A Cognitive Model of Generalized Anxiety Disorder: the Role of Intolerance of Uncertainty

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Experimental manipulation of intolerance of uncertainty: a study of a theoretical model of worry

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Into the unknown: A review and synthesis of contemporary models involving uncertainty

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Increasingly certain about uncertainty: Intolerance of uncertainty across anxiety and depression

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The intolerance of uncertainty construct in the context of anxiety disorders: Theoretical and practical perspectives

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Current theoretical models of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD): Conceptual review and treatment implications

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Toward a definition of intolerance of uncertainty: A review of factor analytical studies of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale

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The role of fear of anxiety and intolerance of uncertainty in worry: An experimental manipulation

Buhr, K., & Dugas, M. J. (2009) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2008.12.004 · Cited by 334

An investigation of appraisals in individuals vulnerable to excessive worry: the role of intolerance of uncertainty

Koerner, N., & Dugas, M. J. (2008) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-007-9125-2 · Cited by 301

A randomized clinical trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy and applied relaxation for adults with generalized anxiety disorder.

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The relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and anxiety in autism: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis

Jenkinson, R., Milne, E., & Thompson, A. (2020) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361320932437 · Cited by 205

Defining distinct negative beliefs about uncertainty: Validating the factor structure of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale.

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Behavioral Experiments for Intolerance of Uncertainty: Challenging the Unknown in the Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Hebert, E. A., & Dugas, M. J. (2019) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2018.07.007 · Cited by 165

Transdiagnostic models of anxiety disorder: Theoretical and empirical underpinnings

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A meta-analysis of cognitive therapy for worry in generalized anxiety disorder

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Evaluation of the Unique and Specific Contributions of Dimensions of the Triple Vulnerability Model to the Prediction of DSM-IV Anxiety and Mood Disorder Constructs

Brown, T. A., & Naragon‐Gainey, K. (2012) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2012.11.002 · Cited by 97

Intolerance of uncertainty and difficulties in emotion regulation: Proposal for an integrative model of generalized anxiety disorder

Ouellet, C., Langlois, F., Provencher, M. D., & Gosselin, P. (2019) · European Review of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.erap.2019.01.001 · Cited by 91

The Interactive Effect of Worry and Intolerance of Uncertainty on Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms

Bardeen, J. R., Fergus, T. A., & Wu, K. D. (2012) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9512-1 · Cited by 74

Fear of Emotions, Experiential Avoidance, and Intolerance of Uncertainty in Worry and Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Buhr, K., & Dugas, M. J. (2012) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2012.5.1.1 · Cited by 65

Intolerance of uncertainty, cognitive complaints, and cancer‐related distress in prostate cancer survivors

Eisenberg, S., Kurita, K., Taylor‐Ford, M., Agus, D. B., Gross, M. E., & Meyerowitz, B. E. (2014) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.3590 · Cited by 72

Intolerance of uncertainty and emotional distress following the death of a loved one

Boelen, P. A. (2010) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615800903494135 · Cited by 69

Behavioral Experiments for Intolerance of Uncertainty: A Randomized Clinical Trial for Adults With Generalized Anxiety Disorder

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The Impact of Written Exposure on Worry: A Preliminary Investigation

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Students' Attitudes Toward Online Music Education During the COVID 19 Lockdown

Rucsanda, M. D., Belibou, A., & Cazan, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.753785 · Cited by 56

Anxiety Sensitivity and Intolerance of Uncertainty: Transdiagnostic Risk Factors for Anxiety as Targets to Reduce Risk of Suicide

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Revising the Intolerance of Uncertainty Model of Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Evidence from UK and Italian Undergraduate Samples

Bottesi, G., Ghisi, M., Carraro, E., Barclay, N., Payne, R., & Freeston, M. H. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01723 · Cited by 54

Intolerance of uncertainty and DSM-5 PTSD symptoms: Associations among a treatment seeking veteran sample

