Electric vehicle lithium-ion battery recycled content standards for the US – targets, costs, and environmental impacts

IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science

Hermansah, H., Sandi, N., & Naspendra, Z. (2020) · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · doi:10.1088/issn.1755-1315 · Cited by 12,775 · see citing works

A ‘missing’ family of classical orthogonal polynomials

Vinet, L., & Zhedanov, A. S. (2011) · Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical · doi:10.1088/1751-8113/44/8/085201 · Cited by 1,649 · see citing works

Examining different recycling processes for lithium-ion batteries

Ciez, R. E., & Whitacre, J. F. (2019) · Nature Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s41893-019-0222-5 · Cited by 965 · see citing works

Hydrometallurgical Processes for Recycling Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Critical Review

Yao, Y., Zhu, M., Zhao, Z., Tong, B., Fan, Y., & Hua, Z. (2018) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b03545 · Cited by 898 · see citing works

Future material demand for automotive lithium-based batteries

Xu, C., Dai, Q., Gaines, L., Hu, M., Tukker, A., & Steubing, B. (2020) · Communications Materials · doi:10.1038/s43246-020-00095-x · Cited by 898 · see citing works

Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries—Current State of the Art, Circular Economy, and Next Generation Recycling

Neumann, J., Petranikova, M., Meeus, M., Gamarra, J. D., Younesi, R., Winter, M., & Nowak, S. (2022) · Advanced Energy Materials · doi:10.1002/aenm.202102917 · Cited by 805 · see citing works

Efficient Direct Recycling of Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes by Targeted Healing

Xu, P., Dai, Q., Gao, H., Liu, H., Zhang, M., Li, M., Chen, Y., An, K., Meng, Y. S., Liu, P., et al. (2020) · Joule · doi:10.1016/j.joule.2020.10.008 · Cited by 768 · see citing works

Life cycle assessment of a lithium-ion battery vehicle pack

Ellingsen, L. A., Majeau‐Bettez, G., Singh, B., Srivastava, A. K., Valøen, L. O., & Strømman, A. H. (2014) · Journal of Industrial Ecology · doi:10.1111/jiec.12072 · Cited by 665 · see citing works

Circular economy strategies for electric vehicle batteries reduce reliance on raw materials

Baars, J., Domenech, T., Bleischwitz, R., Melin, H. E., & Heidrich, O. (2020) · Nature Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s41893-020-00607-0 · Cited by 641 · see citing works

Lithium-ion batteries towards circular economy: A literature review of opportunities and issues of recycling treatments

Mossali, E., Picone, N., Gentilini, L., Rodríguez, O., Pérez, J. M., & Colledani, M. (2020) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110500 · Cited by 580 · see citing works

The significance of Li-ion batteries in electric vehicle life-cycle energy and emissions and recycling's role in its reduction

Dunn, J. B., Gaines, L., Kelly, J. C., James, C., & Gallagher, K. G. (2015) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/c4ee03029j · Cited by 561 · see citing works

A future perspective on lithium-ion battery waste flows from electric vehicles

Richa, K., Babbitt, C. W., Gaustad, G. G., & Wang, X. (2014) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.11.008 · Cited by 474 · see citing works

Impact of Recycling on Cradle-to-Gate Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Automotive Lithium-Ion Batteries

Dunn, J. B., Gaines, L. L., Sullivan, J. L., & Wang, M. (2012) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es302420z · Cited by 457 · see citing works

Lithium-ion battery recycling processes: Research towards a sustainable course

Gaines, L. L. (2018) · Sustainable materials and technologies · doi:10.1016/j.susmat.2018.e00068 · Cited by 344 · see citing works

Toward a cell‐chemistry specific life cycle assessment of lithium‐ion battery recycling processes

Mohr, M., Peters, J. F., Baumann, M., & Weil, M. (2020) · Journal of Industrial Ecology · doi:10.1111/jiec.13021 · Cited by 326 · see citing works

Global implications of the EU battery regulation

Melin, H. E., Rajaeifar, M. A., Ku, A. Y., Kendall, A. M., Harper, G. D. J., & Heidrich, O. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abh1416 · Cited by 310 · see citing works

Advance review on the exploitation of the prominent energy-storage element Lithium. Part II: From sea water and spent lithium ion batteries (LIBs)

Choubey, P. K., Chung, K.-S., Kim, M.-S., Lee, J.-C., & Srivastava, R. R. (2017) · Minerals Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2017.04.008 · Cited by 290 · see citing works

Pyrometallurgical recycling of Li-ion, Ni–Cd and Ni–MH batteries: A minireview

Assefi, M., Maroufi, S., Yamauchi, Y., & Sahajwalla, V. (2020) · Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.cogsc.2020.01.005 · Cited by 257 · see citing works

Eco‐Efficiency Analysis of a Lithium‐Ion Battery Waste Hierarchy Inspired by Circular Economy

Richa, K., Babbitt, C. W., & Gaustad, G. G. (2017) · Journal of Industrial Ecology · doi:10.1111/jiec.12607 · Cited by 251 · see citing works

