The DOI matches its Crossref record; 10 of the 10 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The challenge of multiple sclerosis: How do we cure a chronic heterogeneous disease?
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is (MS) a T‐cell autoimmune disease characterized by a relapsing‐remitting followed by a progressive phase. Relapses are driven by the adaptive immune system and involve waves of T helper cell 1 (Th1), Th17, and CD8 cells that infiltrate the nervous system and provoke a attack. These cells are modulated by regulatory T and B cells. Infiltration of T cells into the nervous system initiates a complex immunological cascade consisting of epitope spreading, which triggers new attacks, and activation of the innate immune system (microglia, dendritic cells, astrocytes, B cells), which leads to chronic inflammation. The secondary progressive phase is due to neurodegeneration triggered by inflammation and is driven by the innate immune system. Why a shift to the progressive stage occurs and how to prevent it is a central question in MS. Effective treatment of MS must affect multiple disease pathways: suppression of proinflammatory T cells, induction of regulatory T cells, altering traffic of cells into the nervous system, protecting axons and myelin, and controlling innate immune responses. Without biomarkers, the clinical and pathological heterogeneity of MS makes treatment difficult. Treatment is further hampered by untoward adverse effects caused by immune suppression. Nonetheless, major progress has been made in the understanding and treatment of MS. There are three definitions of cure as it applies to MS: (1) halt progression of disease, (2) reverse neurological deficits, and (3) prevent MS. Although the pathways to each of these cures are linked, each requires a unique strategy. Ann Neurol 2009;65:239–248
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Self-citationB-cell depletion with rituximab in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis
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Control of Treg and TH17 cell differentiation by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor
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Risk Alleles for Multiple Sclerosis Identified by a Genomewide Study
(2007) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa073493 · Cited by 1,746
Multiple sclerosis: a complicated picture of autoimmunity
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Primary-progressive multiple sclerosis
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MRI in multiple sclerosis: current status and future prospects
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Cannabinoids as Novel Anti-Inflammatory Drugs
Nagarkatti, P., Pandey, R., Rieder, S. A., Hegde, V. L., & Nagarkatti, M. (2009) · Future Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.4155/fmc.09.93 · Cited by 555
“Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder that is mediated by myelin-specific selfreactive T cells, macrophages/microglial cells and astrocytes [3,42].”
CNS inflammation and neurodegeneration
Chitnis, T., & Weiner, H. L. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci90609 · Cited by 470
Self-citationMultifaceted interactions between adaptive immunity and the central nervous system
Kipnis, J. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aag2638 · Cited by 376
CXCR4 promotes differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitors and remyelination
Patel, J. R., McCandless, E. E., Dorsey, D., & Klein, R. S. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1006301107 · Cited by 231
Metadata
- Authors
- Weiner, H. L.
- Venue
- Annals of Neurology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2009-03
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 239-248
- ISSN
- 0364-5134 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-8249
- OpenAlex
- W1992692157
- Cited by
- 344
- References
- 10
- FWCI
- 28.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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