Non‐Invasive Sweat‐Based Tracking of L‐Dopa Pharmacokinetic Profiles Following an Oral Tablet Administration
Open accessAbstract
Levodopa (L‐Dopa) is the “gold‐standard” medication for symptomatic therapy of Parkinson disease (PD). However, L‐Dopa long‐term use is associated with the development of motor and non‐motor complications, primarily due to its fluctuating plasma levels in combination with the disease progression. Herein, we present the first example of individualized therapeutic drug monitoring for subjects upon intake of standard L‐Dopa oral pill, centered on dynamic tracking of the drug concentration in naturally secreted fingertip sweat. The touch‐based non‐invasive detection method relies on instantaneous collection of fingertip sweat on a highly permeable hydrogel that transports the sweat to a biocatalytic tyrosinase‐modified electrode, where sweat L‐Dopa is measured by reduction of the dopaquinone enzymatic product. Personalized dose‐response relationship is demonstrated within a group of human subjects, along with close pharmacokinetic correlation between the finger touch‐based fingertip sweat and capillary blood samples.
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Some locomotor system diseases cause abnormal elevations of metabolites and biomarkers, such as L-dopa in Parkinson's disease and uric acid in gout.
“Moreover, some diseases of the locomotor system provoke abnormal elevations of metabolites and biomarkers, such as L-dopa in Parkinson’s disease[246–248] uric acid in gout,[45] which are very important evaluation factors.”
From Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human–Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics (2022) · cites this paper as [248]
The paper’s Abstract supports monitoring L-Dopa levels to guide Parkinson’s disease treatment. It does not support the claim that Parkinson’s disease itself causes L-Dopa to rise: the reported increase followed an oral L-Dopa tablet, and the measurements were made in healthy volunteers. Uric acid in gout is attached to a different citation in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredJavey group, Gao group and Wang group focused on electrochemical biosensing of sweat using various wearable sweat patches for sweat rate, L-Dopa, C-reactive protein, cortisol, ketone, glucose, and therapeutic drugs.
“Javey group, Gao group and Wang group also focused on electrochemical biosensing of sweat using various wearable sweat patches for sweat rate [30], L-Dopa [138,139], and C-reactive protein [140], cortisol [141,142], ketone [143], glucose [144], and therapeutic drugs [145].”
From The emergence of AI-based wearable sensors for digital health technology: a review (2023) · cites this paper as [139]
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human–Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics
Heng, W., Solomon, S., & Gao, W. (2022) · Advanced Materials · doi:10.1002/adma.202107902 · Cited by 609 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Moon, J., Teymourian, H., De la Paz, E., Sempionatto, J. R., Mahato, K., Sonsa‐ard, T., Huang, N., Longardner, K., Litvan, I., & Wang, J.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Department of Nanoengineering University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla CA 92093 USA
- Corresponding author
- Litvan, Irene
- Wang, Joseph
- ORCID
- Venue
- Angewandte Chemie International Edition
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2021-07-19
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 35
- Pages
- 19074-19078
- ISSN
- 1433-7851 (ISSN-L)
- 1521-3773
- PMC
- PMC8373796
- OpenAlex
- W3166292103
- Cited by
- 103
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 4.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Angewandte Chemie International Edition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R21 NS114764 - 01A1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electrochemical sensors and biosensors
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Biosensors and Analytical Detection
- Keywords
- levodopa, pharmacokinetics, non-invasive drug monitoring, Parkinson's disease, dopaquinone, dose-response relationship
- MeSH terms
- Administration, Oral, Enzymes, Immobilized, Humans, Levodopa, Oxidation-Reduction, Sweat, Tablets, Monophenol Monooxygenase, Biosensing Techniques, Drug Monitoring, Hydrogels, Electrochemical Techniques
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