Costs of lithium-ion batteries for vehicles

Gaines, L. L., & Cuenca, R. (2000) · doi:10.2172/761281 · Cited by 248 · see citing works

Circularity of Lithium-Ion Battery Materials in Electric Vehicles

Dunn, J., Slattery, M., Kendall, A. M., Ambrose, H., & Shen, S. (2021) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.0c07030 · Cited by 247 · see citing works

Life cycle assessment of lithium‐ion battery recycling using pyrometallurgical technologies

Rajaeifar, M. A., Raugei, M., Steubing, B. R. P., Hartwell, A., Anderson, P. A., & Heidrich, O. (2021) · Journal of Industrial Ecology · doi:10.1111/jiec.13157 · Cited by 223 · see citing works

Material flow analysis on critical raw materials of lithium-ion batteries in China

Song, J., Yan, W., Cao, H., Song, Q., Ding, H., Lv, Z., Zhang, Y., & Sun, Z. H. I. (2019) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.081 · Cited by 214 · see citing works

Perspectives on Cobalt Supply through 2030 in the Face of Changing Demand

Fu, X., Beatty, D. N., Gaustad, G. G., Ceder, G., Roth, R., Kirchain, R., Bustamante, M. L., Babbitt, C. W., & Olivetti, E. (2020) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.9b04975 · Cited by 203 · see citing works

Environmental and economic evaluation of remanufacturing lithium-ion batteries from electric vehicles

Xiong, S., Ji, J., & Ma, X. (2019) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2019.11.013 · Cited by 199 · see citing works

Direct Recycling R&D at the ReCell Center

Gaines, L. L., Dai, Q., Vaughey, J. T., & Gillard, S. (2021) · Recycling · doi:10.3390/recycling6020031 · Cited by 198 · see citing works

Electric vehicle recycling in China: Economic and environmental benefits

Qiao, Q., Zhao, F., Liu, Z., & Hao, H. (2018) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.09.003 · Cited by 189 · see citing works

Economic and environmental characterization of an evolving Li-ion battery waste stream

Wang, X., Gaustad, G. G., Babbitt, C. W., Bailey, C., Ganter, M. J., & Landi, B. J. (2014) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.01.021 · Cited by 188 · see citing works

Transportation of electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries at end-of-life: A literature review

Slattery, M., Dunn, J., & Kendall, A. M. (2021) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105755 · Cited by 179 · see citing works

To shred or not to shred: A comparative techno-economic assessment of lithium ion battery hydrometallurgical recycling retaining value and improving circularity in LIB supply chains

Thompson, D. L., Hyde, C., Hartley, J. M., Abbott, A. P., Anderson, P. A., & Harper, G. D. J. (2021) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105741 · Cited by 179 · see citing works

Material flow analysis for end-of-life lithium-ion batteries from battery electric vehicles in the USA and China

Shafique, M., Rafiq, M., Azam, A., & Luo, X. (2021) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.106061 · Cited by 174 · see citing works

Economics and Challenges of Li-Ion Battery Recycling from End-of-Life Vehicles

Steward, D., Mayyas, A. T., & Mann, M. (2019) · Procedia Manufacturing · doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2019.04.033 · Cited by 171 · see citing works

Comparison between cylindrical and prismatic lithium-ion cell costs using a process based cost model

Ciez, R. E., & Whitacre, J. F. (2016) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.11.054 · Cited by 150 · see citing works

Feasibility assessment of remanufacturing, repurposing, and recycling of end of vehicle application lithium-ion batteries

Foster, M., Isely, P. N., Standridge, C. R., & Hasan, M. M. (2014) · Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management · doi:10.3926/jiem.939 · Cited by 122 · see citing works

Dynamic material flow analysis of critical metals for lithium-ion battery system in China from 2000–2018

Liu, W., Liu, W., Li, X., Liu, Y., Ogunmoroti, A., Li, M., Bi, M., & Cui, Z. (2020) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105122 · Cited by 119 · see citing works

Development of all-solid-state battery based on lithium ion conductive polymer nanofiber framework

Watanabe, T., Inafune, Y., Tanaka, M., Mochizuki, Y., Matsumoto, F., & Kawakami, H. (2019) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.03.066 · Cited by 92 · see citing works

Life-Cycle Analysis of Production and Recycling of Lithium Ion Batteries

Gaines, L. L., Sullivan, J. L., Burnham, A., & Belharouak, I. (2011) · Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board · doi:10.3141/2252-08 · Cited by 83 · see citing works

Recycling Strategies for Ceramic All-Solid-State Batteries—Part I: Study on Possible Treatments in Contrast to Li-Ion Battery Recycling

Schwich, L., Küpers, M., Finsterbusch, M., Schreiber, A., Fattakhova‐Rohlfing, D., Guillon, O., & Friedrich, B. G. (2020) · Metals · doi:10.3390/met10111523 · Cited by 44 · see citing works

