, A. B. R., Fatori, D., Batistuzzo, M. C., Hoexter, M. Q., Rohde, L. A., et al. (2020) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-020-01495-7 · Cited by 19
Heritability of overlapping impulsivity and compulsivity dimensional phenotypes
Tiego, J., Chamberlain, S. R., Harrison, B. J., Dawson, A., Albertella, L., Youssef, G. J., Fontenelle, L. F., & Yücel, M. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-71013-x · Cited by 20
Predictors of Comorbid Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Skin-Picking Disorder in Trichotillomania
Keuthen, N. J., Curley, E. E., Scharf, J. M., Woods, D. W., Löchner, C., Stein, D. J., Tung, E. S., Greenberg, E., Stewart, S. E., Redden, S. A., et al. (2016) · Annals of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/104012371602800409 · Cited by 19
Comparison of visual perceptual organization in schizophrenia and body dysmorphic disorder
Silverstein, S. M., Elliott, C. M., Feusner, J. D., Keane, B. P., Mikkilineni, D., Hansen, N. S., Hartmann, A. S., & Wilhelm, S. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.107 · Cited by 19
“However, recent data on body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), suggest that BDD may also be characterized by reduced PO.”
Prenatal and Perinatal Risk Factors and the Promise of Birth Cohort Studies
Fernandez, T. V., & Leckman, J. F. (2016) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.2092 · Cited by 18
Citkowska-Kisielewska, A., Rutkowski, K., Mielimąka, M., Sobański, J. A., & Dembińska, E. (2020) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/pra.0000000000000451 · Cited by 17
Shared genetic basis between reproductive behaviors and anxiety-related disorders
Ohi, K., Kuramitsu, A., Fujikane, D., Takai, K., Sugiyama, S., & Shioiri, T. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01667-8 · Cited by 19
Woerner, M., Selles, R., Nadai, A. D. D., Salloum, A., & Storch, E. (2017) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2017.01.004 · Cited by 12
Ricketts, E., Snorrason, I., Rozenman, M., Colwell, C., McCracken, J., & Piacentini, J. (2017) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2017.01.006 · Cited by 14
A narrative synthesis of possible causes and risk factors of hoarding behaviours
Hombali, A. S., Sagayadevan, V., Tan, W. M., Chong, R., Yip, H. W., Vaingankar, J. A., Chong, S. A., & Subramaniam, M. (2019) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2019.04.001 · Cited by 15
Pérez-Fernández, C., Flores, P., & Sánchez-Santed, F. (2019) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00139 · Cited by 16
“, 2014), although OCD epidemiological twin studies suggested an estimate of between 27 and 47% heritability in the adult population, with higher rates in children (≈ 55% variance) (Pauls, 2010), similar to other studies (Monzani et al., 2014).”
ResultMoreno-Amador, B., Piqueras, J. A., Rodríguez‐Jiménez, T., Martínez‐González, A. E., & Cervin, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.958015 · Cited by 15
“The disorders included in the OCRD chapter in DSM-5 were grouped because they revolve around repetitive behaviors and share key etiological factors, such as genetic risk (4, 5), and family history (6).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPractitioner Review: Assessment and treatment of body dysmorphic disorder in young people
Krebs, G., Rautio, D., Fernández de la Cruz, L., Hartmann, A. S., Jassi, A., Martin, A., Stringaris, A., & Mataix‐Cols, D. (2024) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13984 · Cited by 14
“Multivariate twin studies have also shown that there is some overlap in the genetic influences on symptoms of BDD and other obsessive-compulsive related disorders (Monzani et al., 2014) and anxiety disorders (Lopez-Sola et al., 2016).”
Self-citationGenetics of OCD and Related Disorders; Searching for Shared Factors
Grünblatt, E. (2021) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2020_194 · Cited by 14
Moritz, S., Penney, D., Mißmann, F., Snorrason, Í., & Schmotz, S. (2023) · Annals of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.12788/acp.0123 · Cited by 13
Event‐related EEG oscillations in body dysmorphic disorder
Kapsali, F., Ζιώγα, Ι., Papageorgiou, P. C., Smyrnis, N., Chrousos, G. P., & Papageorgiou, C. (2020) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/eci.13208 · Cited by 13
Obsessive–compulsive and related disorders
Mattina, G. F., Slyepchenko, A., & Steiner, M. S. (2020) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-64123-6.00025-4 · Cited by 12
Wang, S., Xiaomei, Z., & Lin, D. (2022) · Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience · doi:10.1155/2022/7406716 · Cited by 15
Moreno-Amador, B., Cervin, M., Martínez‐González, A. E., & Piqueras, J. A. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/37847 · Cited by 12
Reddy, Y. C. J., Simpson, H., & Stein, D. J. (2018) · Indian Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/ijsp.ijsp_38_18 · Cited by 12
“[11,12] This subgrouping within OCRD is supported by the results of a large twin study that identified two latent vulnerability factors for OCRDs that are largely under genetic control, one common across all OCRDs and the other loading exclusively on trichotillomania and skin‐picking disorder.[25] TS is cross‐referenc…”
ResultObsessive Compulsive Disorder and Comorbidity
Rector, N. A., Wilde, J. L., & Richter, M. A. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118890233.ch39 · Cited by 11
Peer Relationships and Social Media Use in Adolescents with Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Lavell, C. H., Oar, E. L., & Rapee, R. M. (2024) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-024-01245-2 · Cited by 14
Hall, M. D., Gipson, K. S., Gipson, S. Y.-M. T., Colvin, M. K., Nguyen, S. T. T., & Greenberg, E. (2025) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000429 · Cited by 13
Lee, J., Kim, H., Chang, S. M., Hong, J. P., Lee, D. W., Hahm, B., Cho, S., Park, J., Jeon, H. J., Seong, S. J., et al. (2021) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e240 · Cited by 12
“Pick” wisely: An approach to diagnosis and management of pathologic skin picking
Parsa, L., Pixley, J. N., & Fried, R. G. (2023) · Clinics in Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2023.03.003 · Cited by 10
Executive functioning in body dysmorphic disorder and obsessive–compulsive disorder
Chen, L. L., Flygare, O., Wallert, J., Enander, J., Ivanov, V. Z., Rück, C., & Djurfeldt, D. (2023) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852921000705 · Cited by 10
“4% of patients primarily diagnosed with OCD have comorbid BDD (6, 7).”
BackgroundFontenelle, L. F., Destrée, L., Brierley, M.-E., Thompson, E. M., Yücel, M., & Albertella, L. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100170 · Cited by 11
Metadata
- Authors
- Monzani, B., Rijsdijk, F., Harris, J., & Mataix-Cols, D.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, England
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, England4Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Corresponding author
- Monzani, Benedetta
- Venue
- JAMA Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2014-02-01
- Volume
- 71
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 182
- ISSN
- 2168-622X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2167478915
- Cited by
- 208
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 9
- FWCI
- 15.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- JAMA Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Body Image and Dysmorphia Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder, trichotillomania, excoriation disorder, genetic risk factors, nonshared environment, shared environment, twin studies, DSM-5
- MeSH terms
- Hoarding Disorder, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Diseases in Twins, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Middle Aged, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Registries, Risk Factors, Trichotillomania, Self-Injurious Behavior, Principal Component Analysis, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Young Adult, Body Dysmorphic Disorders, Gene-Environment Interaction
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