Autonomous Off‐Equilibrium Morphing Pathways of a Supramolecular Shape‐Memory Polymer
Abstract
The diverse morphing behaviors of living creatures arise from their unlimited pathways. In contrast, the equilibrium‐driven morphing pathways of common synthetic shape‐shifting materials are very limited. For a shape‐memory polymer (SMP), its recovery from the temporary shape(s) to the permanent shape typically requires external stimulation and follows a single fixed route. Herein, a covalently crosslinked SMP is designed with ample ureidopyrimidinone (UPy) supramolecular moieties in the network. The UPy units endow the SMP with strong time–temperature dependency, which is explored as a mechanism for spatio‐temporal programming of autonomous shape‐shifting pathways. In particular, the use of digitally controlled photothermal heating provides versatility in control via an off‐equilibrium mechanism. In addition, cooling/heating across its glass transition introduces a locking/unlocking mechanism for its temporal morphing. The benefits of these unique features are demonstrated by multi‐shape‐transformation, an “invisible”‐color‐based clock, a time–temperature indicator, and sequence‐programmable 4D printing.
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The paper achieved a 4D printable shape memory hydrogel that operates via spinodal decomposition, with shape-shifting dominated by internal mass diffusion instead of thermal conduction.
“Here, we achieve this seemingly unrealistic goal with a 4D printable shape memory hydrogel that operates via spinodal decomposition, with its shape-shifting dominated by internal mass diffusion instead of thermal conduction for common shape memory polymers8-10,13.”
From Shape memory polymer with programmable recovery onset (2023) · cites this paper as [13]
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- Authors
- Peng, W., Zhang, G., Zhao, Q., & Xie, T.
- Affiliations
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Xie, Tao
- Venue
- Advanced Materials
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2021-07-18
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 34
- Pages
- e2102473-e2102473
- ISSN
- 0935-9648 (ISSN-L)
- 1521-4095
- OpenAlex
- W3186195652
- Cited by
- 98
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 7.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Advanced Materials (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (52033009, 21625402)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Advanced Materials and Mechanics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Polymer composites and self-healing
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Supramolecular Chemistry and Complexes
- Keywords
- shape memory polymers, supramolecular polymers, ureidopyrimidinone, photothermal heating, glass transition, 4D printing, time-temperature indicators
- MeSH terms
- Smart Materials, Cross-Linking Reagents, Hydrogen, Infrared Rays, Kinetics, Materials Testing, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Polymers, Spectrophotometry, Stress, Mechanical, Temperature, Tensile Strength, Time Factors, Phase Transition, Printing, Three-Dimensional
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