Bariatric Surgery and Long-term Durability of Weight Loss
Open accessAbstract
Importance: Bariatric surgery induces significant weight loss for severely obese patients, but there is limited evidence of the durability of weight loss compared with nonsurgical matches and across bariatric procedures. Objectives: To examine 10-year weight change in a large, multisite, clinical cohort of veterans who underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) compared with nonsurgical matches and the 4-year weight change in veterans who underwent RYGB, adjustable gastric banding (AGB), or sleeve gastrectomy (SG). Design, Setting, and Participants: In this cohort study, differences in weight change up to 10 years after surgery were estimated in retrospective cohorts of 1787 veterans who underwent RYGB from January 1, 2000, through September 30, 2011 (573 of 700 eligible [81.9%] with 10-year follow-up), and 5305 nonsurgical matches (1274 of 1889 eligible [67.4%] with 10-year follow-up) in mixed-effects models. Differences in weight change up to 4 years were compared among veterans undergoing RYGB (n = 1785), SG (n = 379), and AGB (n = 246). Data analysis was performed from September 9, 2014, to February 12, 2016. Exposures: Bariatric surgical procedures and usual care. Main Outcomes and Measures: Weight change up to 10 years after surgery through December 31, 2014. Results: The 1787 patients undergoing RYGB had a mean (SD) age of 52.1 (8.5) years and 5305 nonsurgical matches had a mean (SD) age of 52.2 (8.4) years. Patients undergoing RYGB and nonsurgical matches had a mean body mass index of 47.7 and 47.1, respectively, and were predominantly male (1306 [73.1%] and 3911 [73.7%], respectively). Patients undergoing RYGB lost 21% (95% CI, 11%-31%) more of their baseline weight at 10 years than nonsurgical matches. A total of 405 of 564 patients undergoing RYGB (71.8%) had more than 20% estimated weight loss, and 224 of 564 (39.7%) had more than 30% estimated weight loss at 10 years compared with 134 of 1247 (10.8%) and 48 of 1247 (3.9%), respectively, of nonsurgical matches. Only 19 of 564 patients undergoing RYGB (3.4%) regained weight back to within an estimated 5% of their baseline weight by 10 years. At 4 years, patients undergoing RYGB lost 27.5% (95% CI, 23.8%-31.2%) of their baseline weight, patients undergoing AGB lost 10.6% (95% CI, 0.6%-20.6%), and patients undergoing SG lost 17.8% (95% CI, 9.7%-25.9%). Patients undergoing RYGB lost 16.9% (95% CI, 6.2%-27.6%) more of their baseline weight than patients undergoing AGB and 9.7% (95% CI, 0.8%-18.6%) more than patients undergoing SG. Conclusions and Relevance: Patients in the Veterans Administration health care system lost substantially more weight than nonsurgical matches and sustained most of this weight loss in the long term. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass induced significantly greater weight loss among veterans than SG or AGB at 4 years. These results provide further evidence of the beneficial association between surgery and long-term weight loss that has been demonstrated in shorter-term studies of younger, predominantly female populations.
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Long-term results of metabolic and bariatric surgery consistently demonstrate safety and efficacy.
“Long-term results of MBS consistently demonstrate safety and efficacy.”
From 2022 American Society of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS) and International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders (IFSO) Indications for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
The Results report significantly greater weight loss after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass than in nonsurgical matches at 10 years, supporting long-term efficacy for that outcome. But the Discussion says long-term safety data for sleeve gastrectomy are lacking and calls for more evidence on postsurgical complications; this paper does not establish the claimed consistent long-term safety of metabolic and bariatric surgery. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOverall weight loss outcomes for MBS that are durable for years after surgery are consistently reported at greater than 60% excess weight loss, with some variation depending on the specific operation performed.
“Overall weight loss outcomes for MBS that are durable for years after surgery are consistently reported at greater than 60% percent excess weight loss (%EWL), with some variation depending on the specific operation performed [14, 114, 115].”