The Recycling of Spent Power Battery: Economic Benefits and Policy Suggestions

Ma, X., Ma, Y., Zhou, J., & Xiong, S. (2018) · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/159/1/012017 · Cited by 42 · see citing works

End-of-life batteries management and material flow analysis in South Korea

Hyunhee, K., Jang, Y.-C., Hwang, Y., Ko, Y., & Yun, H. (2018) · Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering · doi:10.1007/s11783-018-1019-x · Cited by 40 · see citing works

Storage Futures Study: Economic Potential of Diurnal Storage in the U.S. Power Sector

Frazier, A., Cole, W., Denholm, P. L., Machen, S., Gates, N. S., & Blair, N. (2021) · doi:10.2172/1785688 · Cited by 34 · see citing works

Fitting lifetime distributions to interval censored cyclic-aging data of lithium-ion batteries

Johnen, M., Schmitz, C., Kateri, M., & Kamps, U. (2020) · Computers & Industrial Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.cie.2020.106418 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

Recycling and Disposal of Lithium Battery: Economic and Environmental Approach

Rahman, A., Afroz, R., & SAFRIN, M. (2017) · IIUM Engineering Journal · doi:10.31436/iiumej.v18i2.773 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

How to Maximize the Value Recovered from Li-Ion Batteries: Hydrometallurgical or Direct Recycling?

Gaines, L. L., & Wang, Y. (2021) · The Electrochemical Society Interface · doi:10.1149/2.f07213f · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries in the Context of Technology and Price Developments

Bernhart, W. (2019) · ATZelectronics worldwide · doi:10.1007/s38314-018-0092-z · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Advances in Repurposing and Recycling of Post-Vehicle-Application Lithium-IonBatteries

Standridge, C. R., Corneal, L., & Baine, N. A. (2016) · San Jose State University Scholar Works (San Jose State University) · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Analysis of Lithium Battery Recycling System of New Energy Vehicles under Low Carbon Background

Wang, Z. (2020) · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/514/3/032008 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Costs, carbon footprint, and environmental impacts of lithium-ion batteries—From cathode active material synthesis to cell manufacturing and recycling

Gutsch, M., & Leker, J. (2024) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.122132 · Cited by 247 · see citing works

Lithium-ion battery recycling relieves the threat to material scarcity amid China’s electric vehicle ambitions

Zhang, B., Xin, Q., Chen, S., Wang, B., Li, H., Wang, Z., & Bansal, P. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-61481-y · Cited by 140 · see citing works

Carbon footprint distributions of lithium-ion batteries and their materials

Peiseler, L., Schenker, V., Schatzmann, K., Pfister, S., Wood, V., & Schmidt, T. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-54634-y · Cited by 131 · see citing works

3D Printing‐Enabled Design and Manufacturing Strategies for Batteries: A Review

Fonseca, N., Thummalapalli, S. V., Jambhulkar, S., Ravichandran, D., Zhu, Y., Patil, D., Thippanna, V., Ramanathan, A., Xu, W., Guo, S., et al. (2023) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.202302718 · Cited by 94 · see citing works

Review of life cycle assessment on lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) recycling

Domingues, A. M., & de Souza, R. G. (2024) · Next Sustainability · doi:10.1016/j.nxsust.2024.100032 · Cited by 86 · see citing works

Assessing the feasibility of the Inflation Reduction Act’s EV critical mineral targets

Trost, J. N., & Dunn, J. B. (2023) · Nature Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s41893-023-01079-8 · Cited by 81 · see citing works

Charting the electric vehicle battery reuse and recycling network in North America

Slattery, M., Dunn, J., & Kendall, A. M. (2023) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2023.11.018 · Cited by 80 · see citing works

A system dynamics model for end-of-life management of electric vehicle batteries in the US: Comparing the cost, carbon, and material requirements of remanufacturing and recycling

Kamath, D. D., Moore, S., Arsenault, R., & Anctil, A. (2023) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107061 · Cited by 78 · see citing works

EU’s recycled content targets of lithium-ion batteries are likely to compromise critical metal circularity

Zhou, H., Yang, Y., Li, W., McKechnie, J., Thiede, S., & Wang, P. (2024) · One Earth · doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2024.06.017 · Cited by 75 · see citing works

Barriers and policy challenges in developing circularity approaches in the EU battery sector: An assessment

Rizos, V., & Urban, P. (2024) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107800 · Cited by 72 · see citing works

Electrode separation via water electrolysis for sustainable battery recycling

Yang, F., Chen, X., Qu, G., Nie, Q., Liu, G., Wan, W., Wang, T., Li, S., Huang, Y., Li, J., et al. (2025) · Nature Sustainability · doi:10.1038/s41893-025-01539-3 · Cited by 70 · see citing works

Towards to Battery Digital Passport: Reviewing Regulations and Standards for Second-Life Batteries

