Molecular Engineering of NIR‐II AIE Luminogen Excited at 1700 nm for Ultradeep Intravital Brain Two‐Photon Fluorescence Imaging
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The limited tissue penetration depth and spatial resolution are the major bottlenecks for deep‐brain imaging. In this study, molecular engineering by tailoring electron donors is conducted to develop for the first time an NIR‐II (second near‐infrared) emissive fluorescence probe, namely DCTBT, for effective deep‐brain two‐photon fluorescence imaging. Benefiting from its good biocompatibility, high photostability, bright NIR‐II emission as aggregates and large two‐photon fluorescence action cross section at the 1700 nm excitation window, DCTBT offers the imaging depths of 2180 and 1135 µm in mouse brain with removed and intact skull, respectively. These results are the record depths for brain imaging, compared to all kinds of fluorescent probes and all modalities of multiphoton microscopy at all demonstrated excitation wavelengths. Moreover, with DCTBT labeling, hemodynamic imaging of blood flow in mouse brain vessels down to a depth of 714 µm with the intact skull is achieved. Multiphoton fluorescence imaging with the NIR‐II probe DCTBT excited at the 1700 nm window may readily provide methodology for deep‐brain structural and hemodynamic research.
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Gradually increasing donor strength from carbazole to diphenylamine-substituted thieno[3,2-b]indole achieved stepwise narrowing of the HOMO-LUMO gap and marked red-shifts in absorption and emission.
“By gradually increasing donor strength from carbazole to diphenylamine-substituted thieno[3,2-b]indole, they achieved stepwise narrowing of the HOMO-LUMO gap and marked red-shifts in absorption and emission.”
From Organic small-molecule NIR-II fluorophores for tumor phototheranostics (2026) · cites this paper as [130]
The introduction of twisted, rotatable diphenylamine units enhanced intramolecular charge transfer and imparted aggregation-induced emission behavior, leading to high fluorescence quantum yields.
“The introduction of twisted, rotatable diphenylamine units not only enhanced ICT but also imparted aggregation-induced emission (AIE) behavior, leading to high fluorescence quantum yields.”
From Organic small-molecule NIR-II fluorophores for tumor phototheranostics (2026) · cites this paper as [130]
Wang et al. designed a series of donor-acceptor-donor molecules based on BBTD cores, with ortho-alkyl-substituted thiophene units on both sides serving as electron donors and π-spacers.
“To overcome tissue penetration limitations in deep-brain imaging, Wang et al. designed a series of D-A-D molecules based on BBTD cores130. Ortho-alkyl-substituted thiophene units were introduced on both sides of BBTD, serving dual functions as electron donors and π-spacers.”
From Organic small-molecule NIR-II fluorophores for tumor phototheranostics (2026) · cites this paper as [130]
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Self-citationSun, X. T., Bao, Y., Ni, H., Yang, J., Liu, D., Qu, Y., & Wang, Y. (2026) · Journal of Fluorescence · doi:10.1007/s10895-026-04903-4
2-photon fluorescence microscopy of brain cells beyond 2 mm
Zhang, Y., Yan, J., Li, Z., Zhang, C., Huang, J., Tang, S., Li, Y., Ye, X., Liu, J., Qiu, P., et al. (2026) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.606359
Self-citationA NIR-II AIEgen with superior fluorescence and photothermal performance for precision theranostics
Zheng, H., Li, T., Sun, T., Xu, J., Wei, J., Zhang, S.-T., Wang, C., Wang, D., Lu, G., & Tang, B. Z. (2026) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aeh5939
Self-citationZhang, X., Bian, H., Qiu, Y., Wei, R., Yang, Y., & Tang, B. (2026) · Journal of the American Chemical Society · doi:10.1021/jacs.6c16331
Self-citation
- Authors
- Li, D., Deng, X., Xu, Z., Wang, D., Xu, G., Zhang, P., Qiu, P., Xie, W., Wang, D., Tang, B. Z., & Wang, K.
- Affiliations
- Shenzhen University (CN)
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Dong
- Tang, Ben Zhong
- Wang, Ke
- Venue
- Advanced Functional Materials
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2023-07-08
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 46
- ISSN
- 1616-301X (ISSN-L)
- 1616-3028
- OpenAlex
- W4383599246
- Cited by
- 63
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 3
- FWCI
- 4.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Advanced Functional Materials (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (61975126, 62075135, 61475103, 61775143, 52122317, 22175120)
- China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2021M702238)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Luminescence and Fluorescent Materials
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Spectroscopy › Molecular Sensors and Ion Detection
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biophysics › Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques
- Keywords
- NIR-II fluorescence, aggregation-induced emission, two-photon fluorescence imaging, deep brain imaging, hemodynamic imaging, blood flow imaging, molecular engineering
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