Cognitive reserve hypothesis: Pittsburgh Compound B and fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in relation to education in mild Alzheimer's disease
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Objective: The reduced risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) in high‐educated individuals has been proposed to reflect brain cognitive reserve, which would provide more efficient compensatory mechanisms against the underlying pathology, and thus delayed clinical expression. Our aim was to find possible differences in brain amyloid ligand 11 C‐labeled Pittsburgh Compound B ([11 C]PIB) uptake and glucose metabolism in high‐ and low‐educated patients with mild AD. Methods: Twelve high‐educated and 13 low‐educated patients with the same degree of cognitive deterioration were studied with PET using [11 C]PIB and 18 F‐fluorodeoxyglucose as ligands. The between‐group differences were analyzed with voxel‐based statistical method, and quantitative data were obtained with automated region‐of‐interest analysis. Results: High‐educated patients showed increased [11 C]PIB uptake in the lateral frontal cortex compared with low‐educated patients. Moreover, high‐educated patients had significantly lower glucose metabolic rate in the temporoparietal cortical regions compared with low‐educated patients. Interpretation: Our results suggesting more advanced pathological and functional brain changes in high‐educated patients with mild AD are in accordance with the brain cognitive reserve hypothesis and point out the importance of development of reliable markers of underlying AD pathology for early AD diagnostics. Ann Neurol 2007
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At a given level of clinical severity, Alzheimer's disease patients with higher education have a more severe pattern of Alzheimer's disease-related changes on PET scan than those with lower education.
“For example, at a given level of clinical severity, AD patients with higher education have a more severe pattern of AD-related changes on PET scan than those with lower education44, 45.”
From Cognitive reserve in ageing and Alzheimer's disease (2012) · cites this paper as [45]
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- [16]16. Kemppainen NM, Aalto S, Wilson IA, et al. Voxel-based anal- ysis of PET amyloid ligand [11C]PIB uptake in Alzheimer dis- ease. Neurology 2006;67:1575-1580.
- [17]17. Kemppainen NM, Aalto S, Wilson IA, et al. PET amyloid li- gand [11C]PIB uptake is increased in mild cognitive impair- ment. Neurology 2007;68:1603-1606.
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“This argument is supported by a number of recent studies (21-23).”
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- Authors
- Kemppainen, N. M., Aalto, S., Karrasch, M., Någren, K., Savisto, N., Oikonen, V., Viitanen, M., Parkkola, R., & Rinne, J. O.
- Affiliations
- University of Turku (FI)
- Åbo Akademi University (FI)
- Karolinska University Hospital (SE)
- Turku University Hospital (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Rinne, Juha O.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Annals of Neurology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2007-11-19
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 112-118
- ISSN
- 0364-5134 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-8249
- OpenAlex
- W2095849695
- Cited by
- 239
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 10.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annals of Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Åbo Akademi University Research Portal (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Aging (U19AG010483)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Medical Imaging Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- cognitive reserve, Alzheimer's disease, educational attainment, Pittsburgh compound B, amyloid PET, FDG-PET, glucose metabolism, amyloid deposition, frontal cortex, temporoparietal cortex, mild Alzheimer's disease, early diagnosis, compensatory mechanisms
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer Disease, Aniline Compounds, Carbon Radioisotopes, Cerebral Cortex, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Disease Susceptibility, Educational Status, Energy Metabolism, Female, Glucose, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Thiazoles, Fluorodeoxyglucose F18, Recovery of Function, Positron-Emission Tomography, Plaque, Amyloid
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