Júnior, C. A. R., Sanseverino, E. R., Gallo, P., Koch, D., Diel, S., Walter, G., Trilla, L., Ferreira, V. J., Benveniste, G., Kotak, Y., et al. (2024) · Batteries · doi:10.3390/batteries10040115 · Cited by 67 · see citing works

Aspects of Nickel, Cobalt and Lithium, the Three Key Elements for Li-Ion Batteries: An Overview on Resources, Demands, and Production

Kalungi, P., Yao, Z., & Huang, H. (2024) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma17174389 · Cited by 68 · see citing works

A battery value chain independent of primary raw materials: Towards circularity in China, Europe and the US

Wesselkämper, J., Dahrendorf, L., Mauler, L., Lux, S. F., & von Delft, S. (2023) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107218 · Cited by 65 · see citing works

Manufacturing processes and recycling technology of automotive lithium-ion battery: A review

Qi, L., Wang, Y., Kong, L., Yi, M., Song, J., Hao, D., Zhou, X., Zhang, Z., & Yan, J. (2023) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2023.107533 · Cited by 63 · see citing works

Social Acceptance and Preference of EV Users—A Review

Ramachandaramurthy, V. K., Ajmal, A. M., Kasinathan, P., Tan, K. M., Yong, J. Y., & Vinoth, R. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3241636 · Cited by 58 · see citing works

A sustainable circular supply chain network design model for electric vehicle battery production using internet of things and big data

Madjid Tavana, D., Sohrabi, M., Rezaei, H., Sorooshian, S., & Mina, H. (2023) · Expert Systems · doi:10.1111/exsy.13395 · Cited by 55 · see citing works

Evaluation of the central and local power batteries recycling policies in China: A PMC-Index model approach

Liu, F., Tang, J., Rustam, A., & Liu, Z. (2023) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.139073 · Cited by 55 · see citing works

A review on the industrial chain of recycling critical metals from electric vehicle batteries: Current status, challenges, and policy recommendations

Ma, T., Zhang, Q., Tang, Y., Liu, B., Li, Y., & Wang, L. (2024) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2024.114806 · Cited by 55 · see citing works

Global Regulations for Sustainable Battery Recycling: Challenges and Opportunities

Su, D., Mei, Y., Liu, T., & Amine, K. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17073045 · Cited by 54 · see citing works

Combining dynamic material flow analysis and life cycle assessment to evaluate environmental benefits of recycling – A case study for direct and hydrometallurgical closed-loop recycling of electric vehicle battery systems

Rosenberg, S., Kurz, L., Huster, S., Wehrstein, S., Kiemel, S., Schultmann, F., Reichert, F., Wörner, R., & Glöser‐Chahoud, S. (2023) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107145 · Cited by 51 · see citing works

Towards circular battery supply chains: Strategies to reduce material demand and the impact on mining and recycling

Wesselkämper, J., Dahrendorf, L., Mauler, L., Lux, S. F., & von Delft, S. (2024) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.105160 · Cited by 47 · see citing works

Recycling or Second Use? Supply Potentials and Climate Effects of End-of-Life Electric Vehicle Batteries

Wesselkämper, J., Hendrickson, T. P., Lux, S. F., & von Delft, S. (2025) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.5c01823 · Cited by 46 · see citing works

Economical and Ecofriendly Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling: Material Flow and Energy Flow

Zhang, Q., Gao, X., Liu, X., Gu, Q., Mu, J., & Luo, W. (2024) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c08006 · Cited by 42 · see citing works

Exploring the potential impact of electric passenger vehicle battery recycling on China's cobalt supply and demand under the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality during 2010–2060

Qiao, D., Ma, Y., Bao, Y., Hong, Y., Nacun, B., Narenmandula, & Dai, T. (2024) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141139 · Cited by 41 · see citing works

Cost modelling and key drivers in lithium-ion battery recycling

Schlott, L., Gutsch, M., & Leker, J. (2025) · Nature Reviews Clean Technology · doi:10.1038/s44359-025-00095-5 · Cited by 39 · see citing works

Lithium-ion battery recycling: a critical review of techno-economical and socio-environmental impacts

Das, P., Hewage, K., Kotagodahetti, R., Wanniarachchi, S., & Sadiq, R. (2025) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2025.135847 · Cited by 38 · see citing works

Advancements of lithium-ion battery Recycling: Transitioning from traditional methods to AI and machine learning techniques

Korde, V. B., Khelkar, A. B., Khot, S., Malavadakar, P., Deshmukh, P., & Amalraj, S. (2025) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2025.116180 · Cited by 37 · see citing works

Powering battery sustainability: a review of the recent progress and evolving challenges in recycling lithium-ion batteries

Zheng, P., Young, D., Yang, T., Xiao, Y., & Li, Z. (2023) · Frontiers in Sustainable Resource Management · doi:10.3389/fsrma.2023.1127001 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

Mineral Resource Constraints for China’s Clean Energy Development under Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality Targets: Quantitative Evaluation and Scenario Analysis

Luo, X., Pan, L., & Yang, J. (2022) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en15197029 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

To what extent can recycling batteries help alleviate metal supply shortages and environmental pressures in China?