From 2022 American Society of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (ASMBS) and International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders (IFSO) Indications for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
The Results sections report durable weight loss after RYGB and variation by operation, but not consistently greater than 60% excess weight loss. Mean excess body weight loss was 56.4% for RYGB at 10 years; at four years it was 60.0% for RYGB, 43.0% for SG, and 28.6% for AGB. Page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLong-term studies of 4 to 10 years of follow-up suggest that insufficient weight reduction (proportion of people unable to reduce their initial weight by >5%) is observed in 2-15% of patients.
“Longterm studies of 4 to 10 years of follow-up suggest that insufficient weight reduction (proportion of people unable to reduce their initial weight by >5 %) is observed in 2-15 % of patients [84,85].”
From Obesity and MASLD: Is weight loss the (only) key to treat metabolic liver disease? (2024) · cites this paper as [85]
The Results (Trends in Postsurgical Body Weight by Procedure; page unavailable) report that 2.5% of RYGB patients and 14.6% of sleeve-gastrectomy patients lost less than 5% of baseline weight at four years, consistent with the stated range. But the same passage reports 30.5% for adjustable gastric banding, outside the claimed 2–15% range. The ten-year RYGB result was 3.4% (Ten-Year Weight Change; page unavailable). (LLM, conf=0.89)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMBS produces superior weight loss outcomes compared with nonoperative treatments.
“Studies with long-term follow up, published in the decades following the 1991 NIH Consensus Statement, have consistently demonstrated that MBS produces superior weight loss outcomes compared with nonoperative treatments [9–14].”
Randomized clinical trials show that metabolic and bariatric surgery has superior outcomes compared with lifestyle intervention or usual care on weight, cardiometabolic risk factors, and type 2 diabetes outcomes.
“RCTs show superior outcomes with MBS compared with lifestyle intervention or usual care on weight, cardiometabolic risk factors, and T2D outcomes, 104,105”
From Approach to Obesity Treatment in Primary Care: A Review (2024) · cites this paper as [105]
Bariatric surgery is superior to medical/lifestyle interventions in the maintenance of weight loss and the remission of diabetes and dyslipidemia.
“Data from short- and long-term studies corroborate the superiority of bariatric surgery compared with medical/lifestyle interventions in the maintenance of weight loss and the remission of diabetes and dyslipidemia [117, 118].”
From Bariatric surgery: remission of inflammation, cardiometabolic benefits, and common adverse effects (2020) · cites this paper as [117]
This distinction may be a central reason for the wide difference in long-term weight loss response rates between negative energy balance approaches and bariatric surgery procedures.
“Indeed, this may be a central reason for the wide difference seen in long-term weight loss response rates between negative energy balance approaches and bariatric surgery procedures [117, 118].”
From Bariatric surgery: remission of inflammation, cardiometabolic benefits, and common adverse effects (2020) · cites this paper as [117]
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- Authors
- Maciejewski, M. L., Arterburn, D. E., Van Scoyoc, L., Smith, V. A., Yancy, W. S., Weidenbacher, H. J., Livingston, E. H., & Olsen, M. K.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute (US)
- Center for Health Services Research in Primary Care, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Durham VA Medical Center (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Maciejewski, Matthew L.
- ORCID
- Venue
- JAMA Surgery
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2016-11-01
- Volume
- 151
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1046
- ISSN
- 2168-6254 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5112115
- OpenAlex
- W2512367408
- Cited by
- 720
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 64 · 2025: 85 · 2024: 82 · 2023: 80 · 2022: 97 · 2021: 82 · 2020: 86 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 4 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 51.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- JAMA Surgery (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (RCS 10–391, I01 HX000420, IK6 HX003157)
- Amgen
- Informed Medical Decisions Foundation
- Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute
- Office of Research and Development
- Health Services Research and Development (RCS 10-391)
- National Institutes of Health
- Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Bariatric Surgery and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Body Contouring and Surgery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Minimally Invasive Surgical Techniques
- Keywords
- bariatric surgery, Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, long-term weight change, morbid obesity, veterans, sleeve gastrectomy, gastric banding, body mass index, weight regain, 10-year follow-up
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Gastrectomy, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Morbid, Retrospective Studies, Time Factors, United States, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Gastric Bypass, Gastroplasty, Weight Gain, Weight Loss, Body Mass Index, Case-Control Studies
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