Combinatorial Explosion in Homogeneous Catalysis: Screening 60,000 Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Abstract
A new approach to the selection of Heck cross‐coupling catalysts and reaction conditions is presented, based on a quantitative structure‐activity relationship (QSAR) descriptor set that is coupled to linear and non‐linear analysis models. A set of steric and electronic descriptors is defined and calculated. The correlations between ligands, substrates, catalyst precursors and reaction conditions in a dataset of 412 Heck reactions are then analyzed using artificial neural networks, classification tree methods, and linear models. The regression and classification models are powerful, with prediction confidence levels as high as 93%. These models are then used to predict the performance (turnover numbers and turnover frequencies) of 60,000 combinations of virtual catalysts and reaction conditions in silico. Furthermore, the models are used to pinpoint mechanistic effects, in this case the important role that small palladium clusters play in Heck cross‐coupling. The pros and cons of linear and non‐linear models and the application of this approach to the selection of new experiments in high‐throughput systems are discussed.
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After training an ANN on 412 experimental catalysts and reaction conditions, 66,000 new combinations were predicted with the trained ANN.
“after training an ANN on 412 experimental catalysts and reaction conditions, 66,000 new combinations were then predicted with the trained ANN (6).”
From Machine Learning for the Discovery, Design, and Engineering of Materials. (2022) · cites this paper as [6]
Although descriptors and representations have evolved with the increasing use of more sophisticated ML models in recent years, demonstrations in the early 2000s bear striking similarity to many modern applications.
“Although descriptors and representations have evolved with the increasing use of more sophisticated ML models in recent years, demonstrations in the early 2000s (5-8, 42) bear striking similarity to many modern applications (32,43,(72)(73)(74).”
From Machine Learning for the Discovery, Design, and Engineering of Materials. (2022) · cites this paper as [6]
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- Authors
- Burello, E., Farrusseng, D., & Rothenberg, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Farrusseng, David
- Rothenberg, Gadi
- Venue
- Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2004-12
- Volume
- 346
- Issue
- 13-15
- Pages
- 1844-1853
- ISSN
- 1615-4150 (ISSN-L)
- 1615-4169
- OpenAlex
- W2154289461
- Cited by
- 75
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 2.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Catalytic Cross-Coupling Reactions
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Machine Learning in Materials Science
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computational Theory and Mathematics › Computational Drug Discovery Methods
- Keywords
- Heck reaction, catalyst screening, QSAR, QSAR descriptors, artificial neural networks, classification trees, turnover frequency, palladium clusters, reaction condition optimization, combinatorial chemistry, high-throughput experimentation, homogeneous catalysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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