Raines, A. M., Oglesby, M. E., Walton, J. L., True, G., & Franklin, C. L. (2018) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.12.002 · Cited by 56

Intolerance of uncertainty, causal uncertainty, causal importance, self-concept clarity and their relations to generalized anxiety disorder

Kusec, A., Tallon, K., & Koerner, N. (2016) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2016.1171391 · Cited by 56

WORRY, INTOLERANCE OF UNCERTAINTY, AND STATISTICS ANXIETY

Williams, A. S. (2013) · Statistics Education Research Journal · doi:10.52041/serj.v12i1.321 · Cited by 49

The impact of anxiety levels on destination visit intention in the context of COVID-19: the mediating role of travel intention

Şengel, Ü., Genç, G., Işkın, M., Çevrimkaya, M., Zengin, B., & Sarıışık, M. (2022) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights · doi:10.1108/jhti-10-2021-0295 · Cited by 53

Worrying and Rumination as Proximal Risk Factors for Suicidal Behaviour

Kerkhof, A. J. F. M., & van Spijker, B. A. J. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119998556.ch12 · Cited by 47

Anxious and obsessive-compulsive traits are independently associated with valuation of noninstrumental information.

Bennett, D., Sutcliffe, K., Tan, N. P., Smillie, L. D., & Bode, S. (2020) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000966 · Cited by 43

Worry, beliefs about worry and problem solving in young children

Wilson, C., & Hughes, C. (2011) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465811000269 · Cited by 45

The relations between different components of intolerance of uncertainty and symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder: a network analysis

Ren, L., Wei, Z., Li, Y., Cui, L., Wang, Y., Wu, L., Wei, X., Peng, J., Li, K., Jin, Y., et al. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03455-0 · Cited by 50

Searching for Specificity Between Cognitive Vulnerabilities and Mood and Anxiety Symptoms

Fergus, T. A., & Wu, K. D. (2011) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-011-9245-6 · Cited by 43

Attitudes toward risk and uncertainty: The role of subjective knowledge and affect

Shou, Y., & Olney, J. (2020) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.2217 · Cited by 42

Intolerance of Uncertainty and Immediate Decision-Making in High-Risk Situations

Jensen, D., Kind, A. J., Morrison, A. S., & Heimberg, R. G. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.035113 · Cited by 48

Intolerance of uncertainty prospectively predicts the transdiagnostic severity of emotional psychopathology: Evidence from a Veteran sample

Hunt, C., Exline, J. J., Fletcher, T. L., & Teng, E. J. (2022) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102530 · Cited by 38

The Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale

Fergus, T. A., & Wu, K. D. (2012) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191112460272 · Cited by 36

Intolerance of uncertainty and attentional networks: Unique associations with alerting

Fergus, T. A., & Carleton, R. N. (2016) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.03.010 · Cited by 42

The allure of unknown outcomes: Exploring the role of uncertainty in the preference for potential

Kupor, D. M., Tormala, Z. L., & Norton, M. I. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2014.07.004 · Cited by 29

Investigation of the cognitive variables associated with worry in children with Generalised Anxiety Disorder and their parents

Donovan, C. L., Holmes, M. C., & Farrell, L. J. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.12.003 · Cited by 28

Cognitive Behavior Therapy Targeting Intolerance of Uncertainty Versus Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor for Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Zemestani, M., Beheshti, N., Rezaei, F., van der Heiden, C., & Kendall, P. C. (2021) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1017/bec.2021.16 · Cited by 27

Demand/withdraw communication in the context of intimate partner violence: Implications for psychological outcomes

Pickover, A. M., Lipinski, A. J., Dodson, T. S., Tran, H. N., Woodward, M. J., & Beck, J. G. (2017) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.07.002 · Cited by 28

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Demertzis, K. H., & Craske, M. G. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-28370-8_30 · Cited by 27

A preliminary test of the therapeutic potential of written exposure with rescripting for generalized anxiety disorder

Ovanessian, M. M., Koerner, N., Antony, M. M., & Dugas, M. J. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.1177/2043808719841529 · Cited by 29

