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Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries—Current State of the Art, Circular Economy, and Next Generation Recycling
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Abstract Being successfully introduced into the market only 30 years ago, lithium‐ion batteries have become state‐of‐the‐art power sources for portable electronic devices and the most promising candidate for energy storage in stationary or electric vehicle applications. This widespread use in a multitude of industrial and private applications leads to the need for recycling and reutilization of their constituent components. Improving the “recycling technology” of lithium ion batteries is a continuous effort and recycling is far from maturity today. The complexity of lithium ion batteries with varying active and inactive material chemistries interferes with the desire to establish one robust recycling procedure for all kinds of lithium ion batteries. Therefore, the current state of the art needs to be analyzed, improved, and adapted for the coming cell chemistries and components. This paper provides an overview of regulations and new battery directive demands. It covers current practices in material collection, sorting, transportation, handling, and recycling. Future generations of batteries will further increase the diversity of cell chemistry and components. Therefore, this paper presents predictions related to the challenges of future battery recycling with regard to battery materials and chemical composition, and discusses future approaches to battery recycling.
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“Used lithium-ion batteries contain between 5-20% cobalt, 5-10% nickel, 5-7% lithium, 5-10% other metals (copper, aluminum, iron, and other), 15% organic compounds, and 7% plastics by mass.”
From Lithium Supply Chain Optimization: A Global Analysis of Critical Minerals for Batteries (2024) · cites this paper as [55]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Neumann, J., Petranikova, M., Meeus, M., Gamarra, J. D., Younesi, R., Winter, M., & Nowak, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Münster (DE)
- Chalmers University of Technology Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Industrial Material Recycling Kemivägen 4 Gothenburg 41296 Sweden
- European Materials Industrial Research Initiative‐ EMIRI Rue de Ransbeek 310 Brussels B‐1120 Belgium
- Uppsala University (SE)
- Forschungszentrum Jülich (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Nowak, Sascha
- Venue
- Advanced Energy Materials
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2022-01-10
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 17
- ISSN
- 1614-6832 (ISSN-L)
- 1614-6840
- OpenAlex
- W4205771230
- Cited by
- 805
- References
- 270
- Citations by year
- 2026: 147 · 2025: 205 · 2024: 216 · 2023: 187 · 2022: 50
- FWCI
- 62.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Advanced Energy Materials (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Uppsala University Publications (Uppsala University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Chalmers Research (Chalmers University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission (957213, HORIZON2020)
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (957213, 03XP0246C, 03XP0253A)
- Energimyndigheten
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Metals and Alloys › Extraction and Separation Processes
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Battery Modeling and Management
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Waste Management and Disposal › Recycling and Waste Management Techniques
- Keywords
- lithium-ion battery recycling, circular economy, battery materials recovery, electric vehicle batteries, stationary energy storage
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