Liu, M., Liu, W., Liu, W., Chen, Z., & Cui, Z. (2023) · Sustainable Production and Consumption · doi:10.1016/j.spc.2023.01.004 · Cited by 36 · see citing works

Progress, Challenges and Opportunities in Recycling Electric Vehicle Batteries: A Systematic Review Article

Safarzadeh, H., & Maria, F. D. (2025) · Batteries · doi:10.3390/batteries11060230 · Cited by 35 · see citing works

The slow-release effect of recycling on rapid demand growth of critical metals from EV batteries up to 2050: Evidence from China

Huang, J., Dong, X., Chen, J., & Zeng, A. (2023) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.103504 · Cited by 33 · see citing works

The wide range of battery systems: From micro- to structural batteries, from biodegradable to high performance batteries

Costa, C. M., Salado, M., Ferrara, C., Ruffο, R., Mustarelli, P., Mao, R., Feng, S., Shang, Y., Wang, X., Lei, Z., et al. (2025) · Progress in Materials Science · doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101506 · Cited by 32 · see citing works

Circular economy can mitigate rising mining demand from global vehicle electrification

Takimoto, H., Kosai, S., Watari, T., & Yamasue, E. (2024) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107748 · Cited by 31 · see citing works

Comparative Assessment & Environmental Impacts of Lixiviants for Hydrometallurgical Lithium‐Ion Battery Recycling

Bhattacharyya, S., Vidal, R., Alhashim, S. H., Chen, X., & Ajayan, P. M. (2025) · Advanced Energy Materials · doi:10.1002/aenm.202405348 · Cited by 31 · see citing works

Circular battery design: investing in sustainability and profitability

Wolf, A., Nagler, F., Daubinger, P., Neef, C., Mandel, K. S., Flegler, A., & Giffin, G. A. (2024) · Energy & Environmental Science · doi:10.1039/d4ee03418j · Cited by 30 · see citing works

Environmental-economic analysis of the secondary use of electric vehicle batteries in the load shifting of communication base stations: A case study in China

Yang, J., Weil, M., & Гу, Ф. (2022) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2022.105823 · Cited by 30 · see citing works

Fluorinated substances in lithium-ion batteries and solid state batteries: Recycling challenges and environmental impacts

Tawalbeh, T., Rangarajan, S., Liu, H., & Wang, Y. (2025) · Journal of Power Sources · doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2025.237635 · Cited by 28 · see citing works

Robust Assessments of Lithium Mining Impacts Embodied in Global Supply Chain Require Spatially Explicit Analyses

Sun, X., Giljum, S., Maus, V., Schomberg, A., Zhang, S., & You, F. (2025) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.4c12749 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Accidents involving lithium-ion batteries in non-application stages: incident characteristics, environmental impacts, and response strategies

Wang, Z., Huang, G., Chen, Z., & An, C. (2025) · BMC Chemistry · doi:10.1186/s13065-025-01445-x · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Sustainable Recycling of Lithium-Ion Battery Cathodes: Life Cycle Assessment, Technologies, and Economic Insights

Pang, D., Wang, H., Zeng, Y., Han, X., & Zheng, Y. (2025) · Nanomaterials · doi:10.3390/nano15161283 · Cited by 27 · see citing works

Advancing the circular economy by driving sustainable urban mining of end-of-life batteries and technological advancements

Rezaei, M., Nekahi, A., Feyzi, E., R, A. K. M., Nanda, J., & Zaghib, K. (2025) · Energy storage materials · doi:10.1016/j.ensm.2025.104035 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

The economic and environmental impacts of shared collection service systems for retired electric vehicle batteries

Tang, Y., Tao, Y. F., Wen, Z., Bunn, D. W., & Li, Y. (2023) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2023.05.008 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

Can circular economy and cathode chemistry evolution stabilize the supply chain of Li-ion batteries?

Mayyas, A. T., Moawad, K., Chadly, A., & Alhseinat, E. (2023) · The Extractive Industries and Society · doi:10.1016/j.exis.2023.101253 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Comparison of lithium-ion battery supply chains – a life cycle sustainability assessment

Popien, J., Husmann, J., Barke, A., Thies, C., Cerdas, F., Herrmann, C. A., & Spengler, T. (2023) · Procedia CIRP · doi:10.1016/j.procir.2023.02.023 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Emissions and Total Cost of Ownership for Diesel and Battery Electric Freight Pickup and Delivery Trucks in New Zealand: Implications for Transition

Lyu, Z., Pons, D. J., & Zhang, Y. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15107902 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Life cycle sustainability assessment of the platinum supply chain in the European Union

Martínez-Hernando, M.-P., García-Franco, E., Bolonio, D., Ortega, M. F., & García-Martínez, M. (2024) · Sustainable Production and Consumption · doi:10.1016/j.spc.2024.03.017 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

Design Principles for Efficient Hydrothermal Relithiation of Spent Lithium Iron Phosphate