Domain-Specific Intolerance of Uncertainty in Socially Anxious and Contamination-Focused Obsessive–Compulsive Individuals

Jensen, D., & Heimberg, R. G. (2014) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2014.959039 · Cited by 25

STATISTICS ANXIETY AND WORRY: THE ROLES OF WORRY BELIEFS, NEGATIVE PROBLEM ORIENTATION, AND COGNITIVE AVOIDANCE

Williams, A. S. (2015) · Statistics Education Research Journal · doi:10.52041/serj.v14i2.261 · Cited by 23

Look before you leap: the role of negative urgency in appraisals of ambiguous and unambiguous scenarios in individuals high in generalized anxiety disorder symptoms

Malivoire, B. L., Marcos, M., Pawluk, E. J., Tallon, K., Kusec, A., & Koerner, N. (2018) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2018.1508247 · Cited by 21

The impacts of negative problem orientation on perceived risk and travel intention in the context of COVID-19: a PLS-SEM approach

Şengel, Ü., Genç, G., Işkın, M., Çevrimkaya, M., Assiouras, I., Zengin, B., Sarıışık, M., & Buhalis, D. (2022) · Journal of Tourism Futures · doi:10.1108/jtf-05-2021-0130 · Cited by 21

The effect of worrying on intolerance of uncertainty and positive and negative beliefs about worry

Britton, G. I., Neale, S. E., & Davey, G. C. L. (2018) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2018.09.002 · Cited by 23

Heightened reactivity to uncertain threat as a neurobehavioral marker of suicidal ideation in individuals with depression and anxiety

Lieberman, L., Petrey, K., Shankman, S. A., Phan, K. L., & Gorka, S. M. (2020) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.06.003 · Cited by 20

Aversive Indecisiveness Predicts Risks for and Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression Over Avoidant Indecisiveness

Lauderdale, S. A., Martin, K. J., & Moore, J. M. (2018) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-018-0302-x · Cited by 26

Distress intolerance and worry: the mediating role of cognitive variables

Kertz, S. J., Stevens, K. T., McHugh, R. K., & Björgvinsson, Þ. (2014) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2014.974571 · Cited by 20

Correlates of Dampening and Savoring in Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Malivoire, B. L., Marcotte-Beaumier, G., Sumantry, D. M., & Koerner, N. (2022) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-022-00145-x · Cited by 18

The Use of the Mirror Tracing Persistence Task as a Measure of Distress Tolerance in Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Renna, M. E., Chin, S., Seeley, S. H., Fresco, D. M., Heimberg, R. G., & Mennin, D. S. (2017) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-017-0274-2 · Cited by 18

The Efficacy of Intolerance of Uncertainty Intervention on Anxiety and its Mediating Role by Multilayer Linear Model Analysis.

Li, J., Gao, J., Zhang, Q., Li, C., & Cui, L. (2021) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-020-09832-5 · Cited by 17

Adverse childhood experiences and implications of perceived stress, anxiety and cortisol among women in Pakistan: a cross-sectional study

Ikram, N., Frost, A., LeMasters, K. H., Hagaman, A. K., Baranov, V., Gallis, J. A., Sikander, S., Scherer, E. M., & Maselko, J. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052280 · Cited by 24

Adaptive function and correlates of anxiety during a pandemic

Salali, G. D., Uysal, M. S., & Bevan, A. (2021) · Evolution, Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.1093/emph/eoab037 · Cited by 18

Examination of an experimental manipulation of intolerance of uncertainty on obsessive-compulsive outcomes

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Comparing the Roles of Ambiguity and Unpredictability in Intolerance of Uncertainty

Byrne, S., Hunt, C. J., & Chang, B. P. I. (2015) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1017/bec.2014.27 · Cited by 15

Relationship of subjective and objective cognition with post-stroke mood differs between early and long-term stroke

Kusec, A., & Demeyere, N. (2025) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2024.2417865 · Cited by 14

