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Lipid lowering and Alzheimer disease risk: A mendelian randomization study
Open accessAbstract
Objective: To examine whether genetic variation affecting the expression or function of lipid‐lowering drug targets is associated with Alzheimer disease (AD) risk, to evaluate the potential impact of long‐term exposure to corresponding therapeutics. Methods: We conducted Mendelian randomization analyses using variants in genes that encode the protein targets of several approved lipid‐lowering drug classes: HMGCR (encoding the target for statins), PCSK9 (encoding the target for PCSK9 inhibitors, eg, evolocumab and alirocumab), NPC1L1 (encoding the target for ezetimibe), and APOB (encoding the target of mipomersen). Variants were weighted by associations with low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) using data from lipid genetics consortia (n up to 295,826). We meta‐analyzed Mendelian randomization estimates for regional variants weighted by LDL‐C on AD risk from 2 large samples (total n = 24,718 cases, 56,685 controls). Results: Models for HMGCR, APOB , and NPC1L1 did not suggest that the use of related lipid‐lowering drug classes would affect AD risk. In contrast, genetically instrumented exposure to PCSK9 inhibitors was predicted to increase AD risk in both of the AD samples (combined odds ratio per standard deviation lower LDL‐C inducible by the drug target = 1.45, 95% confidence interval = 1.23–1.69). This risk increase was opposite to, although more modest than, the degree of protection from coronary artery disease predicted by these same methods for PCSK9 inhibition. Interpretation: We did not identify genetic support for the repurposing of statins, ezetimibe, or mipomersen for AD prevention. Notwithstanding caveats to this genetic evidence, pharmacovigilance for AD risk among users of PCSK9 inhibitors may be warranted. ANN NEUROL 2020;87:30–39
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![Figure 1 Study overview. Black lines depict an illustrative gene region, with raised boxes showing exons. Wedges represent the presence of specific genetic variants (single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs]) measured throughout the gene. Different patterns of the wedges illustrate the combination of sources of low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) association statistics across variants from 1 of 3 LDL‐C genome‐wide association studies (GWASs; second and third panels). The pairing of wedges above and below the gene outline in panel 4 depicts the harmonization of appended LDL‐C statistics with corresponding estimates of Alzheimer disease (AD) risk for each variant within the 2 AD datasets separately. The varying number of wedges present across each dataset represents the differences in densities of SNPs that were genotyped or imputed in the data. GLGC = Global Lipid Genetics Consortium; IGAP = International Genomics of Alzheimer's Project; PGC = Psychiatric Genomics Consortium.](/paper-figures/cee8071b16b74e4db3dae60f300b83df/lipid-lowering-and-alzheimer-disease-risk-a-mendelian-randomization-study-figure-1.jpg)
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“Only one of the reviewed studies reported evidence of increased AD risk associated with drug use, specifically for the PCSK9 inhibitors evolocumab and alirocumab (Williams et al., 2020).”
From Drug repurposing for Alzheimer’s disease from 2012–2022—a 10-year literature review (2023) · cites this paper as Williams et al., 2020
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“As an extension of MR, drug target MR has emerged as efficient way to estimate therapeutic potential by using genetic variants in genes encoding drug targets (referred to as cis variants) to mimic the actions of drugs.”
From Genetic insights into causal effects of lipids and lipid-modifying targets on calcific aortic valve stenosis: a Mendelian randomized study (2025) · cites this paper as [14]
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“Indeed, the occurrence of undesirable side effects has been questioned in terms of cognitive function [196,197] and negative impact on the immune system regulation that could lead to different inflammatory diseases [104].”
From The Emerging Role of PCSK9 in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease: A Possible Target for the Disease Treatment (2024) · cites this paper as [197]
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“These drugs included lipid-lowering agents (ezetimibe, mipomersen, and statins) (Williams et al., 2020), antihypertensives (Walker et al., 2020), dimethyl fumarate (approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis) (Möhle et al., 2021), and drugs commonly used in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (tofacitinib, tocilizumab, and TNF inhibitors) (Desai et al., 2022).”
From Drug repurposing for Alzheimer’s disease from 2012–2022—a 10-year literature review (2023) · cites this paper as Williams et al., 2020
In the citing paper
“Genetic studies show that many of the genes which have risk alleles for AD involve cholesterol/lipid systems16,17.”
From GRAMD1B is a regulator of lipid homeostasis, autophagic flux and phosphorylated tau (2025) · cites this paper as [16]
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Williams, D. M., Finan, C., Schmidt, A. F., Burgess, S., & Hingorani, A. D.
- Affiliations
- University of London (GB)
- British Heart Foundation (GB)
- University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Williams, Dylan M.
- Venue
- Annals of Neurology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2019-12-13
- Volume
- 87
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 30-39
- ISSN
- 0364-5134 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-8249
- PMC
- PMC6944510
- OpenAlex
- W2987364071
- Cited by
- 157
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 51 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 4
- FWCI
- 2.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Annals of Neurology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Apollo (cc-by)
- Funders
- British Heart Foundation (PG/18/5033837)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease risk, lipid-lowering drugs, PCSK9 inhibitors, statins, ezetimibe, mipomersen, HMGCR, NPC1L1, apolipoprotein B, LDL cholesterol, drug repurposing, pharmacovigilance, genetic variants
- MeSH terms
- Proprotein Convertase 9, Aged, Alzheimer Disease, Female, Humans, Hydroxymethylglutaryl CoA Reductases, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Genetic, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Membrane Transport Proteins, Apolipoprotein B-100, Mendelian Randomization Analysis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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