Technology and Social Media
Abstract
This chapter reviews research on Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) and protest since the inception of this area. Despite early and enduring skepticism about the importance of ICTs to protest by many social movement scholars, scholarship has developed over time, particularly outside of social movement studies in communication, political communication, and interdisciplinary research on ICTs. While early scholarship focused on grand debates, such as whether and to what extent existing social movement theory could address challenges raised by ICTs, more recent research focuses on more meso-level questions familiar to many social movement scholars, such as how ICT usage can affect repression and the effectiveness of digital protest. Continuing debates involve the kinds of cases that should be studied, how to generalize from those cases, and how to understand the hybridity of physical and screen worlds.
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Various forms of digital repression have been studied across many disciplines with dissimilar fundamental questions, diverse theoretical and methodological tool kits, and varying awareness of existing research on traditional repression.
“These various forms of digital repression have been studied across many disciplines, which have approached them with dissimilar fundamental questions, diverse extant theoretical and methodological tool kits, and varying awareness of existing research on traditional forms of social movement repression (14).”
From Physical and virtual repertoires of contention (2022) · cites this paper as [14]
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Boukemia, J., & Bailer, S. (2022) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110785265-004 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Commentary on Bott’s “Family and Social Network”
Bidart, C. (2021) · Personal Networks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.009 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Festinger, Schachter, and Back’s Social Pressures in Informal Groups
Martin, J., & Kwon, H.-S. (2021) · Personal Networks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.011 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Smith, S., & Sanders, J. M. (2021) · Personal Networks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.044
Implications of Informant Accuracy Research for Ego Networks
McCarty, C. (2021) · Personal Networks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.013
From Scott L. Feld, “The Focused Organization of Social Ties”
Pescosolido, B., & Smith, E. A. (2021) · Personal Networks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.026
Mische, A. (2021) · Personal Networks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.015
From Barry Wellman and Scot Wortley, “Different Strokes from Different Folks”
Pescosolido, B., & Smith, E. (2021) · Personal Networks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.020
From Ronald S. Burt,Structural Holes
Pescosolido, B. A., & Smith, E. B. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.028 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Pescosolido, B. A., & Smith, E. B. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.059
From Robert Huckfeldt and John Sprague, “Networks in Context”
Pescosolido, B. A., & Smith, E. B. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.034
From J. Clyde Mitchell, “The Concept and Use of Social Networks”
Pescosolido, B. A., & Smith, E. B. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.006
Pescosolido, B. A., & Smith, E. B. (2021) · Personal Networks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.058
Pescosolido, B. A., & Smith, E. B. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.002
From Mark S. Granovetter, “The Strength of Weak Ties”
Pescosolido, B. A., & Smith, E. B. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.018
From Bernice A. Pescosolido, “Beyond Rational Choice”
Pescosolido, B. A., & Smith, E. B. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.024
Pescosolido, B. A., & Smith, E. B. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.030
From Elihu Katz and Paul F. Lazarsfeld,Personal Influence
Pescosolido, B. A., & Smith, E. B. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.004
Pescosolido, B. A., & Smith, E. B. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.012
From Harrison C. White,Identity and Control
Pescosolido, B. A., & Smith, E. B. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108878296.014
Content Analysis in the Research Field of Social Movements Communication
García-Albacete, G. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-36179-2_32
Was macht die Digitalisierung mit der Politik?
Klein, B., & Schmidt, R. (2022) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110785265
Johannemann, H. (2025) · transcript Verlag eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783839477069
Johannemann, H. (2025) · transcript Verlag eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783839477069-017
- Authors
- Earl, J.
- Corresponding author
- Earl, Jennifer
- ORCID
- Earl, Jennifer
- Venue
- The Wiley Blackwell Companion to Social Movements
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2018-10-05
- Pages
- 289-305
- OpenAlex
- W2895109597
- Cited by
- 68
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 53 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1
- Type
- other
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Communication › Social Media and Politics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Movements and Cultural Identity
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Political Conflict and Governance
- Keywords
- information and communication technologies, social media, protest, social movements, online protest, repression, social movement theory, political communication
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