The effect of self-referential processing on anxiety in response to naturalistic and laboratory stressors

Tracy, A., Jopling, E. N., & LeMoult, J. (2021) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2021.1951675 · Cited by 17

Psychometric Evaluation of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale for Children (IUSC): Findings From Clinical and Community Samples in Iran

Zemestani, M., Didehban, R., Comer, J. S., & Kendall, P. C. (2021) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191121998769 · Cited by 14

Adultmodels of anxiety and their application to children and adolescents

Cartwright‐Hatton, S., Reynolds, S. A., & Wilson, C. E. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511994920.008 · Cited by 14

The Roles of Different Appraisals in Anxiety and Emotional Exhaustion: A Case of NCAA Division I Head Coaches

Lee, Y. H. (2021) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5406/amerjpsyc.134.3.0269 · Cited by 12

Repetitive negative thinking during ambiguous situations: Interactive roles of looming cognitive style and intolerance of uncertainty

Atalay, A. A., Tunçer, İ., King, N., Önol, B., Sözeri, Y., & Tezel, S. (2023) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2023.101840 · Cited by 12

The Nature of Worry(ing)

Armitage, E. (2024) · Review of Philosophy and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s13164-024-00755-8 · Cited by 11

The effect of emotional state on visual detection: A signal detection analysis.

Cataldo, A. M., & Cohen, A. L. (2015) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/emo0000091 · Cited by 11

Intolerance of Uncertainty and Perfectionistic Beliefs About Parenting as Cognitive Mechanisms of Symptom Change During Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Perinatal Anxiety.

Donegan, E., Frey, B. N., McCabe, R. E., Streiner, D. L., & Green, S. M. (2022) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2022.02.005 · Cited by 10

Applicability of the cognitive model of generalized anxiety disorder to adolescents’ sleep quality: A cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis

Xiao, H., Shen, Y., Zhang, W., & Lin, R. (2023) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2023.100406 · Cited by 15

A Structural Equation Modelling on the Factors Affecting Intolerance of Uncertainty and Worry Among a Select Group of Filipino Elderly

de Guzman, A. B., Lacao, R. A., & Larracas, C. (2014) · Educational Gerontology · doi:10.1080/03601277.2014.918837 · Cited by 13

Interrelationships between negative mood and clinical constructs: a motivational systems approach

Britton, G. I., & Davey, G. C. L. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00393 · Cited by 9

Cloud Model-Based Comprehensive Evaluation Method for Entrepreneurs’ Uncertainty Tolerance

Guo, P., Li, X., Jia, Y., & Zhang, X. (2020) · Mathematics · doi:10.3390/math8091491 · Cited by 10

The Importance of Taking an Integrative Approach to the Study of Worry, Intolerance of Uncertainty, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder.

Koerner, N. (2014) · Canadian Psychology / Psychologie Canadienne · doi:10.1037/a0035552 · Cited by 9

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

Stevens, E. S., Jendrusina, A. A., Sarapas, C., & Behar, E. (2014) · The Wiley Handbook of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1002/9781118775349.ch21 · Cited by 9

How to Differentiate Generalized Anxiety Disorder from Worry: The Role of Cognitive Strategies

Nasiri, F., Mashhadi, A., Bigdeli, I., & Chamanabad, A. G. (2019) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-019-00323-5 · Cited by 9

Intolerance of Uncertainty

McEvoy, P. M., Carleton, R. N., Correa, K. A., Shankman, S. A., & Shihata, S. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108140416.008 · Cited by 9

Intolerance of uncertainty, aging, and anxiety and mental health concerns: A scoping review and meta-analysis

Yu, M. H. M., Cao, Y., Fung, S. S. Y., Kwan, G. S. Y., Tse, Z. C. K., & Shum, D. H. K. (2025) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2025.102975 · Cited by 8

Mapping the Dynamics of Generalized Anxiety Symptoms and Actionable Transdiagnostic Mechanisms: A Panel Study

Hoffart, A., Skjerdingstad, N., Freichel, R., Johnson, S. U., Epskamp, S., & Ebrahimi, O. V. (2025) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/da/1885004 · Cited by 10

Musical communication, emotion regulation and the capacity for attention control: A theoretical model

Swaine, J. S. (2014) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/0305735614545197 · Cited by 10

Pathological Worry in Children: What is Currently Known?