Jiang, Z., Xu, Z., Li, L., Wei, J., Liu, Q., Chen, Y., Xiao, T., Lei, J., & Zhou, Y. (2025) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.4c17326 · Cited by 24 · see citing works

Conceptualizing circular economy policy instruments: The case of recycled content standards

Maeder, M., & Fröhling, M. (2024) · Sustainable Production and Consumption · doi:10.1016/j.spc.2024.11.009 · Cited by 23 · see citing works

The change of material flows and environmental impacts along with future upgrading scenarios of NCM battery in China

Gong, W. T., Daigo, I., Dunuwila, P., & Sun, X. (2024) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.142758 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

A comprehensive analysis and future prospects on battery energy storage systems for electric vehicle applications

Arandhakar, S., Nakka, J., & Krishna, V. B. M. (2024) · Energy Sources Part A Recovery Utilization and Environmental Effects · doi:10.1080/15567036.2024.2401118 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Recycling Lithium-Ion Batteries—Technologies, Environmental, Human Health, and Economic Issues—Mini-Systematic Literature Review

Man, G. T., Iordache, A. M., Zgavarogea, R. I., & Nechita, C. (2024) · Membranes · doi:10.3390/membranes14120277 · Cited by 21 · see citing works

Multi-perspective evaluation on spent lithium iron phosphate recycling process: For next-generation technology option

Li, H., Wang, X., Zhang, W., Li, P., Wang, X., Zhang, X., Wu, B., Gao, W., Wen, J., Huang, G., et al. (2024) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121983 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Evaluating circular economy strategies for raw material recovery from end-of-life lithium-ion batteries: A system dynamics model

Pratap, B., Mohan, T. V. K., Amit, R. K., & Venugopal, S. M. (2024) · Sustainable Production and Consumption · doi:10.1016/j.spc.2024.07.027 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Systematic Review of Battery Life Cycle Management: A Framework for European Regulation Compliance

Gianvincenzi, M., Marconi, M., Mosconi, E. M., Favi, C., & Tola, F. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su162210026 · Cited by 20 · see citing works

Longevity of lithium-ion batteries in EV applications: Techno-economic and environmental impact considerations toward sustainability

Arsad, S. R., Hannan, M. A., Ker, P. J., Wong, R. T. K., Begum, R. A., Hossain, M. J., & Jang, G. (2025) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2025.117551 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Green recycling of short-circuited garnet-type electrolyte for high-performance solid-state lithium batteries

Huang, Y., Qin, Z., Shan, C., Xie, Y., Meng, X., Qian, D., He, G., Mao, D., & Wan, L. (2023) · Journal of Energy Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jechem.2023.01.057 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Exploring the circular economy future of lithium-ion batteries in australia through comprehensive dynamic material flow analysis

Zhou, H., Li, W., Langdon, S., Singh, P. J., & Wang, P. (2025) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108377 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Trends and 2025 insights on the rise of electric vehicles in the USA

Muratori, M., Arent, D. J., Bazilian, M., Bistline, J. E. T., Borlaug, B., Brown, A. L., Cazzola, P., Dede, E. M., Gearhart, C., Greene, D. L., et al. (2025) · Nature Reviews Clean Technology · doi:10.1038/s44359-025-00108-3 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Recycling and reusing batteries: A significant way for effective sustainability of FCEVs and EVs

Arat, H. T. (2023) · International Journal of Hydrogen Energy · doi:10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.01.189 · Cited by 18 · see citing works

Profitability and carbon footprint of battery recycling and the potential impact on battery cost: A structured machine-learning based review

Kronemeyer, N., Wu, X., & Leker, J. (2025) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2025.116182 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

Closed-loop recycling of valuable metals from spent LiCoO2 batteries through phosphate-chemistry-based process

Qi, Y., Wang, M., Lu, Y., & Chen, X. (2023) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2023.143030 · Cited by 17 · see citing works

A bottom-up method to analyze the environmental and economic impacts of recycling lithium-ion batteries with different cathode chemistries

Narang, P., De, P. K., Kumari, M., & Shah, N. H. (2023) · Environment Development and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s10668-023-04169-x · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Overcoming barriers to improved decision-making for battery deployment in the clean energy transition

Tarroja, B., Schoenung, J. M., Ogunseitan, O. A., Kendall, A. M., Qiu, Y., Malloy, T. F., Peters, J. F., Cha, J. M., Mulvaney, D., Heidrich, O., et al. (2024) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2024.109898 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

Sustainable Management of Rechargeable Batteries Used in Electric Vehicles

Meegoda, J. N., Charbel, G., & Watts, D. J. (2024) · Batteries · doi:10.3390/batteries10050167 · Cited by 16 · see citing works

A Comprehensive Evaluation Framework for Lithium Iron Phosphate Cathode Relithiation Techniques: Balancing Production Costs, Electrochemical Performance, and Environmental Impact