Wilson, C. E. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.008110 · Cited by 8

Cognitive‐Behavioral Models of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Koerner, N., McEvoy, P. M., & Tallon, K. (2020) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119189909.ch7 · Cited by 10

The moderating and mediating role of telepresence and cognitive change in cognitive behaviour therapy delivered via videoconference

Bouchard, S., Berthiaume, M., Robillard, G., Allard, M., Green‐Demers, I., Watts, S., Marchand, A., Gosselin, P., Langlois, F., Belleville, G., et al. (2023) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2816 · Cited by 7

Intolerance of Uncertainty and Psychological Flexibility Predict Worry in Young Adults

Kalaycı, M. Y., & Aydın, Y. (2025) · Bartın University Journal of Faculty of Education · doi:10.14686/buefad.1368769 · Cited by 8

Investigation of Relationships among Anxiety, Intolerance of Uncertainty, and Decision Making

ULU, Ş. T., & Yaka, B. (2020) · Ege Eğitim Dergisi · doi:10.12984/egeefd.661965 · Cited by 7

Negative expectations influence behavioral and ERP responses in the subsequent recognition of expectancy‐incongruent neutral events

Lin, H., & Liang, J. (2019) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13492 · Cited by 7

Perceptions of Threat

Bredemeier, K., & Berenbaum, H. (2020) · doi:10.1002/9781119189909.ch3 · Cited by 6

Challenging Parenting Behaviour and Anxiety Disorders in Emerging Adulthood

Chan, E. W. T., Wong, K. T. C., & Clark, L. H. (2023) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-022-02434-7 · Cited by 5

Differences in Cognitive Avoidance, Anger Rumination, and The General Anxiety in Light of The Gender and Emotional Regulation Disturbance Among Undergraduate Students

Tahoon, R. (2023) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440231187281 · Cited by 12

Worry and Rumination: Measurement Invariance Across Gender

Carter, J. A. (2021) · Digital Commons - USU (Utah State University) · doi:10.26076/91e0-6588 · Cited by 5

Reducing the Burden of Suicidal Thoughts Through Online Self-Help

van Spijker, B. A. J. (2012) · Cited by 5

Profiling Generalized Anxiety Disorder on Social Networks: Content and Behavior Analysis

Alhazzaa, L., & Ćurčin, V. (2024) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/53399 · Cited by 4

Anxiety Sensitivity and Intolerance of Uncertainty Uniquely Explain the Association of the Late Positive Potential With Generalized Anxiety Disorder Symptoms

Judah, M. R., Hamrick, H. C., Swanson, B., Middlebrooks, M. S., & Shields, G. S. (2025) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.70044 · Cited by 8

The Scale of Online Course Anxiety: Assessing College Students’ Anxiety in Online Courses

Li, X., Lan, W. Y., & Williams, A. (2021) · Online Learning · doi:10.24059/olj.v25i4.2505 · Cited by 5

Anxiety predicts impulsive-compulsive behaviours in Parkinson's disease: Clinical relevance and theoretical implications

Rosa, E. D., Mapelli, D., Ronconi, L., Macchia, E., Gentili, C., Bisiacchi, P. S., & Edelstyn, N. (2022) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.01.052 · Cited by 4

Intolerance of Uncertainty

Elizabeth A. Hebert, J. M. S., & Dugas, M. J. (2017) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781483365817.n761 · Cited by 4

INTOLERANCE OF UNCERTAINTY: A COGNITIVE VULNERABILITY THAT PREDISPOSES INDIVIDUALS TO DEVELOP SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER?

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