Beletskii, E. V., Volkov, A. I., Evshchik, E. Y., Kolmakov, V. G., Shikhovtseva, A. V., & Romanovski, V. (2024) · Energy & environment materials · doi:10.1002/eem2.12850 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Mathematical Model for Assessing New, Non-Fossil Fuel Technological Products (Li-Ion Batteries and Electric Vehicle)

Anufriev, I. E., Доскалиевич, Х. Б., Tick, A., Devezas, T., Sarygulov, A. I., & Kaimoldina, S. (2025) · Mathematics · doi:10.3390/math13010143 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Research progress in froth flotation for recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries

Ma, X., Wang, H., Xie, W., Zhang, G., Wang, J., Ye, C., Hao, J., & He, Y. (2025) · Minerals Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2025.109275 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Perspectives on future research directions in green manufacturing for discrete products

Triebe, M. J., Deng, S., Pérez-Cardona, J. R., Joung, B. G., Wu, H., Shakelly, N., Pieper, J. P., Zhou, X., Maani, T., Zhao, F., et al. (2023) · Green Manufacturing Open · doi:10.20517/gmo.2022.11 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Accumulate thickly to grow thinly: the U-shaped relationship between digital transformation and corporate carbon performance

Yu, F., Mao, J., & Jiang, Q. (2023) · Environment Development and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s10668-023-03959-7 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Powering the future sustainably: Navigating environmental challenges from cradle to cradle, lithium-ion batteries across global supply chains

Akbar, H., & Gheewala, S. H. (2025) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2025.116389 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Energy Storage System in Microgrids: Challenges and Opportunities

Almihat, M. G. M., & Munda, J. L. (2025) · Energy Science & Engineering · doi:10.1002/ese3.70417 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Sustainability of lithium-ion battery recycling industry in China: An explorative analysis via an innovative dynamic business modeling for sustainability

Zhang, M., Chang, I., & Wu, J. F. (2025) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2025.139140 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

Efficiency, Cost and Sustainability: Electrocatalysts for State-of-the-Art and Emerging Electrolysis Technologies

Hurtado, L., Leonide, A., & Ulmer, U. (2026) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su18062866 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Life cycle assessment of electric and gasoline moto-taxis in Yucatán, México: Impact of battery technology and social considerations

Vásquez, L. O. P., Chavarría-Hernández, J. C., Trinidad, A. A., Ordoñez, L. C., Forti-Sosa, S., Pool, P. Y. C., & Barrera-Cabrera, J. N. (2024) · Energy Sustainable Development/Energy for sustainable development · doi:10.1016/j.esd.2024.101614 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Recent Advances on Eco-Friendly Techniques on Separating Active Materials from Current Collectors in Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries

Xia, Y., Meng, F., Xiao, Y., Nie, S., Lin, W., Han, Q., Li, S., Yuan, B., & Hu, R. (2025) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.4c21822 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

Decarbonizing Transportation: Cross-Country Evidence on Electric Vehicle Sales and Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Bülbül, B. Y., & Aksoy, M. B. (2025) · World Electric Vehicle Journal · doi:10.3390/wevj16120660 · Cited by 10 · see citing works

A quantitative assessment of policy-driven impacts on circular economy of electric vehicle batteries in the United States

Ren, G., & Eveleigh, T. (2024) · Environment Systems & Decisions · doi:10.1007/s10669-024-09995-6 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Second-life applications for retired electric vehicle batteries: Challenges, opportunities, and future directions

Azad, A., Nia, F. F., Anvari‐Moghaddam, A., Flynn, D., Longo, M., & Shafie‐khah, M. (2026) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2025.120190 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Spent NCM Lithium-Ion Batteries: Potential Evaluation of Mechanical Pretreatment for Recycling

Camargo, P. S. S., Cardoso, M. H., Costantin, R. D. R., Cenci, M. P., Sánchez, F. A. L., Kasper, A. C., & Veit, H. M. (2024) · Minerals · doi:10.3390/min14111155 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

A combination of measures limits demand for critical materials in Sweden’s electric car transition

Morfeldt, J., Johansson, D. J. A., & Davidsson, S. (2025) · Communications Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43247-025-02085-8 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Forecasting demand for critical metals in China's new energy vehicle power batteries

Wang, Y., Wang, C., Li, L., Lei, Y., Wu, S., Ren, C., Cui, Y., Wang, Z., Hu, Y., & Wang, X. (2025) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2025.139201 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Digital technology adoption model for electric vehicle battery recycling supply chain - an influential relationship mapping

Vimal, K. E. K., Kandasamy, J., Vezhavendhan, R., Bose, B., MENON, A. K., & Sivakumar, K. (2024) · Operations Management Research · doi:10.1007/s12063-024-00515-y · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Trade, extended use, and end of life in the Global South: A regionally expanded electric vehicle life cycle assessment

Olguín, F. P., Iskakov, G., & Kendall, A. M. (2025) · Journal of Industrial Ecology · doi:10.1111/jiec.70041 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Advancing sustainable electronic waste management: An overview of mechatronics solutions for health, environment, and recycling

Bhoi, N. K., Patel, M., Kamarapu, S. K., & Kushwaha, P. (2025) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2025.144501 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Electric Vehicle Batteries Recycling: A Review

Esmaeilian, B., Xiao, Y., Goyal, G. K., Zuo, L., Chen, L., & Behdad, S. (2026) · Waste Management · doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2025.115302 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Smartphone-integrated molecularly imprinted sensor with convolutional neural networks for on-site detection of Norfloxacin

Chen, Y., You, J., Li, Q., Chen, R., Zhang, L., Jiao, H., Yang, J., Liu, H., & Shi, X. (2026) · Analytica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.aca.2026.345196 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

How sustainability can get a competitive advantage: State of the art for stationary battery storage systems

Achzet, B., Ott, D., Fleiner, R., Gornik, M., Thorenz, A., & Helbig, C. (2024) · Cleaner Chemical Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.clce.2024.100122 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

A numerical and statistical study to determine the effect of thermophysical properties of phase change material for lithium-ion battery thermal management

Moralı, U. (2024) · Numerical Heat Transfer Part A Applications · doi:10.1080/10407782.2023.2300359 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Exploring the Development Potential of Critical Metals in New Energy Vehicles: Evidence from Megacity Shanghai, China

He, P., Pan, Y., Peng, Y., Chen, L., Zuo, L., & Song, H. (2025) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su17188388 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Direct recycling of graphite from spent batteries and production scraps for the development of a circular and sustainable economy

Muguruza, A., Sananes‐Israel, S., Moliner, E., Contreras, E., Landa‐Medrano, I., Palomares, V., & de Meatza, I. (2025) · Journal of Power Sources Advances · doi:10.1016/j.powera.2025.100191 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Electric-vehicle battery second-life and recycling pathways: How economics depend on chemistry, processing, and application

Cobb, A., Ramirez-Meyers, K., Michalek, J. J., Swaminathan, S., Gasper, P. J., Polzin, B. J., & Smith, K. A. (2026) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2026.127809 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

China-specific unit process dataset for lithium-ion batteries

Tian, X., Li, H., Peng, F., Wang, Y., Xiong, K., Zhao, R., Liao, M., Zhang, Y., Zhang, B., Xie, J., et al. (2024) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107886 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Optimizing the Supply Chain for Recycling Electric Vehicle NMC Batteries

Kasy, F. I., Hisjam, M., Jauhari, W. A., & Hassan, S. A. H. S. (2025) · Jurnal Optimasi Sistem Industri · doi:10.25077/josi.v23.n2.p207-226.2024 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Feasibility analysis of recycling and repurposing end-of-life vehicle batteries in isolated island areas: A case study in British Columbia, Canada

Wang, Z., Lyu, L., Huang, G., & An, C. (2025) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.180213 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF SCENARIOS FOR END-OF-LIFE MANAGEMENT OF LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES FROM SMARTPHONES AND LAPTOPS

Domingues, A. M., de Souza, R. G., Ometto, A. R., Mancini, S. D., Padoan, F. C. D. S. M., & da Silva, J. R. A. (2023) · Detritus · doi:10.31025/2611-4135/2023.18329 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Cutting-edge recycling solution at pilot-scale for end-of-life LiFePO4 batteries and recovery of graphite using centrifuge filtration

Mishra, A., & Sahu, R. (2025) · Particuology · doi:10.1016/j.partic.2025.02.012 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Global warming potential of batteries for vehicle applications, from production to recycling

Robert, C., Ravey, A., Perey, R., & Hissel, D. (2025) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2025.116777 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Assessing and calculating closed-loop recycled content: The Product-oriented Closed-loop Material Indicator (PCMI)

Reichert, D., Maeder, M., & Fröhling, M. (2025) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2025.108266 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

End of Life EV Battery Policy Simulator: A dynamic systems, mixed-methods approachPreprint

Kendall, A., Slattery, M., & Dunn, J. (2024) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics

Integrated techno-economic and environmental assessment of lithium-ion battery recycling in Chile

Binder, B., Verdugo, I., Escudero, F., & Demarco, R. (2026) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2026.147803 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Sustainable lithium-ion battery recycling: A review on technologies, regulatory approaches and future trends

Srinivasan, S., Shanthakumar, S., & Ashok, B. (2024) · Energy Reports · doi:10.1016/j.egyr.2024.12.043 · Cited by 111 · see citing works

Preliminary Assessment of Pathways to Lithium-Ion Battery Manufacturing and Recycling Buildout in the United States

Rios, R. T., Menon, K., Xavier, Á. S., & Iloeje, C. O. (2026) · The minerals, metals & materials series · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-13596-4_13

Recoverability Analysis of Critical Materials from Electric Vehicle Lithium-Ion Batteries through a Dynamic Fleet-Based Approach for Japan

Sato, F. E. K., & Nakata, T. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12010147 · Cited by 37 · see citing works